Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS): status, results, and challenges

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an emerging technology which has received lot of attention due to its potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic control, efficiency as well as convenience for users. VANET is a sub category of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). A lot of research in VANET is done on routing, broadcasting, Quality of Service (QoS) and security. This paper proposes a novel path planning algorithm for reliable and efficient routing. The proposed system will traditionally distribute the work load over alternate paths in order to avoid congestion and reduce travel cost. It ensures reliable routing with less bandwidth requirement as it manages large size packets by dividing into parts and sending via alternate path. VANET may be affected by attacks on routing leading to altering messages and routes which will affect QoS parameters. The proposed algorithm will also deal with providing security measures over the routing process. Therefore, we obtain routing algorithm subject to multiple QoS constraints for secure communication in VANET.

Significant efforts and studies were recently reported for enabling active safety, traffic management, and commercial applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), since these applications are the drivers of the recent surge in VANET research and development. However, very few research efforts considered analyzing the Quality of Service (QoS) metrics that will be available to these applications in VANET. Furthermore, although there are many proposed solutions for routing in VANET, it is still unclear as to what specific characteristics VANET routing protocols should possess, since none of the proposed solutions achieves optimum performance in both urban and highway, as well as sparse and dense environment. To shed light on these issues, in this paper we analyze some of the most important QoS metrics in VANET. Namely, we determine the upper performance bound for connection duration, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and jitter for unicast communication in typical highway and urban VANET environments. According to our results, delay and jitter in VANET would be adequate for most of the envisioned unicast-based applications, whereas the packet delivery ratio and connection duration might not meet the requirements for most unicast-based applications.

Advancement in software, hardware and communication technologies have led to the development of design and implementation of different types of networks that are deployed in various environments. One such network that has gained a lot of interest in the last few decades is the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET). VANET has become an active area of research, development and standardization because it has remarkable potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic management, and also provide comfort to both drivers and passengers. Roadside units (RSUs) are a vital component of Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). Mainly, the density and location of RSUs decides the success of a VANET. But, the sky-high deployment costs of the RSUs make it impossible to deploy a large number of RSUs on the specific area or road. Thus, there rises a need to optimally deploy a restricted number of RSUs in a given region in order to achieve maximum performance. This paper presents a new TDB based RSUs deployment algorithm with a goal of attaining high efficiency and cover maximum area. Matlab platform is used to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm using several performance metrics.

The main objective of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is to improve driver safety and traffic efficiency. Most VANET applications are based on periodic exchange of safety messages between nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby road side communication units (e.g., traffic lights, road-side lights, etc.). This periodic communication generates huge amount of data that have typical storage, computation, and communication resources needs. In recent years, there has been huge developments in automotive industry, computing, and communication technologies. This has led to vehicular cloud computing (VCC) as a solution to satisfy the requirements of VANETs such as computing, storage, and networking resources. Vehicular fog computing (VFC) is a standard that comprehends cloud computing and related services to the proximity of a network. Since VANET applications have special mobility, low latency, and location awareness requirements, fog computing plays a significant role in VANET applications and services. In urban cities, vehicles parked at shopping malls, offices and similar other places are under-utilized. These can offer great opportunity and value to implement applications of VFC by utilizing vehicles as an infrastructure. In this chapter, we present real time scenarios and applications of VANET that can be implemented using VFC. VANET applications and quality of service can be enhanced by aggregating the resources of these vehicles. We discuss different types of scenarios of moving and parked vehicles as computational, communication, storage and network infrastructures. We have also discussed the challenges and open problems to implement VFC system. This chapter provides the thorough understanding of novel research paradigm and about vehicular communication infrastructures.

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an ad hoc network system based on the concept of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) in which nodes (vehicle) that are being connected with each other by wireless technologies. But due to the non deterministic mobility behavior and high velocity of automobiles, the topology is unpredictable. Such types of system can work independently and can also be interconnected through internet with in its infrastructure. The system characteristics such as multi-hop paths, node mobility, huge network, device heterogeneity, congestion and bandwidth are the constraints in designing the routing protocols for VANET. The present routing protocols that have been deployed for MANET are used to test the VANET accuracy and performance. Present research efforts are strongly emphasized on designing a novel routing algorithm and its implementations. Recent VANET research are majorly focused on predefined areas such as broadcasting and routing, security, quality of service (QoS) and infotainment with information dissemination during emergencies. In this paper authors present a detailed review of wireless standards used in VANET with a number of trials in VANET and its deployment in many of the developed countries. As a conclusion we conceptualized some of the issues and research challenges in VANET that had not yet addressed so that industry can opt for widespread adoption of scalable, reliable, secure and robust VANET protocols, architectures services and technologies and enable the ubiquitous deployment of it.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is considered as most emerging technology for the past decade of years. Research in VANET brings up new communication architecture for reliable communication. This paper proposes a novel communication architecture for vehicular ad hoc network. In the proposed architecture VANET and web technology are integrated together to form Web VANET architecture known as WVANET. WiMAX is fixed at the roadsides to transfer the web signals to vehicles and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol is used to transfer and receive messages among the vehicles. The proposed communication architecture is modelled and better communication performance is obtained. The web communication architecture in VANET reduces the overheads existing in the previous communication models. Message transmission is very fast in WVANET, since web technology is integrated. Overall, the proposed communication model is reliable and fast than the other communication models exist in VANET.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) which has become active area for research, standardization, and development because it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency. There are lot of challenges in VANET to route the packet to destination because of high mobility involved in the network. keeping the constraint of mobility in view, this paper provides a review of various routing techniques based on clustering algorithm. The main motive is to select a particular technique that exist in literature depending on the need of applications. Clustering in VANET is a control scheme to manage media access and make VANET as a global topology. Most algorithms and protocols are derived from Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) which have some challenges and regarding issues. The architecture of VANETs with the application and constraints of routing protocols is explained in this paper. It searches the motivation behind the development of these clustering protocols. In this paper classification of various clustering routing protocols is done on the basis of following parameters i.e. research methodology, their advantages and disadvantage, various challenges and problems faced during the implementation of routing technique. Keywords: Clustering, Routing Protocols, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) , , V2V, V2I, ITS

The automotive industry has been undergoing significant changes, from electric and autonomous cars to the implementation of technologies for efficient and safe communication between vehicles. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), in synergy with the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence technologies, contribute to increasing the safety and efficiency of land transport systems, aiding in the reduction of environmental pollution, and providing multiple applications to users. This article offers a historical perspective of research in VANETs, analyzing about 600 articles published between 2007 and 2021 in important conferences and journals. A systematic methodology was adopted for the selection and analysis of the articles, focusing on criteria such as thematic relevance, research methodologies employed, and significant contributions to the field. The most promising areas, main tools, and methodologies used in the studies were identified. We detected trends in the topics addressed and their future perspectives. Additionally, a detailed discussion on the main research problems found and a comparison with other studies were carried out, highlighting gaps and persistent methodological flaws in research. Specific issues, such as the lack of standardization in simulation methodologies and the need for more realistic approaches, are emphasized. Finally, perspectives for future research in VANETs are explored, suggesting promising directions, such as the development of enhanced security protocols, integration with emerging cloud computing technologies, and exploration of new applications in smart urban scenarios.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

The fast development of wireless communication technologies allows to enhance intelligent transport systems and utilizes these technologies in communications between vehicles in order to achieve road safety and others benefits to drivers. Recent studies focus on a new aspect of ITS (Intelligent Transport System) that is VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network). This paper gives an overview of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and the existing VANET routing protocols. VANETs are a group of moving vehicles with wireless communication. Every vehicle is a node in the network that plays the role of sender, receiver, and router to exchange data such as warnings, traffic conditions with other vehicles. Because of the high mobility of nodes in VANETs, the routing of data is the most challenging task in VANETs which have a dynamic topology. There are various types of routing protocols in VANET which are required by the ITS. Thus, we need to do a detailed research on various routing protocols and their strengths/weakness. The routing protocols basically focus on terms of delay, packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization and many other factors. However, there are challenges faced by the choose a proper routing protocol due to a dynamic topology and characteristics of VANETs. VANET is very advantageous as it helps in improving the road safety through reducing the number of accidents by warning drivers about the danger before they actually face it and other facilities to comfort drivers. Researchers have started working to overcome the challenges of data exchange between vehicles to minimize its constraints and maximize its multiple objectives.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this chapter, we mainly survey new routing results in VANET. The authors introduce unicast protocol, multicast protocol, geocast protocol, mobicast protocol, and broadcast protocol. It is observed that carry-and-forward is the new and key consideration for designing all routing protocols in VANETs. With the consideration of multi-hop forwarding and carryand- forward techniques, min-delay and delay-bounded routing protocols for VANETs are discussed in VANETs. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing routing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. The key challenge is to overcome these problems to provide routing protocols with the low communication delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time complexity.

Recent advancement in hardware, software and communication technologies have culminated in improvisation of safety aspects in vehicular communication networks. Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) is used to establish network among the vehicles which paves way for Intelligent Transportation System. In spite of myriad of benefits in VANETs, there exists enormous amount of concerns such as establishing privacy, safety monitoring, reliable connectivity, high bandwidth, less delay with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). Establishing security services in the VANET is the key to make any application successful in the safe driving condition. As part of intelligence in cognitive systems, Machine Learning algorithms make it possible for constantly mine data and acquire knowledge through advanced analytics. We use clustering, a machine learning algorithm for clustering the vehicles at intersection and grouping the messages in each cluster and filtering the redundant message. Naive Bayes algorithm is applied over the filtered message for classifying the messages and assigning priority before transmission. Further, our proposed Cognitive-Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) model provides efficient channel utilization and the accuracy is improved compare to the existing methods of classification. Finally, performance and accuracy of proposed approach are evaluated.

With huge amounts of data being generated from almost everywhere, our universe has become data-driven. Decision making, risk prevention and mitigation, and systems assessment will not be as effective as desired without having the right data. The projected impacts and benefits of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the driving forces for researchers to develop and further enhance VANET technology. One of the challenging and imperative issues in VANETs research is the unavailability of data. To the best of our knowledge, in this research, we are the first to create a VANET traffic dataset by using real-life traffic data. We massage the data by applying VANET human behavioral model. We experiment and validate our dataset by focusing on traffic congestion prediction. Traffic congestion can be determined by traffic density and average speed at any given point. Highly dense roads are the basic definition of congestion resulting in lower speeds of moving vehicles. We develop three time-series models ARIMA, BATS, TBATS, and a neural network model and apply them to our created VANET data to analyze and predict the total number of nodes in a cluster (density) and the average speed of the nodes. We have validated these time series prediction models by comparing the four developed models in terms of MSE, MAE, MAPE, and MASE. The created dataset and developed models can assist in predicting cluster density and average node speed to detect congestion, which will enhance route navigation.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), is a type of wireless ad-hoc network that aims to provide communication among vehicles. A key characteristic of VANETs is the very high mobility of nodes that result in a frequently changing topology along with the frequent breakage and linkage of the paths among the nodes involved. These characteristics make the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in VANET a challenging issue. In this paper we characterize the performance available to applications in infrastructureless VANETs in terms of path holding time, path breakage probability and per session throughput as a function of various vehicle densities on road, data traffic rate and number of connections formed among vehicles by making use of table-driven and on-demand routing algorithms. Several QoS constraints in the applications of infrastructureless VANETs are observed in the results obtained.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) assists in improving road safety, traveller comfort, and intelligent transportation systems to a great extent. Dedicated short-range communications technology is specially designed for VANET to form communication among vehicles and vehicles to infrastructure. The lack of router devices in the flat vehicle-to-vehicle network structure of VANET may raise complicated issues like scalability, resource scarcity, reliability, and hidden terminal problem inside the network. The concept of vehicle clustering is introduced in VANET to improve network performance by handling all such issues. This paper provides an in-depth classification of clustering protocols in VANET based on their design objectives. Two broad categories, generalized and application dependent, are considered to review on clustering protocols in VANET. In generalized clustering protocol, cluster design aims to achieve their primary objective, i.e., the formation of a robust cluster having a long sustainable life, While in application dependent clustering protocols, cluster design aims to improve the performance of specific applications (i.e., target tracking, traffic estimation, misbehaviour detection, privacy preservation, certificate revocation, etc.) on various performance metrics. After this, the paper explores essential research contributions of each category comprehensively. Detailed analysis of existing research contributions is also provided after comparing them on many important metrics. Finally, the merits and demerits of existing protocols are also listed. Our attempt to encourage researchers of the concerned field by providing an extensive analysis of clustering in VANET.