Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Research Research Articles

Clustering, Routing, Scheduling, and Challenges in Bio-Inspired Parameter Tuning of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks for Environmental Sustainability

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless networks of automotive nodes. Among the strategies used in VANETs to increase network connectivity are broadcast scheduling, data aggregation, and vehicular node clustering. In the context of extremely high node mobility and ambiguous vehicle distribution (on the road), VANETs degrade in flexibility and quick topology, facing significant issues such as network physical layout construction and unstable connections. These challenges make it difficult for vehicle communication to be robust, reliable, and scalable, especially in urban traffic networks. Numerous research investigations have revealed a nearly optimal solution to various VANET difficulties through the application of techniques derived from nature and evolution. On the other hand, as key productivity sectors continue to demand more energy, sustainable and efficient ways of using non-renewable resources continue to be developed. With the help of information and communication technologies (ICT), parameter tuning approaches can reduce accident rates, improve mobility, and mitigate environmental impacts. In this article, we explore evolutionary algorithms to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), as well as vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). A discussion of three major categories of optimization is provided throughout the paper. There are several significant research works presented regarding parameter tuning in cluster formation, routing, and scheduling of broadcasts. Toward the end of the review, key challenges in VANET and MANET research are identified.

Comparative Analysis of Low and High Scalable VANET in terms of Receive Rate, Packets Received, MAC/PHY Overhead and Average Goodput

The modern advancements in mobile and wireless communications have made an tremendous change in human lifestyles. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organized and self-configured networks consisting of moving nodes that communicate through wireless communication systems. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a special category of MANETs with some distinctive set of characteristics. Some common features of VANET are its use of multi-hop communications between mobile vehicles with limited bandwidth and self-organization of the moving vehicles. Also, VANET is differed from MANET by the feature of high mobility of nodes. One significant advantage of VANET over MANET is that the computing devices get continuous power from its vehicles. Scalability refers to a VANET's ability to accept a rising number of communicating vehicles without experiencing disruption or loss in data transfer or traffic loading, which increases administrative complexity and reduces network performance. Because of its difficult properties, designing a scalable and robust network is an open topic of research in VANET. When VANETs go from sparse to dense mode, or from high mobility to slow traffic conditions, several design methods fall short. The performance metrics Average Goodput, MAC/PHY overhead, packet received, and receive rate over four VANET routing protocols- Ad-hoc On Demand Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in a defined area. The results showed that DSR performed well in average goodput,MAC/PHY overhead, receive rate, and packets received in low and highly scalable scenarios.

A Review on VANET Research: Perspective of Recent Emerging Technologies

Recent technology has modeled VANET (vehicular adhoc network) communication well in terms of privileges to derive vehicular communication technologically to save time, energy, and money. Due to the increase in powerful technology in modern times, VANETs play a vital role in uplifting daily concerns across vehicles and vehicular identities. Hence, to tune VANETs to become compatible with traditional technologies and increase demand, VANETs require upgrading. The severity and frequency of unwanted occurrences have become a considerable concern for our day-to-day lives relating to vehicular position. Thus, verily updated methodologies or working procedures are needed for the future VANET interplay to eradicate such problems occurring through vehicular identities. This article outlines in technology related to VANETS, future developments, and coping issues by deriving comprehensive frameworks, workflow patterns, upgrading procedures including big data, fog computing, SDN (software defined networking), and SIoT (social Internet of Things). This review article previews an in-depth VANET upgrade possibility to address future problem managements under a range of acceptable scientific themes, indicators, and combinations.

VANET simulators: an updated review

Research on VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks) date back to the beginning of the 2000s. The possibility of enabling communication between vehicles through a wireless network stimulated the creation of new protocols, devices, and diverse utilization scenarios. Due to the intrinsic difficulties of using a real testbed to evaluate these research contributions, several simulators were developed at the time. Recently, with the advent of autonomous vehicles and the emergence of novel technologies (e.g., 5G and edge computing), new research challenges on VANETs are coming into sight. Therefore, revisiting VANET simulators is required to identify if they are still capable of evaluating these new scenarios. This paper presents an updated review of VANET simulators, showing their current state and capabilities to assess novel scenarios in VANET research. Based on this analysis, we identify open research challenges that should be addressed in current and future VANET simulators.

Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme Combining the Group Key for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a multihop mobile wireless communication network that can realize many vehicle-related applications through multitop communication. In the open wireless communication environment, security and privacy protection are important contents of VANET research. The most basic method of VANET privacy protection is anonymous authentication. Even through, there are many existing schemes to provide anonymous authentication for VANETs. Many existing schemes suffer from high computational cost by using bilinear pairing operation or need the assistance of the trust authorities (TAs) during the authentication process or rely on an ideal tamper-proof device (TPD), which requires very strong security assumption. In this study, an anonymous authentication and key negotiation scheme by using private key and group key is proposed, which is based on pseudonym using the nonsingular elliptic curve. In this scheme, there is no third party trust center to participate in the authentication, there is no need to query the database, and there is no need of the local database to save the identity information of many vehicles, which reduce the storage space and the authentication time compared with other schemes. The proposed scheme only needs realistic TPDs. In the proposed scheme, TPDs do not need to preinstall the system key as many other schemes do; hence, the failure of a single TPD does not affect the security of the entire system. The security of the scheme is proved under the random oracle model. Compared with the related schemes using bilinear pairings, the computational cost and communication cost of the proposed scheme are reduced by 82% and 50%, respectively.

A novel clustering technique to stop congestion occur vehicular ad-hoc networks using node density based on received signal strength

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) has received better consideration from academic researcher and automobile companies in modern years. Meanwhile, Congestion control remains the major area of research in VANET due to its characteristics such as high mobility, high vehicle density, and unbounded network size, frequent exchange of information, rapidly changing network topology, and lack of central management. Congestion in the VANET broadcast channel may occur, because of number of vehicles in a relatively tiny area raises, the communications channel becomes exceed by beacon message, and event-driven messages. Researchers have suggested a number of answers to control these issues and also to reduce congestion in VANET atmosphere. Congestion in VANET occurs when the vehicles are in the dense part while the network node is carrying more data than it can handle. More vehicles in cluster area are attempting to broadcast simultaneously in dense condition, it will reduce Packet Delivery Ratio and thus congestion will occur. We proposed density based dynamic clustering (DBDC) which finds the high dense region in the cluster and do sub-clustering. First, we find Average Vehicle Density Threshold Value using Received Signal Strength (RSS) to determine the high dense part. Performance result shows our approach is better in all aspects comparing with VWCA clustering approach and also provides high cluster stability.

Design and Development of Secured Framework for Efficient Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.

Information-Centric Network-Based Vehicular Communications: Overview and Research Opportunities.

Information Centric Network (ICN) is expected to be the favorable deployable future Internet paradigm. ICN intends to replace the current IP-based model with the name-based content-centric model, as it aims at providing better security, scalability, and content distribution. However, it is a challenging task to conceive how ICN can be linked with the other most emerging paradigm, i.e., Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). In this article, we present an overview of the ICN-based VANET approach in line with its contributions and research challenges.In addition, the connectivity issues of vehicular ICN model is presented with some other emerging paradigms, such as Software Defined Network (SDN), Cloud, and Edge computing. Moreover, some ICN-based VANET research opportunities, in terms of security, mobility, routing, naming, caching, and fifth generation (5G) communications, are also covered at the end of the paper.

Improving security and stability of ad hoc on-demand distance vector with fuzzy neural network in vehicular ad hoc network

Stability and security are the key directions of VANET (vehicular ad hoc network) research. In order to solve the related problems in VANET, an improved AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector) routing protocol based on fuzzy neural network, namely, GSS-AODV (AODV with genetic simulated annealing, security and stability), is proposed. The improved scheme of the protocol analyzes the data in the movement process of the mobile node in VANET, extracts the parameters that affect the link stability, and uses the fuzzy neural network optimized by genetic simulated annealing to calculate the node stability. The improved scheme extracts the main parameters that affect the security of the nodes. After normalization, the fuzzy neural network based on genetic simulated annealing algorithm is used for fuzzy processing, and the node trust value of each node is evaluated. The improved scheme uses node stability and node trust value to control each routing process and dynamically adjusts parameters of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the improved scheme is stable and secure.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Security Issues: Survey

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) technologies are evolving networked communications advances that incorporate mobile-based routing protocol sets for inter-vehicular exchanges of information in support of smart transportation networks. Privacy and security difficulties are primary concerns in VANET research as a result of the repeated vehicular movements, time-critical responses, and hybrid VANET architectures that differentiate these from other ad hoc networking types. Therefore, the design of secure mechanisms for authenticating and validating message transmissions between vehicles and eliminating adversarial elements from networks are of considerable importance in VANET research. This report offers a review of VANET features and security difficulties. The paper also summarizes certain chief threats to the authentication, confidentiality, and availability of secure services.

WVANET: Modelling a Novel Web Based Communication Architecture for Vehicular Network

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is considered as most emerging technology for the past decade of years. Research in VANET brings up new communication architecture for reliable communication. This paper proposes a novel communication architecture for vehicular ad hoc network. In the proposed architecture VANET and web technology are integrated together to form Web VANET architecture known as WVANET. WiMAX is fixed at the roadsides to transfer the web signals to vehicles and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol is used to transfer and receive messages among the vehicles. The proposed communication architecture is modelled and better communication performance is obtained. The web communication architecture in VANET reduces the overheads existing in the previous communication models. Message transmission is very fast in WVANET, since web technology is integrated. Overall, the proposed communication model is reliable and fast than the other communication models exist in VANET.

A Taxonomy of Security Attacks and Issues in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs)

VANET has turned into an effective area of research, standardization and advancement, because it has impressive potential to raise vehicle and road safety, welfare, as well as convenience to both drivers and passengers and traffic adaptability. A lot of VANET Research work has been centered on particular areas including broadcasting, routing, surveillance and quality of service. The security benchmarks of vehicular Ad hoc network are examined here. Due to the unguarded nature of the VANET system routing protocols, such networks are also unsafe from the malicious mobile nodes in the structure itself. Hence the fundamental objective of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), i.e., safe transmission of the time critical data, is possible only if a sturdy framework provides this insurance at all times. In this paper, various security protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks and achievement of mechanisms are discussed to give security. In this paper various types of security complications and objections of VANET have been figured out and examined.

Performance Analysis of CSMA, MACA and MACAW Protocols for VANETs

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a special type of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Recent advances in various wireless communication technologies and the emergence of computationally rich vehicles are pushing VANET research to the forefront in academia and industry. A lot of research results have been published in various areas (such as routing, broadcasting, security and others) of VANET in the last decade covering both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. One specific area of VANET that still faces significant challenges is the design of reliable and robust media access control (MAC) protocols for V2V communications. Many algorithms of V2V MAC methods (including various VANET standards) have been proposed for VANETs over the last, few years that also focused on the benefits and limitations of the proposed MAC techniques as well as their ease of implementation in practice and future deployment. In this paper, we have made the performance analysis of Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) and Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW) for VANET environment.

Realistic and Efficient Radio Propagation Model for V2X Communications

Multiple wireless devices are being widely deployed in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) services on the road to establish end-to-end connection between vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) networks. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) play an important role in supporting V2V and V2I communications (also called V2X communications) in a variety of urban environments with distinct topological characteristics. In fact, obstacles such as big buildings, moving vehicles, trees, advertisement boards, traffic lights, etc. may block the radio signals in V2X communications. Their impact has been neglected in VANET research. In this paper, we present a realistic and efficient radio propagation model to handle different sizes of static and moving obstacles for V2X communications. In the proposed model, buildings and large moving vehicles are modeled as static and moving obstacles, and taken into account their impact on the packet reception rate, Line-of-sight (LOS) obstruction, and received signal power. We use unsymmetrical city map which has many dead-end roads and open faces. Each dead-end road and open faces are joined to the nearest edge making a polygon to model realistic obstacles. The simulation results of proposed model demonstrates better performance compared to some existing models, that shows proposed model can reflect more realistic simulation environments.

Towards characterising and classifying communication-based automotive applications from a wireless networking perspective

Together, the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) technologies provide a unique opportunity to develop and introduce various types of communication- based automotive technologies to the marketplace. To date, many applications have been identified by the automotive community. Given the large number and diverse nature of these applications, it is advantageous to develop a systematic classification methodology to facilitate future DSRC and VANET research. Toward this objective, in this paper, we present a study that goes through two major steps: characterisation and classification. First, we focus on a set of representative applications and characterise them with respect to plausible application- and networking-related attributes. The characterisation process not only strengthens our understanding of the applications but also sets the stage for the classification step since it reveals numerous application commonalities. Thus, we have categorised the given applications into seven generic classes, with the consideration of balancing the trade-off between exploiting as many application similarities as possible while preserving their salient differences. This is of paramount importance to facilitate performance analysis of newly designed protocols. Finally, we have identified key performance metrics for each class of applications, which, we hope, could bridge the gap between the automotive and wireless networking communities. Accordingly, the proposed classes are envisioned to play a dual-role: facilitate application simulation and performance evaluation and guide DSRC and VANET protocol research and development.

Performance Evaluation of Proactive and Reactive Protocols in VANET

  Abstract—VANET (Vehicular adhoc network) research field is growing very fast. It has to serves a wide range of applications under different scenario (City, Highway). It has various challenges to adopt the protocols that can serve in different topology and scenario. This paper presents a comparative study of the adhoc routing protocols. The main objective of Vehicular adhoc networks is to build a robust network among mobile vehicles so that vehicles can talk to each other for the safety of human beings. VANET hits the protocol's strength due to its highly dynamic features. Thus in testing a protocol suitable for VANET implementation, we have selected different routing protocols. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare four well-known protocols AODV, DSR, OLSR and DSDV by using three performance metrics packet delivery ratio, average end to end delay and routing overhead. The comparison has been done by using simulation tool NS2 which is the main simulator, Network animator (NAM) and excel graph which is used for preparing the graphs from the trace files.

Simulation of vehicular ad-hoc networks: Challenges, review of tools and recommendations

Vehicular communications are considered the next step in increasing transportation safety and comfort. The prohibitive price of operational test beds means that computer simulations are the only viable solution for analysing the performance of different protocols and architectures. However, simulation frameworks used in vehicular ad-hoc networks research are still highly heterogeneous and, as a consequence, many of the proposed ideas can not be compared and validated. In this paper, we focus on the challenges faced when modelling the vehicular environment and the solutions adopted in the main simulation tools. As the research community is concerned with many different problems, from safety related issues to traffic efficiency and from intersection management to Internet access, we consider that every study should chose the appropriate simulator based on its requirements. Consequently, we make some recommendations which take into account the scope of the simulated scenario and the properties of the simulation frameworks.

Impact of Vehicles as Obstacles in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A thorough understanding of the communications channel between vehicles is essential for realistic modeling of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and the development of related technology and applications. The impact of vehicles as obstacles on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has been largely neglected in VANET research, especially in simulations. Useful models accounting for vehicles as obstacles must satisfy a number of requirements, most notably accurate positioning, realistic mobility patterns, realistic propagation characteristics, and manageable complexity. We present a model that satisfies all of these requirements. Vehicles are modeled as physical obstacles affecting the V2V communication. The proposed model accounts for vehicles as three-dimensional obstacles and takes into account their impact on the LOS obstruction, received signal power, and the packet reception rate. We utilize two real world highway datasets collected via stereoscopic aerial photography to test our proposed model, and we confirm the importance of modeling the effects of obstructing vehicles through experimental measurements. Our results show considerable obstruction of LOS due to vehicles. By obstructing the LOS, vehicles induce significant attenuation and packet loss. The algorithm behind the proposed model allows for computationally efficient implementation in VANET simulators. It is also shown that by modeling the vehicles as obstacles, significant realism can be added to existing simulators with clear implications on the design of upper layer protocols.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS): status, results, and challenges

Recent advances in hardware, software, and communication technologies are enabling the design and implementation of a whole range of different types of networks that are being deployed in various environments. One such network that has received a lot of interest in the last couple of years is the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET). VANET has become an active area of research, standardization, and development because it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency, and convenience as well as comfort to both drivers and passengers. Recent research efforts have placed a strong emphasis on novel VANET design architectures and implementations. A lot of VANET research work have focused on specific areas including routing, broadcasting, Quality of Service (QoS), and security. We survey some of the recent research results in these areas. We present a review of wireless access standards for VANETs, and describe some of the recent VANET trials and deployments in the US, Japan, and the European Union. In addition, we also briefly present some of the simulators currently available to VANET researchers for VANET simulations and we assess their benefits and limitations. Finally, we outline some of the VANET research challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the ubiquitous deployment and widespead adoption of scalable, reliable, robust, and secure VANET architectures, protocols, technologies, and services.

Progressing toward realistic mobility models in VANET simulations

Much progress can be observed in the domain of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) research looking back at the last decade. It can be seen that studies of vehicular communication protocols in the context of VANETs are typically based on simulation models. This approach has two major prerequisites: First, detailed network simulation of all layers of communication protocols is necessary as provided by a wide variety of tools by the networking community. Secondly, realistic simulation of vehicles' mobility, i.e., an exact modeling of road traffic, is needed to estimate positions and movements of involved components. The contributions of this article are twofold: First, a survey of the evolution of mobility modeling in VANET simulations is provided, outlining the simulation strategies typically used. Secondly, this article investigates how recent advances in bidirectional coupling of road traffic microsimulation and network simulation lead to more realistic results at comparably low computational cost. In conclusion, this article advocates to employ such techniques that are openly available for further studies of new communication protocols and mechanisms in the domain of VANET research.