Vehicle Registration Number Research Articles

Enhancement of Indonesian license plate number image using shock filtering equation

Shock filtering equation is a mathematical model for enhancing image quality in partial differential equation form. In this paper, the equation is implemented to enhance the Indonesian vehicle registration number image. In this research the discretization of time and spatial domains use finite difference method which is a simple and straightforward approximation method. In this paper, several numerical simulations with different final time iteration are given. Here the results show that, the bluring image can be enhanced using shock filtering equation with long time simulation. Using subjective or visually approach, the image with 90-th iteration gives a good quality of visual image compared with the other final iterations. However, this result has lowest image quality metrics performance. The objective measurement shows that the best quality image is obtained at 10-th iteration, with discrete L2-norm error 507.63, Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.961353 and PSNR 386.590 dB.

Modeling the Effects of Traffic Congestion on Economic Activities - Accidents, Fatalities and Casualties

Congestion is mainly caused by a desire for people to drive their cars coupled with a failure by constitute authorities to check and balance various indices and factors that contribute to incessant number of vehicles, road maintenance and traffic regulations. If sufficient investment is made to ensure affordable public transport options, implement vehicle regulatory and a better infrastructure the incidence of congestion would decrease in the society. Growing traffic and number of registered vehicles in urban areas are linked with a growing number of accidents and fatalities, especially in the society. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays. As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the roads. It is observed that traffic congestion in the urban centers could be viewed in mandatory daily trips such as workplace, home or voluntary. Mandatory as the name implies is often performed within fixed schedules while voluntary is based on the person’s decision to embark on such trip at any given point in time. In many places, persons along for the ride are forced away from public transport by the private companies. Increasing fare prices, especially on the trains, make driving a car with its associated high fuel costs cheaper than public transport. By pushing people back to their cars again they only exasperate the congestion problem. These situations necessitate the need to model the causes and effects of traffic congestions based on the number of vehicle registrations and casualties.

THE IMPACT ANALYSIS OF COORDINATION AGAINST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SERVICE ONE-STOP CORPORATE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM AREA AT PANDEGLANG, BANTEN PROVINCE

The main problem in this research is the effectiveness of the service of motor vehicle registration number at the offices of Single Administrative System Single Roof Pandeglang Banten Province low, allegedly caused by the coordination between each unit or part has not run optimally. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis by using path analysis (path analysis) that is by seeing how big influence and independent variable to dependent variable, either influence directly or indirect influence. With this design will be measured directly or indirectly the coordination influence expressed in 7 (seven) dimensions, namely the existence of agreement and unity of understanding, the existence of agreement on the activities, the existence of obedience, the exchange of information, the presence of coordinators who can lead, the existence of information from Various parties, and the mutual respect for the effectiveness of service at the Office of Pandeglang Area Manunggal One Roof Administration System of Banten Province.The results of the research can be found that the effectiveness of Motor Vehicle Tax Service is influenced by the coordination at the office of Pandeglang Area Manunggal One Roof Administration System of Banten Province, with the percentage is 98.0%. This means that the coordination is very dominant and decisive towards the increase of tax service on the Pandeglang Area Manunggal One Roof Administration System of Banten Province. However there are also other factors that are not examined (epsilon) but determine against the tax service on Pandeglang Area Manunggal One Roof Administration System of Banten Province of 2.0%.

System Dynamics Modeling and Policy Simulation for Urban Traffic: a Case Study in Beijing

This paper constructs a system dynamics model for simulating the impact of different strategies on urban traffic’s energy consumption and carbon emissions. Based on a case study in Beijing, the model includes three subsystems: (1) urban traffic, (2) population and economy, and (3) energy consumption and carbon emissions. First, the model is used to decompose the impact of different vehicles on energy consumption and carbon emissions. Decomposition results show that private cars have the most significant impact on urban traffic’s energy consumption and carbon emissions; however, total vehicle kilometers traveled by private cars are the smallest among four trip modes. Then, the model is used to simulate different urban traffic policies. Policies are categorized as follows: (a) driving restrictions on vehicle registration numbers, (b) a scheme for vehicle registrations via a lottery system, and (c) development of public transportation infrastructures. Scenario simulation results show that all those measures can reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Though the last strategy (c) contains several delays, its effect is more stable and far-reaching. Finally, some recommendations about easing traffic pressure and reducing traffic emissions are given.

Nigerian Vehicle License Plate Recognition System using Artificial Neural Network

In this paper, a development of Nigeria Vehicle License Plate Recognition (NVLPR) system using artificial neural network is done. Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is a special form of optical character recognition (OCR) which enables computer systems to read automatically the registration number of vehicles from digital pictures for the purpose of traffic control, security, access control to restricted areas, tracking of cars, tracing of stolen cars, identification of dangerous and reckless drivers on the road. This system is divided into three major parts: vehicle license plate detection, vehicle license plate character segmentation and License Plate character recognition. In vehicle license plate detection there are many challenges such as, complex plate background, illumination in consistencies, vehicle motion, distance changes for which edge detection analysis was explored. In this work, 200 vehicle license plates were captured, some with clear characters, others with blur and dirty stains . The character feature extraction and plate recognition accuracies were determined. Results showed that plates without blur and stain were most accurately extracted and recognized while satisfactory results were also obtained for the others.

The Green Evolution of Ghana’smaritme Ports - Impacts From Road Haulage Truck Emissions

The research was to estimate the level of gaseous emissions from haulage vehicles that do business at the Port of Tema in Ghana, which is a critical component in its quest to be recognized as a green port. The work considered the vehicle related factor of age distribution; and travel related factors of engine operating mode, speed level and speed variation that significantly influence the quantity of pollutants emitted from vehicles. Sixty percent of the population of vehicles doing business in the port were sampled and their ages determined based on their format of vehicle registration numbers. To estimate the travel related factors, focus group discussions were conducted with haulage vehicle operators to assess their views about haulage on the Harbour Road. The study highlighted that the mode age of the sampled trucks was one year whilst the mean was eight years. Comparing this to international standards, the Port of Tema was found not doing badly in its efforts to be recognized as a green port. It was also found out that in either case of heavy traffic or less traffic, the truck operators‟ conduct amounted to considerable exhaust emission. As such, the research pointed out the need for the Port Authorities to calve a niche objective relating to further reduction of pollution from haulage vehicles that would inspire collaboration with Road Authorities to put in place suitable mechanisms or regulations on the use of overage vehicles and the prevention of overspeeding.

대형 경유트럭의 NOx저감장치에 따른 배출가스 특성비교

With increasing of GDP, the registration number of passenger cars has exceeded 20 million last year in Korea. Especially, the registration number of the diesel engine vehicles has been increasing. However, the WHO(World Health Organization) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has reported that diesel engine exhaust gas is an one of HAPs, which has carcinogenic for human, and they have designated it to Group 1. To solve this problem, exhaust gas from diesel engines has to be controlled. Thus, it has been controlling by European regulatory standard in Korea. On the other hand, in order to meet the enhanced emission regulations, all manufacturing company applied NOx control device to vehicles such as EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) and so on. However, these devices (EGR, SCR) were operated by difference reaction mechanism respectively, and the composition of exhaust gas would be differenced from that of them. In this study, it was conducted to evaluate variety characteristics on changing of exhaust gas composition by each NOx control device, and the heavy duty diesel trucks were chosen as experimental vehicles. From the result, it revealed that vehicles (with EGR) were discharged higher THC as 52.5% than that of others (with SCR). However, it did not followed that trend, in the case of CO; it was discharged as 57.2% lower than that of others (with SCR). In the future, these data would be used to apply to efficient NOx control device for meeting to EURO 6.

Automated Check-Post on Cloud using BigData Analysis with Web Service Security

In this Real world each and every check post perform the same operation. But the operation must be done manually. This operation includes various parameters. The manual operation of the check post requires the man power in order to perform the operations such as opening the gate, closing the gate, checking the vehicle details. The vehicle details include vehicle registration number, vehicle insurance, and vehicle fitness certification. It is a complex task to check each and every vehicle’s details by a common man. Some people will do the task honestly and some may not. To overcome such complexities we can a build a system that performs these tasks on behalf of the man power. This system is known as Automated Check post system. The architecture of the system is service-oriented. This architecture will provide the several benefits in the real world. It is important to study the operations of all the devices that are required to build the system. After analyzing the operations then the next step is to check the performance of the system, taking into account the number of vehicles pass through the check post every day. We take a sample scenario on the automated check post system to check its feasibility solution and its performance. The collection of data will be so large and complex that companies cannot process it all using existing database systems, then BigData will play a key role in RFID's infrastructure for the industries needs for complete data management solutions with high security. The conclusion shows how much useful the system is, when it is implemented in the real word application.

The Utilization of Template Matching Method for License Plate Recognition

License plate detection and recognition system has been an active research domain in image processing field. However, these systems are less accurate due to different styles of car plates endorsed and yet there are still unable to reach the high accuracy in recognition. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop an automated method of determining the best recognition performance based on Malaysia license plate vehicle registration number. Towards achieving this aim, a database of characters and license plate image has been created by collecting images from various type of car. The initial pre-processing involves image enhancement, binarization and followed by filtering and segmenting license plate. Template matching method is used to recognize the characters, from A-Y and 0-9, using standard Malaysia license plate font which is Arial. There are 100 license plates that contain 693 characters have been tested, and the result shown that 92.78% of all characters is correctly recognized. Thus, template matching can be classified as one of the best algorithm for recognizing Malaysia license plate.

VR 시나리오를 이용한 음주운전자 운전 특성의 유의성 및 상관분석에 관한 연구

PURPOSES: The number of traffic accidents in 2010 was 226,978 in Korea, a high percentage of which up to 12.61% was due to drunk driving. As it is expected that the number of traffic accidents will increase because of the drastic increase of the number of vehicle registrations and the prevalent drinking cultures, it is necessary to understand the driving characteristics of drunken drivers to lower the increasing rate. METHODS: This study, therefore, comparatively analyzes the two groups - one group before drinking and the other after drinking - based on the graph, and implements the correlation in each scenario(1,2,3). scenario 1. appearance of jaywalkers; scenario 2. appearance of an illegal left-turning car; and scenario 3. appearance of a vehicle and a person as obstacles to the driver after an accident. RESULTS: The comparative analysis of speed shows that the group after drinking was 50km/h faster than the group before drinking in Scenario 1, 20km/h in Scenario 2, and 15km/h in Scenario 3 respectively. In the comparative analysis of acceleration, the average level of the group after drinking was 0.15 higher than that of the group before drinking in Scenario 1, 0.30 in Scenario 2, and 0.15 in Scenario 3. In the comparative analysis of deceleration, the average level of the group after drinking was about 0.4 lower than that of the group before drinking in Scenario 1, 0.35 in Scenario 2, and 0.2 in Scenario 3 respectively. In the comparative analyses, the item of speed, acceleration and deceleration was of significance for each group in Scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: The comparative analysis demonstrated that there is a difference between the group before drinking and the group after drinking. In the analysis of correlation in each group, it was proved that the drunken group was of significance.

Transport energy demand modeling of South Korea using artificial neural network

Artificial neural network models were developed to forecast South Korea's transport energy demand. Various independent variables, such as GDP, population, oil price, number of vehicle registrations, and passenger transport amount, were considered and several good models (Model 1 with GDP, population, and passenger transport amount; Model 2 with GDP, number of vehicle registrations, and passenger transport amount; and Model 3 with oil price, number of vehicle registrations, and passenger transport amount) were selected by comparing with multiple linear regression models. Although certain regression models obtained better R-squared values than neural network models, this does not guarantee the fact that the former is better than the latter because root mean squared errors of the former were much inferior to those of the latter. Also, certain regression model had structural weakness based on P-value. Instead, neural network models produced more robust results. Forecasted results using the neural network models show that South Korea will consume around 37 MTOE of transport energy in 2025.

Scientific aspects of design and optimization of optoelectronic land vehicle identification systems

The problem of development and customization of optoelectronic land traffic flow monitoring systems with account taken of specified operational conditions is examined. The methodology for automated design of algorithmic support for the main subsystem of the mentioned systems, namely, the one for vehicle registration number recognition is suggested.

블랙박스 기반의 차량용 응급상황 감지 및 통보시스템

현대 사회는 기술의 발전에 따라 다양한 분야에서 급격히 발전을 이루고 있으며, 자동치 또한 예외가 아니다. 또한 자동차의 수가 늘어가면서 그에 따라 문제점도 많이 발생하고 있는데, 자동차 개체수의 증가와 더불어 가장 큰 문제는 자동차 사고로 인한 재산 및 인명피해가 급격하게 증가하는 것이다. 자동차 사고 시 빈번하게 발생하고 있는 운전자의 의식불명에 따른 초기 응급조치 미흡, 뺑소니 등으로 발생하는 2차 교통사고를 방지하기 위해 블랙박스 기반의 차량용 응급상황 감지 및 통보시스템이 필요하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 사고감지, 정보분석 및 정보운용기술을 바탕으로 기존의 블랙박스보다 차량상황 감지의 정확성을 높였으며, 현재 높은 보급률을 보이는 스마트폰을 이용한 응급상황 감지 및 통보시스템을 설계 및 구현하였다. The number of motor vehicle registrations in Korea is increasing steadily each year, driven by industry development and economic growth. The number of traffic accidents is also rapidly increasing. Korea has a relatively high number of traffic accidents among OECD member countries, and it ranks among the highest in traffic accident death rates. This death rate is higher compared to death rates as a proportion of the number of traffic accidents in each country. It is very common for drivers to lose consciousness in traffic collisions, which leads to a failure to carry out early emergency measures. In order to prevent such situations as well as hit-and-runs and people left uncared for after traffic accidents, there is a need for motor vehicle black boxes and accident report systems. This study addressed the need for an emergency evacuation system for people injured in traffic accidents and a secondary traffic accident prevention system by developing a motor vehicle emergency situation detection and report system combined with a black box, and materializing it as an actual system.

An investigation of the effect of privatization of retail sales of alcohol on consumption and traffic accidents in Alberta, Canada

Privatization of the retail sale of alcohol in Alberta took place primarily between the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of this privatization on alcohol sales and on the incidence of fatal motor vehicle traffic accidents in the province. Interrupted time-series analysis (ARIMA) with a quasi-experimental control area design was used, and all series were differenced to remove long-term trends. Canada, with the exception of Alberta, was the control area. The effects of privatization were measured by means of created privatization variables. In the analyses of the effects of privatization on alcohol sales, the inhabitants' disposable income and alcohol prices were used as control variables. The study period was 1950-2000. When effects on the number of fatal motor vehicle traffic accidents were analysed the number of road motor vehicle registrations was used as a control variable, and the study period was 1950-98. Privatization had a significant permanent effect on the sale of spirits, but the effect was not large enough to affect total sales. The effect on wine and beer sales was not significant. There was no significant effect on the number of fatal motor vehicle traffic accidents. The fact that sales on the wholesale level continued to be monopolized, along with the fact that alcohol sales were never allowed in ordinary grocery stores, may explain the lack of any larger effects of privatization on alcohol sales in Alberta.

Global sustainability and key needs in future automotive design.

The number of light vehicle registrations is forecast to increase worldwide by a factor of 3-5 over the next 50 years. This will dramatically increase environmental impacts worldwide of automobiles and light trucks. If light vehicles are to be environmentally sustainable globally, the automotive industry must implement fundamental changes in future automotive design. Important factors in assessing automobile design needs include fuel economy and reduced emissions. Many design parameters can impact vehicle air emissions and energy consumption including alternative fuel or engine technologies, rolling resistance, aerodynamics, drive train design, friction, and vehicle weight. Of these, vehicle weight is key and will translate into reduced energy demand across all energy distribution elements. A new class of vehicles is needed that combines ultra-light design with a likely hybrid or fuel cell engine technology. This could increase efficiency by a factor of 3-5 and reduce air emissions as well. Advanced lightweight materials, such as plastics or composites, will need to overtake the present metal-based infrastructure. Incorporating design features to facilitate end-of-life recycling and recovery is also important. The trend will be towards fewer materials and parts in vehicle design, combined with ease of disassembly. Mono-material construction can create vehicle design with improved recyclability as well as reduced numbers of parts and weight.

Efficient graph-based dictionary search and its application to text-image searching

This paper describes a novel method for applying dictionary knowledge to optimally interpret the confidence-rated hypothesis sets produced by lower-level pattern classifiers. This problem arises whenever image or video databases need to be scanned for textual content, and where some of the text strings are expected to be strings from a dictionary. The method is especially appropriate for large dictionaries, as might occur in vehicle registration number recognition for example. The problem is cast as enumerating the paths in a graph in best-first order given the constraint that each complete path is a word in some specified dictionary. The solution described here is of particular interest due to its generality, flexibility and because the time to retrieve each path is independent of the size of the dictionary. Synthetic results are presented for searching dictionaries of up to 1 million UK postcodes given graphs that correspond to insertion, deletion and substitution errors. We also present the initial results from processing real noisy text images.

Vehicle-occupant deaths caused by tornadoes in the United States, 1900–1998

Occupants of vehicles encounter an uncertain degree of risk during tornadic storms. The current National Weather Service guidelines suggest we abandon vehicles to lie in a ditch if no sturdy shelter is available. However, these guidelines were developed without the benefit of supporting research. As we are an increasingly vehicle-dependent society, it is important to explore the historical record of vehicle-occupant deaths to see if the National Weather Service guidance is appropriate. The objective of this paper is to investigate the number, distribution, and broad spatial and temporal trends associated with vehicle-occupant deaths that have occurred as a result of tornadoes, and to define the proportion of tornado-induced deaths that have occurred in vehicles. There were 15,047 deaths caused by tornadoes from 1900 through 1998. Of those, 5685 occurred at a defined site, and 270 were known to have occurred in vehicles. The number of vehicle-occupant deaths, as a proportion of all site-known, tornado-induced deaths, was constant from 1959–1979, but decreased significantly between 1980–1998. The number of deaths was related to several influencing factors. Linear regressions and correlations were employed to determine the degree of relationship between the number of deaths and several explanatory factors. While population, number of vehicle registrations, and number of tornadoes all seemed to influence the number of deaths to some degree, the most significant factor to influence the number of deaths appeared to be vehicle safety features. Most vehicle-occupant deaths occurred during rare F4 tornadoes, when vehicles where thrown from roadways. Regionally, the Great Plains had the highest number of vehicle-occupant deaths from tornadoes.

Vehicle-occupant deaths caused by tornadoes in the United States, 1900–1998

Abstract Occupants of vehicles encounter an uncertain degree of risk during tornadic storms. The current National Weather Service guidelines suggest we abandon vehicles to lie in a ditch if no sturdy shelter is available. However, these guidelines were developed without the benefit of supporting research. As we are an increasingly vehicle-dependent society, it is important to explore the historical record of vehicle-occupant deaths to see if the National Weather Service guidance is appropriate. The objective of this paper is to investigate the number, distribution, and broad spatial and temporal trends associated with vehicle-occupant deaths that have occurred as a result of tornadoes, and to define the proportion of tornado-induced deaths that have occurred in vehicles. There were 15,047 deaths caused by tornadoes from 1900 through 1998. Of those, 5685 occurred at a defined site, and 270 were known to have occurred in vehicles. The number of vehicle-occupant deaths, as a proportion of all site-known, tornado-induced deaths, was constant from 1959–1979, but decreased significantly between 1980–1998. The number of deaths was related to several influencing factors. Linear regressions and correlations were employed to determine the degree of relationship between the number of deaths and several explanatory factors. While population, number of vehicle registrations, and number of tornadoes all seemed to influence the number of deaths to some degree, the most significant factor to influence the number of deaths appeared to be vehicle safety features. Most vehicle-occupant deaths occurred during rare F4 tornadoes, when vehicles where thrown from roadways. Regionally, the Great Plains had the highest number of vehicle-occupant deaths from tornadoes.

Designing a license plate

The majority of license plates in Saudi Arabia contain a 7-digit code to represent the registration number of vehicles. This information can be difficult to read, memorize, and reproduce in a short period of time, such as in the case of recall of hit-and-run accidents. The study reported proposes a registration code composed of 3 letters and 3 digits. This alphanumeric code can be converted into a numerical value which would give close to 20 million possible permutations, which would cover the projected number of vehicles to the year 2012. The original and proposed designs would give, in addition to two other alphanumeric codes, were tested on 60 participants using computer animations at three exposure times (1, 2, and 3 s). The results of the ANOVA on the errors committed and Sheffe tests reveal a significant difference ( α=0.01) between the 7-digit design and the other designs at all time intervals. Validation of the laboratory experiments were conducted on 15 different participants in the field, with similar findings.

Estimating deaths and injuries due to road traffic accidents in Karachi, Pakistan, through the capture-recapture method.

Road traffic accidents (RTA) are an important yet preventable cause of death and disability in developing countries like Pakistan. Yet accurate epidemiological data on injuries in developing country injuries is often difficult to obtain. We applied the capture-recapture method to estimate the death and injury rates due to RTA in Karachi. We applied the two-sample capture-recapture method using traffic police records as one source of capture and the logs of a non-government ambulance service as the second capture source for the same 10 months and 20 days for which 1994 data were available. We generated a conservative adjusted estimate of injuries and deaths by considering entries in the two sources as matched if they reported the same date, time, and place, and at least one of the other matching variables, of name, vehicle registration number, vehicle types or patient outcome. We then compared the estimated rates with the police rates. In 1994 police reported 544 deaths and 793 injuries due to RTA while ambulance records noted 343 deaths and 2048 injuries. The capture-recapture analysis estimated at least 972 (95% CI: 912-1031) deaths and 18,936 (95% CI: 15,507-22,342) injuries attributable to RTA during the study period. Official sources counted only 56% of deaths and 4% of serious injuries. The estimated rates for the year 1994 were 185 injuries and 11.2 deaths per 100,000 population. Road traffic injuries and deaths in Karachi are a much more substantial health problem than is evident from official statistics.