Identity Of Vehicle Research Articles

Application of High-Resolution Trip Trace Stitching to Evaluate Traffic Signal System Changes

Second-by-second GPS trajectories, called trip traces, of vehicles moving along an arterial provide the highest fidelity measure of corridor operations. However, large samples of such contiguous trajectories are not always possible because of varying techniques to reset probe vehicle IDs for data privacy, varying probe data penetration rates, and varying vehicle routing. This paper analyzes changes in segment travel time using the Mann–Whitney U test and proposes a method for creating a composite travel time metric using trip trace data. These techniques were applied to a four-corridor signal improvement and upgrade project in southeastern Salt Lake County. The study found that on average three out of the four corridors decreased in composite median travel time, by 32 s, 16 s, and 14 s. Interquartile range (IQR) was used to assess travel time reliability and the IQR travel time reduced (improved) on average by 33 s, 23 s, 18 s, and 1 s. In addition, a rank-sums method for statistically comparing the two composite travel time distributions is applied to the results. The four corridors had a total of 48 links and were evaluated during five time-of-day periods. Out of the 240 link-periods, the rank-sums analysis method found that overall, 68 link-periods improved and 13 link-periods slowed, at a 95% significance level. The annualized user benefit from the improvements was estimated at $2.2 million for the four corridors.

Pseudonym Management Through Blockchain: Cost-Efficient Privacy Preservation on Intelligent Transportation Systems

Research into the established area of the intelligent transportation system is evolving into the Internet of Vehicles, a fast-moving research area, fuelled in part by rapid changes based on cyber-physical systems. It needs to be recognized that existing vehicular communication systems are susceptible to privacy vulnerabilities which require addressing. A practical challenge is that many vehicular communication applications and services make use of basic safety messages that contain the identity of the vehicle, location, and other personal data. A popular way of dealing with this privacy issue is to utilize a pseudonym change scheme to protect the vehicle's identity and location. However, many such schemes suffer that the cost grows and the certificate management difficulty raises with the number of pseudonyms generated and stored, casting doubt of the economic feasibility of that approach. We propose a decentralized blockchain-based solution for pseudonym management that overcomes these limitations. This scheme consists of pseudonym distribution and a shuffle operation, allowing the reuse of existing pseudonyms to different vehicles. The results reported here, including those from our simulations, demonstrate that the proposed scheme can reuse existing pseudonyms and achieve a better degree of anonymity at a lower cost than existing schemes.

Multi-Label-Based Similarity Learning for Vehicle Re-Identification

The massive attention to the surveillance video-based analysis makes the vehicle re-identification one of the current hot areas of interest to study. Extracting discriminative visual representations for vehicle re-identification is a challenging task due to the low-variance among the vehicles that share same model, brand, type, and color. Recently, several methods have been proposed for vehicle re-identification, that either use feature learning or metric learning approach. However, designing an efficient and cost-effective model is significantly demanded. In this paper, we propose multi-label-based similarity learning (MLSL) for vehicle re-identification obtaining an efficient deep-learning-based model that derives robust vehicle representations. Overall, our model features two main parts. First, a multi-label-based similarity learner that employs Siamese network on three different attributes of the vehicles: vehicle ID, color, and type. The second part is a regular CNN-based feature learner that employed to learn feature representations with vehicle ID attribute. The model is trained jointly with both parts. In order to validate the effectiveness of our model, a set of extensive experiments has been conducted on three of the largest well-known datasets VeRi-776, VehicleID, and VERI-Wild datasets. Furthermore, the parts of the proposed model are validated by exploring the influence of each part on the entire model performance. The results prove the superiority of our model over multiple state-of-the-art methods on the three mentioned datasets.

Dynamic anonymous identity authentication (DAIA) scheme for VANET

SummaryWith the development of the vehicular ad hoc network, the security and privacy are now becoming vital concerns, especially when the attacker owns more and more resources. In order to address these concerns, a dynamic anonymous identity authentication scheme is proposed using Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem and blockchain method, which guarantees the security and fast off‐line authentication for vehicle‐to‐infrastructure. Specifically, a dynamic pseudonym key is generated using tamper proof device (TPD) for off‐line authentication and anonymity when a vehicle roams among different roadside units' (RSUs) communication ranges. Even if all RSUs are compromised, vehicle's identity is still privacy. Moreover, two additional design goals are more suitable for the practical environment: (1) the reduced assumption of TPD; (2) certification authority can trace vehicle under the authorization by law.

Advanced Toll Plaza Monitoring by Utilization of WSN Modules

An innovative model that goals to design, develop and instrument by utilization of WSN modules for improved form of toll collection structure. In the proposed system when the user approaches to the payment lane, the Xbee wireless transceiver receives the signal that the automobile has arrived at the payment lane, then automatically the unique id of the passenger that is the Vehicle ID has been read via on-board unit, which will be attached to every motor vehicle and collects the day-to-day toll price for that particular route. The system is employed to every motor vehicles at the time of the registration of new vehicles or it can be attached in old vehicles. This system tends to cuts the time periods for paying the toll at faster rate rather than waiting in enormous queues. If the Vehicle crosses the toll without paying toll bill less than three times, the gasoline valve of the motor vehicle is locked using relay with the support of on-board unit.

Origin-destination pattern estimation based on trajectory reconstruction using automatic license plate recognition data

Origin-destination (OD) pattern estimation is a vital step for traffic simulation applications and active urban traffic management. Many methods have been proposed to estimate OD patterns based on different data sources, such as GPS data and automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) data. These data can be used to identify vehicle IDs and estimate their trajectories by matching vehicles identified by different sensors across the network. OD pattern estimation using ALPR data remains a challenge in real-life applications due to the difficulty in reconstructing vehicle trajectories. This paper proposes an offline method for historical OD pattern estimation based on ALPR data. A particle filter is used to estimate the probability of a vehicle’s trajectory from all possible candidate trajectories. The initial particles are generated by searching potential paths in a pre-determined area based on the time geography theory. Then, the path flow estimation process is conducted through dividing the reconstructed complete trajectories of all detected vehicles into multiple trips. Finally, the OD patterns are estimated by adding up the path flows with the same ODs. The proposed method was implemented on a real-world traffic network in Kunshan, China and verified through a calibrated microscopic traffic simulation model. The results show that the MAPEs of the OD estimation are lower than 19%. Further investigation shows that there exists a minimum required ALPR sampling rate (60% in the test network) for accurately estimating the OD patterns. The findings of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in OD pattern estimation.

Modeling and performance analysis of VI‐CRA: A congestion control algorithm for vehicular networks

SummaryThis study proposes a Vehicle ID‐based CAM Rate Adaptation (VI‐CRA) algorithm for beacon messages in the vehicular network. Foremost, an improved vehicle ID–based analytical model is proposed at the MAC layer of vehicular network. The model weighs the random back‐off number chosen by vehicles participating in the back‐off process, with the vehicle ID incorporated in their respective CAMs. This eventually leads to the selection of a vehicle ID–based random back‐off number, minimizing the probability of collision due to same back‐off number selection. It is worth noting that the improved analytical model outperforms the existing works in terms of average packet delay since only one fourth of the contention window size is used throughout the simulation. To enhance the performance of the analytical model, the paper incorporates a congestion control algorithm, by adapting the rate of CAM broadcast over the control channel. The algorithm is designed considering a wide range of scenarios, ranging from nonsaturated to extremely saturated network (in terms of collision probability) and sparsely distributed to teemed network (in terms of vehicular density). For better analyses of simulation results, the algorithm is applied over different vehicle ID–based back‐off numbers. Simulation results for all the back‐off numbers show that vehicle ID–based CAM rate adaptation algorithm performs better than the traditional fixed CAM rate IEEE 802.11p, even at high vehicular density.

Real-time vehicle ID identification using parallel-joining wireless sensor network

Many remote sensor network (WSN) applications require join of sensor information having a place with different sensor hubs. For join handling, it is imperative to limit the communication cost since it is the fundamental shopper of battery power. In this paper, we present a parallel join system for sensor networks. A WSN comprises of numerous free sensor hubs and gives a characteristic stage to a common nothing design to do parallel preparing. The proposed parallel join calculation depends on sensor information that put away in section-situated databases. A segment arranged databases store table information segmented astute instead of line practical understanding as in conventional social databases. The proposed calculation is vitality effective for two clear reasons. In the first place, not in the slightest degree like social databases, simply huge fragments conveyed to the join area for decisive join dealing with. Second, parallel join get ready of sensor data similarly improves execution. The execution examination shows that the proposed count beats join figuring for sensor data that rely on upon social databases Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) ; parallel join; databases; architecture; communication cost

Lossless Compression of All Vehicle Trajectories in a Common Roadway Segment

AbstractThis article describes a method for compressing position and identification data for files containing comprehensive trajectory records of all vehicles traversing the same roadway segment over an arbitrary time period, in such a way that no loss of information content occurs. Such complete trajectory records are important for the study of traffic flow theory and could become increasingly relevant as test data against which to study the behavior of autonomous vehicles in a mixed traffic environment. Compression steps include differential encoding, motion prediction, and parsimonious binary storage, plus steps that are unique to the context of vehicle trajectories, including vehicle ID numbers and lane occupancy. The effectiveness of the compression is due, in part, to the strong correlations between positions (and speeds) of vehicles traveling near each other, as well as recognition that certain trajectory artifacts change with spatial and temporal frequencies much lower than the sampling rates. The algorithm is demonstrated on two sets of publicly available complete trajectory records, and compression performance statistics are given. Compression ratios in the range 10:1 to more than 20:1 are achieved for the sample files.

An Efficient Probabilistic Authentication Scheme for Converging VANET

VANET is used for interconnecting the nodes for exchanging secure data across the nodes. VANET has been utilized to give security and effectiveness in framework of transportation. Numerous activity signs are utilized yet it is very little powerful. An Authentication framework with Conditional Privacy-preservation and Non-repudiation (ACPN) has already been given in VANETs. In ACPN, the Public-Key Cryptography (PKC) to the nom de plume is utilized, which guarantees real outsiders in accomplishing the vehicles non-repudiation by obtaining genuine IDs of vehicles'. The autogenic pen names based on PKC are also utilized as identifiers rather than vehicle IDs when nom de plumes on vehicles are demanded. The ID-Based Signature (IBS) and the ID-Based Online/Offline Signature (IBOOS) plan are utilized, to validate across the Road Side Units (RSUs) and vehicles. The dynamic key sharing and triple DES for mysterious circulation and irregular V2V and R2V correspondence is proposed. The perception from the explanatory model affirms that utilizing the vehicle thickness out and about is a decent metric for setting the right sending likelihood in vehicles. The Convergence Point (CPA) is utilized to empower correspondence at the time when handover happens. This gives a consistent network and also protected message transmission.

Rising Issues in VANET Communication and Security: A State of Art Survey

VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network) has made an evolution in the transportation hi-tech system in most of the developed countries. VANET plays an important role in an intelligent transportation system (ITS). This paper gives an overall survey on the research in VANET security and communication. It also gives parameters considered by the previous researchers. After the survey, it considered the authentication and message forwarding issues required more research. Authentication is first line of security in VANET; it avoids attacks made by the malicious nodes. Previous research has come up with some Cryptographic, Trust based, Id based, and Group signature based authentication schemes. Speed of authentication and privacy preservation are the important parameters in VANET authentication. This paper presented the AECC (Adaptive Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and EECC (Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography) schemes to improve the speed and security of authentication. In AECC, the key size is adaptive, i.e. different sizes of keys are generated during the key generation phase. Three ranges are specified for key sizes: small, large, and medium. In EECC, added an extra parameter during the transmission of information from, the vehicle to the RSU for key generation. This additional parameter gives the information about the vehicle ID, and the location of the vehicle to the RSU and the other vehicle. Under the communication issue of VANET, the paper gives priority based message forwarding for improving the message forwarding scheme. It handles emergency situations more effectively.

Simultaneous Wireless Power/Data Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging

The major drawback of the battery charging in traditional electric vehicles is the use of plug-in charging devices. The aim of this paper is to propose a wireless battery charging method, in addition to power transfer, data related to battery status, vehicle ID code, or emergency messages can be simultaneously transferred between the grid and vehicle. This work applies inductive power transfer to complete the charging system. The proposed control system can monitor the operating status on the secondary (vehicle) side in real time and adjust charging current depending on the battery status. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism is able to make an immediate stop, if there is any contingency, such as overcharging voltage or current. This will be beneficial to efficient and safety concern during the charging process.

Reduction of the Authentication Time using ECC and PBAS Approach in VANET

VANET is subpart of MANET and the significance and popularity of VANET are increasing now a day because of their great contribution to improving traffic efficiency and safety. However, communication between two or more vehicles or with RSUs needs to be secured as well as authenticated. We have focused on to reduce the authentication time, that’s why we used the proxy vehicle which is verified by both RSU and CA; proxy vehicle will do half of the authentication process and reduce the authentication time. The simulation results show that proposed approach minimizes the authentication time, delay, packet loss due to the collision of the packet in the network and also increase the overall throughput of the network. In this paper, we also discussed the Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm (ECC) approach which uses the vehicle ID, a randomly generated prime number and time stamp to encrypt the message in a secure manner. As a result the whole VANET network will be secured and faster in handling the congestion during peak hours.

Secure and Privacy-Aware Cloud-Assisted Video Reporting Service in 5G-Enabled Vehicular Networks

Vehicular networks are one of the main technologies that will be leveraged by the arrival of future fifth-generation (5G) mobile cellular networks. While scalability and latency are the major drawbacks of IEEE 802.11p and fourth-generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE)-enabled vehicular communications, respectively, the 5G technology is a promising solution to empower the real-time services offered by vehicular networks. However, the security and privacy of such services in 5G-enabled vehicular networks need to be addressed first. In this paper, we propose a novel system model for a 5G-enabled vehicular network that facilitates a reliable, secure, and privacy-aware real-time video reporting service. This service is designed for participating vehicles to instantly report the videos of traffic accidents to guarantee a timely response from official vehicles and/or ambulances toward accidents. While it provides strong security and privacy guarantees for the participating vehicle's identity and the video contents, the proposed service ensures traceability of misbehaving participants through a cooperation scheme among different authorities. We show the feasibility and the fulfillment of the proposed reporting service in 5G-enabled vehicular networks in terms of security, privacy, and efficiency.

프라이버시 보호를 위한 V2V 통신 인증 서비스의 간략화

DivisionofComputerScience,KonkukUniversity요 약차세대자동차기술중의하나인V2V통신은차량간에통신할때사용되는기법으로차세대ITS의핵심기술이다.기존V2V통신인증서비스구조를살펴보면프라이버시보호에대한보안요구사항을충족시키기위해가명인증서를사용한다.가명인증서를사용하기위해발급및관리하는기관이필요하고한번발급할때여러개의인증서를발급하기때문에시간이많이소요된다.본논문에서는가명인증서를사용하지않고프라이버시보호에대한보안요구사항을충족시키기위해차량ID를활용한기법을제시하고자한다.주제어 :WAVE,V2V,C-ITS,ITS,Authentication,PrivacyProtectionAbstract One of the next generation of automotive V2V communication technology is a core technology for next-generation ITS as a technique used for communications between the vehicle. Looking at the existing V2V communication using the pseudonym certificate authentication service structure to meet the security requirements for privacy protection. Since the issuance of multiple certificates when needed authority in issuing and managing to use the pseudonym certificate issued once and it takes a lot of time. In this paper, we present the method utilizing a vehicle ID to meet the security requirements for the privacy protection without the use of a pseudonym certificate.Key Words :WAVE, V2V, C-ITS, ITS, Authentication, Privacy Protection

Enhancing the Message Authentication Process in VANET under High Traffic Condition using the PBAS Approach

The significance and popularity of VANET is increasing nowadays because of their great contribution in improving traffic efficiency and safety. We present an authentication and verification scheme of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks VANET for the low as well as high traffic conditions. However, communication between two or more vehicles or with RSUs needs to be secure as well as authenticated. In this paper we will discuss the Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm (ECC) approach which uses the vehicle ID, a random generated prime number and time stamp to encrypt the message in a secure manner. Our main focus is to reduce the authentication time; therefore we have used the proxy vehicle which is verified by both RSU and CA and they will do half of the authentication process and decrease the authentication time. In this paper we have taken the parameters of packet loss, delay and throughput and compared the proposed approach for the low traffic conditions and also for high traffic conditions. So the result shows that the proposed scheme provides high quality of message authentications in less time period on both the traffic conditions without affecting the overall security of VANET.

Privacy – aware average speed monitoring system for vehicular ad‐hoc networks

In this study, the authors introduce a highly dynamic and manageable average speed monitoring system. They define a privacy preserving security protocol in which vehicles hold a pseudonymous non-traceable private digital identity. Vehicle's identity is kept undisclosed for as long as the average speed over a designated road section does not exceed the specified limit. During the protocol execution, non-refutable evidences are built for vehicles and authorities, for future disputes. Finally, the security properties of the protocol are formally proven using BAN logic and, a metric is defined to measure the reliability and feasibility of the author's proposal.

ACPN: A Novel Authentication Framework with Conditional Privacy-Preservation and Non-Repudiation for VANETs

In Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs), authentication is a crucial security service for both inter-vehicle and vehicle-roadside communications. On the other hand, vehicles have to be protected from the misuse of their private data and the attacks on their privacy, as well as to be capable of being investigated for accidents or liabilities from non-repudiation. In this paper, we investigate the authentication issues with privacy preservation and non-repudiation in VANETs. We propose a novel framework with preservation and repudiation (ACPN) for VANETs. In ACPN, we introduce the public-key cryptography (PKC) to the pseudonym generation, which ensures legitimate third parties to achieve the non-repudiation of vehicles by obtaining vehicles' real IDs. The self-generated PKCbased pseudonyms are also used as identifiers instead of vehicle IDs for the privacy-preserving authentication, while the update of the pseudonyms depends on vehicular demands. The existing ID-based signature (IBS) scheme and the ID-based online/offline signature (IBOOS) scheme are used, for the authentication between the road side units (RSUs) and vehicles, and the authentication among vehicles, respectively. Authentication, privacy preservation, non-repudiation and other objectives of ACPN have been analyzed for VANETs. Typical performance evaluation has been conducted using efficient IBS and IBOOS schemes. We show that the proposed ACPN is feasible and adequate to be used efficiently in the VANET environment.

Multimedia Service using CSMA/GPS in Vehicular Communication Network

This paper 1 deals with the seamless multimedia service mechanism in vehicle communication network(VCN). The proposed mechanism uses caching/switching/multicasting agent(CSMA), a partial of GPS information and multicast transmission in VCN network. The CSMA controls some smart access points(SAP) with buffer, and may generate multicast group address for live-video in local-vehicle-network(LVN). And it manages serviced video items, switches multimedia packets to SAPs requesting service, and performs smooth handover for vehicles using table. The SAP generates modified virtual address(IP address) for vehicles that enter the VCN network. The proposed virtual IP address consists of LVN network ID, vehicle ID, GPS information(driving distance) and a driving direction mode bit. And the CSMA and SAP provide smooth handover using their service tables and a seamless multimedia service. Also, this proposed mechanism may provide promptly multicast service for live-video because multicast mechanism is performed within the VCN network, and reduce the possibility of cutoff service and packet loss because it uses GPS in-formation.

Vehicle trajectory extraction by simple two‐dimensional model matching at low camera angles in intersection

Vehicle trajectories are commonly used to analyse driving behaviour and traffic safety. Traditional blob detection methods are limited in providing the accurate locations of vehicles when these are monitored from a low position. The authors propose a novel method of vehicle detection by utilising the projection line between the vehicle side and the ground plane. The line, which is extremely close to the surface of the road plane, provides location and orientation information. Therefore the authors' method further locates vehicles by matching the two-dimensional (2D) model with the vehicle bottom by using a projection line and a projective transformation matrix. The model-based tracking method is used to track the detected vehicles, and a Kalman filter is combined to predict the locations of vehicles. The output is a set of microscopic parameters which include vehicle ID, trajectory, velocity, acceleration, orientation and angular speed, respectively. The experimental results are acceptable in terms of vehicle detection, vehicle tracking, trajectory extraction and computation time, respectively.