Vehicle Tracking System Research Articles

PEM-based random vibration analysis under service-braking conditions on an irregular track

PurposeAccording to relevant research, non-uniform speed has a significant impact on the vehicle-track systems. Up to now, research work on it is still very limited. In this paper, the PEM is adopted to further transform it into a deterministic process to solve the vehicle’s problem of running at a non-uniform speed.Design/methodology/approachThe multi-body vehicle model has 10 degrees of freedom and the track is regarded as a finite long beam supported by lumped sleepers and ballast blocks. They are connected via linear Hertz springs. The vertical track irregularity is a Gaussian stationary process in the space domain. It is transformed into a uniformly modulated nonstationary random process in the time domain with respect to the non-uniform vehicle speed. By solving the equation of motion of the coupled vehicle-track system with the pseudo-excitation method, the pseudo-response and consequently the power spectral density and the standard deviation of the structural response can be obtained.FindingsTwo kinds of vehicle braking programs are taken in the numerical example and some beneficial conclusions are drawn.Originality/valueThe pseudo-excitation method (PEM) was used to perform the random vibration analysis of a coupled non-uniform speed vehicle-track system. Transforming the track irregularity into a uniformly modulated nonstationary random process in time domain with respect to the non-uniform vehicle speed was undertaken. The pseudo-response of the coupled system is solved by applying the Newmark algorithm with constant space integral steps. The random vibration transfer mechanism of the coupled system is fully discussed.

Research on the mechanism of rail corrugation of steel spring floating slab track on metro

Steel spring floating slab track (SSFST) is an effective vibration and noise reduction measure, which is gradually used in urban rail transit in recent years. In order to better solve the problems of vibration noise and abnormal rail corrugation on metro lines, the dynamic model of vehicle-track system including metro vehicle and track structure is established by using the simulation software. The relationship between the passing frequency of vehicle and the vibration frequency of track structure, as well as the resonance characteristics of the elastic track structure are analyzed so as to obtain cause of rail corrugation on SSFST. The results show the following: (1) It is a more obvious resonance phenomenon between the inner rail and the floating slab at the vibration frequency of 116 and 161 Hz (R300 m), 262 Hz (R1000 m) and 320-387 Hz (R1500 m), and the simulation of rail corrugation wavelength is closer to field measured data. (2) Comparing the vibration frequency distribution of ordinary track and SSFST under the same curve radius, the rail corrugation is related to the natural vibration characteristics of track structure. (3) The vibration characteristics of the track structure and the periodic wear characteristics of the rail are the key factors for the formation of rail corrugation.

Response of prefabricated-polyurethane reinforced ballasted track to dislocation in tunnels through active fault zone

ABSTRACT The dislocation of the active fault zone may cause some threat to the track structures passing through it, in order to investigate the response of prefabricated-polyurethane reinforced ballasted track and CRTS III slab track to different forms of fault and to compare their adaptability in fault zone, a finite element model of the track-tunnel-surrounding rock system and a dynamic model of vehicle-track system were integrated together in this study. Based on the models, the changes of track geometry of the two track structures were studied, the mechanical behaviour of track components was revealed, and the effect of irregularity caused by fault dislocation on vehicle dynamic response was studied. Results show that the components of CRTS III slab track are damaged at a smaller dislocation displacement than those of prefabricated-polyurethane reinforced ballasted track. With the increase of the train speed and dislocation displacement, the derailment coefficient and wheel load reduction rate also increase. The safe speed limits for travelling under different types of fault and different dislocation displacements are obtained, which can provide reference for similar engineering applications.

Low-cost camera and 2-D LIDAR fusion for target vehicle corner detection and tracking: Applications to micromobility devices

This paper develops a cost-effective vehicle detection and tracking system based on fusion of a 2-D LIDAR and a monocular camera to protect electric micromobility devices, especially e-scooters, by predicting the real- time danger of a car- scooter collision. The cost and size disadvantages of 3-D LIDAR sensors make them an unsuitable choice for micromobility devices. Therefore, a 2-D RPLIDAR Mapper sensor is used. Although low-cost, this sensor comes with major shortcomings such as the narrow vertical field of view and its low density of data points. Due to these factors, the sensor does not have a robust output in outdoor applications, and the measurements keep jumping and sliding on the vehicle surface. To improve the performance of the LIDAR, a single monocular camera is fused with the LIDAR data not only to detect vehicles, but also to separately detect the front and side of a target vehicle and to find its corner. It is shown that this corner detection method is more accurate than strategies that are only based on the LIDAR data. The corner measurements are used in a high-gain observer to estimate the location, velocity, and orientation of the target vehicle. The developed system is implemented on a Ninebot e-scooter platform, and multiple experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.

Vehicle To Vehicle Communication and Accident Prevention

V2V collisions are one of the most destructive events. Although there are many other causes of V2V accidents, driver neglects and excessive speed are the main culprits. Additionally, it appears that a lack of awareness makes it difficult to arrive at the scene of the collision in time. By reducing the frequency of accidents, the development of Internet of Things(IoT) technology Can aid in the solution of this issue. In this study, a smart system that warns users, control vehicle speed, and properly warns people in the event of accidents. This device continuously monitors the distance between oncoming cars and any obstruction by using distance sensor. It will alert the driver to restrict speed and will automatically slow down the when crucial distance is approaching. It is a system that can send a warning to the police stations and be capable of identifying accidents. RSU will be used to monitor and compare a vehicle’s speed. IOT-based vehicle safety Alert and Tracking System Research and Implementation When an accident occurs under unclear conditions, a notice alert with V2V information is delivered to the person responsible.

Multi-camera trajectory matching based on hierarchical clustering and constraints

AbstractThe fast improvement of deep learning methods resulted in breakthroughs in image classification, object detection, and object tracking. Autonomous driving and traffic monitoring systems, especially the on-premise installed fixed position multi-camera configurations, benefit greatly from recent advances. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Camera Multi-Target (MCMT) vehicle tracking system using a constrained hierarchical clustering solution, which improves trajectory matching, and thus provides a more robust tracking of objects transitioning between cameras. YOLOv5, ByteTrack, and ResNet50-IBN ReID networks are used for vehicle detection and tracking. Static attributes such as vehicle type and vehicle color are determined from ReID features with SVM. The proposed ReID feature-based attribute categorization shows better performance, than its pure CNN counterpart. Single-camera trajectories (SCTs) are combined into multi-camera trajectories (MCTs) using hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) with time and space constraints (our proposed algorithm is denoted by MCT#MAC). Similarities between SCTs are measured by comparing the mean ReID features cumulated on the trajectory. The system was evaluated on more datasets, and our experiments demonstrate that constraining HAC by manipulating the proximity matrix greatly improves the multi-camera IDF1 score.

A multi-sensor indoor tracking system for autonomous marine model-scale vehicles

Attitude estimation is a popular topic in marine engineering and robotics; the position and orientation of a vehicle are required as feedback from several control algorithms to improve autonomous navigation capabilities, such as dynamic positioning, track keeping, and autodocking. Typically, position and heading angles are provided by the Global Positioning System and compass. Usually, during the development and testing, the experiments are performed in a controlled environment, such as an indoor test tank. However, Global Positioning System systems can be unreliable due to non-negligible model scale errors or the absence of line-of-sight with the satellites. This article presents an experimental tracking system setup suitable for indoor testing facilities. In particular, the paper presents a tracking system based on a GigE camera and ArUco markers detection and a LiDAR-based tracking system relying on unsupervised machine learning techniques. The MQTT broker-based publish/subscribe message-queuing protocol allows real-time data communication and sharing. The proposed system was developed, installed, and tested in the COMPASS laboratory (University of Genoa). The two tracking systems’ outcomes have been compared. Eventually, an accuracy analysis was performed by comparing the results to the ground truth in purpose-built experiments. The proposed approach can estimate the degrees of freedom of a self-propelled model-scale vessel in an indoor testing facility without requiring active or powered markers and share the information acquired with multiple entities in real-time at a high frame rate.

Connection Between Track Geometry Quality and Dynamic Vehicle Response at Various Speeds

Track geometry measurements are widely used for describing track quality. However, derailments and track deterioration are caused by forces arising in vehicle-track system. This research focuses on two types of vehicle response. Firstly, the influence of the longitudinal level irregularities on the vertical wheel-rail forces was examined. Secondly, the correlation between the lateral axle box acceleration and the cross level irregularities was investigated. Track geometry and vehicle response data were acquired simultaneously by a track recording car, formed from a passenger car, at various speeds up to 130 km/h. Vehicle-track forces were calculated based on accelerometers mounted on the car body, bogies and axle boxes, considering mass and moment of inertia. Non-linear regressions resulted in vertical vehicle-track force estimation functions. It was proven that the use of second spatial derivatives of the longitudinal level gave a better estimation than the use of reference TQIs according to European Standard EN 13848-6. A linear relationship was found between the speed and standard deviation of vertical vehicle-track forces. On straight sections with constant speed, correlation coefficients of around 0.8 were found between second spatial derivatives of cross level and lateral axle box acceleration.

Prototype of a System for Tracking Transit Service Based on IoV, ITS, and Machine Learning

The transit service in a city should be the most efficient, least polluting, most accessible, and sustainable means of transportation for its citizens. However, serious shortcomings have been detected, mainly in medium-sized cities in developing countries. These shortcomings are related to a lack of user information, insecurity, low service availability, and repeated stops in inappropriate and/or unauthorized places. Some of these shortcomings contribute to high accident rates and traffic congestion. The development of tools to improve the characteristics and conditions of transit service in cities has become an imperative need to improve the quality of life of citizens and city sustainability. Transit service tracking is relevant in aspects such as online location information to travelers and control by transport companies for compliance with speed limits, schedules, routes, and stops. This research proposes a transit vehicle tracking system based on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in Vehicle-to-Roadside (V2R) classification. The proposed system is ideal for the use of electric vehicles due to the low power consumption of the tracking device. This system uses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) tracking service architecture, Long Range (LoRa) communication technology, and its LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol. Additionally, the system offers real-time location prediction in the absence of position data. The IoV tracking device integrates a GPS-LoRa module card with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). A location prediction algorithm was implemented to train and store a prediction model with previously collected data from tracking devices. To evaluate the developed model, a case study in the city of Popayán (Colombia) was implemented, using three routes for testing. The results of the system implementation were satisfactory, obtaining an average coverage of 60.4% of the routes in the final field tests through LoRa communication. For the remaining 39.6% of the routes, location data prediction was used, with an average accuracy of 177 m with respect to the real location. Considering the obtained results, a tracking system such as the one proposed in this article can be used in the transit systems of medium-sized cities in developing countries to improve service quality and fleet control.

GPS based Identification System using Microcontroller

Abstract: Now a days, we often rely on GPS for Navigations. Every Smartphone today has inbuilt GPS but the Navigation is not always accurate. Hence we bring the cheaper version for Vehicle Tracking System using Microcontroller and GPS. In this Paper, we will discuss about the Construction, Working and Testing of the GPS based Identification System. Through the help of Satellites, the GPS Module receives the Coordinates (Latitudes and Longitudes), then, the microcontroller processes the data and further sends it to the GSM Modem. Then the GSM modem sends it to the Owner through his Smartphone.

The role of 3D contact geometry in modeling dynamic wheel-rail interaction at short-wave irregularities on rail surface

Modelling wheel-rail interaction at short-wave irregularities is an important issue under the context of vehicle-track system dynamics for analyzing and preventing severe impact. The present paper broadens the applicability of vehicle-track dynamics model to account for 3D short-wave irregularities on rail surface. The key is developing a meshing grid approach combined with the accurate conjugate gradient (CG) method for contact mechanics under arbitrary 3D contact geometry. Therefore, both the global dynamics and local contact solutions can be provided. In this study, short-pitch rail corrugation is employed for investigating the role of 3D contact geometry in modelling dynamic wheel-rail interaction. The traditional vehicle-track coupled dynamics model using Hertzian spring is used for comparison. The results show short-pitch rail corrugation contributes two different aspects, i.e., wheel center trajectory and time-varying contact stiffness. These two aspects are found to be the root causes for explaining the influence of the varying 3D geometry irregularity size on dynamic wheel-rail contact force.

Influences of tram characteristics on wheel polygonal wear evolution

Out-of-round railway wheels continuously excite the vehicle-track system resulting in fluctuating contact forces, creepages and contact patch dimensions. Accompanied wear may influence the evolution of railway wheel polygonization significantly. Especially in curves with a small radius of curvature, which are typical for tramway networks, considerable wear originates due to high lateral creepages. Long-time wear development studies with dominant polygonal orders reveal that some wavelengths of the wheel enlarge rapidly, whereas others are nearly unaffected or even suppressed. Therefore, fundamental research on significant influences on wheel polygonal wear evolution is required. A representative generic system model of a two-axle tram bogie is set up, and a suitable wear model is implemented to study the polygonal wear evolution at trams. It has been found that structural modes can dominate wheel polygonal wear evolution. In particular, the compliance and interaction of the wheelset axle and the resilient wheel may be essential. Evolution tendency curves are presented, and influences on the wheel polygonization are discussed. Wheel–rail contact conditions and related creepage–creep force characteristics appear to be decisive for the evolution directions and evolution speeds.

Application of improved you only look once model in road traffic monitoring system

<span lang="EN-US">The present research focuses on developing an intelligent traffic management solution for tracking the vehicles on roads. Our proposed work focuses on a much better you only look once (YOLOv4) traffic monitoring system that uses the CSPDarknet53 architecture as its foundation. Deep-sort learning methodology for vehicle multi-target detection from traffic video is also part of our research study. We have included features like the Kalman filter, which estimates unknown objects and can track moving targets. Hungarian techniques identify the correct frame for the object. We are using enhanced object detection network design and new data augmentation techniques with YOLOv4, which ultimately aids in traffic monitoring. Until recently, object identification models could either perform quickly or draw conclusions quickly. This was a big improvement, as YOLOv4 has an astoundingly good performance for a very high frames per second (FPS). The current study is focused on developing an intelligent video surveillance-based vehicle tracking system that tracks the vehicles using a neural network, image-based tracking, and YOLOv4. Real video sequences of road traffic are used to test the effectiveness of the method that has been suggested in the research. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the suggested technique significantly increases graphics processing unit (GPU) speed and FSP as compared to baseline algorithms.</span>

Analysis on abnormal low-frequency vertical vibration of medium–low-speed maglev vehicle

A newly-developed medium–low-speed maglev test vehicle was used to obtain the vertical dynamic response signals of the vehicle-line coupled system when the test vehicle was standing still on four different types of lines through field tests. It was found that abnormal low-frequency vertical vibration occurred on the car body, so that an excellent ride index of the test vehicle cannot be ensured. As the stability of the vehicle at standstill is the prerequisite to the stability of the vehicle running at a certain speed, it is necessary to investigate the causes underlying the abnormal vibration and propose corrective measures through theoretical studies in combination with the measured results. Therefore, this paper established a coupled vehicle-track system dynamics model considering active feedback control, and investigated the stability and bifurcation behavior of the coupled system through nonlinear dynamics theory and numerical simulation. Field test results show that: the vertical ride index of the test vehicle was rated as “Unqualified” when it was standing still; the vertical vibration eigenfrequency of the car body is basically the same (between 2.10 and 2.20 Hz) when the test vehicle was standing still on the four different lines, indicating that the abnormal vibration was basically independent of the line type; the vertical dynamic response of each measurement point on the electromagnet, F-rail and bridge was normal. The theoretical and simulation studies show that: the numerical simulation of the theoretical model can effectively reproduce the abnormal vibration; the malfunction in the nonlinear characteristics of the air spring vertical damping (i.e. the damping malfunction) is the main reason for this vibration, and the abnormal vibration corresponded to the supercritical Hopf bifurcation dynamics behavior in nonlinear dynamics; after the air spring was restored to normal, the equilibrium point of the coupled system was stable under the influence of different initial disturbances. This study may provide an important reference for reducing the abnormal low-frequency vertical vibration of the test vehicle at standstill.

A Systems Engineering Approach to Reducing Mis‐pulls and Misplaced Trailers for Trucking Fleets

AbstractHeavy vehicle fleets can have more than three times the number of trailers than tractors, but tractors host most of the vehicle network and tracking systems. Tractor location is readily available through telematics systems, yet trucking operations may pull the wrong trailer during operations because of the lack of trailer location information. The lack of automated trailer location data can lead to lost or mis‐placed trailers, which compromises the service of the product being shipped. Adding dedicated telematics systems to individual trailers is cost prohibitive. Therefore, we propose leveraging the tractor's existing location data with unique identifiers from the trailer to geo‐reference trailers. The goal of the proposed system is to use existing truck and trailer hardware (i.e. the braking system controllers) to identify the trailer serial numbers to the truck‐tractor, which creates geo‐referenced tractor‐trailer combinations. This work follows a system engineering approach for a trailer tracking system design beginning with a thorough review of the problem and customer need, generating concise requirements, conducting a tradeoff study of potential solutions, and demonstrating the proposed solution on a test bench. A systems engineering approach following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15288 and International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) technical processes is used for this design and development effort. This work demonstrates a novel approach, delivering a trailer tracking capability fielded through minimal changes to existing hardware and software. This automated trailer location system would reduce mis‐pulled and temporarily misplaced trailers, thus saving time and money for fleet operations worldwide.

College Bus Tracking System

Abstract: Our project aim is to design a system that will automate the college transport fare collection process using GPS contactless smartcard technologies as well as provide industrial IOT facilities to knows present location of the college vehicle and the arrival time at the particular bus stop. The system keep tracking of each passenger will be able to know the current balance in his smartcard amount and can recharge it when needed. The present generation requires the information time to time. The use of technology has been increasing day by day. So, we are planning for the combination of present technology with the requirements of information transmission, we planned for the creative approach “ Vehicle Tracking System Using GPS and GSM”. To overcome the drawback of the previous method of a Project based and we introduced a project to track a vehicle using GPS and GSM. Vehicle tracking system can also be used for accident detection alert system. The tracking system and many more by just make few changes in hardware and software and widely in tracking cab/taxi, stolen vehicles, school/college buses etc. Student safety is a primary in our society. Increased rate of children abduction signify the relevance of a proper mechanism to track children. The current system involves parents calling the cab driver to ensure student has boarded the bus and to know the current location. There us always an element of uncertainty regarding student whereabouts. Proposed system involves a low-cost solution by allowing parents to track child location via a mobile application. The system involves allotment of a unique identification for each student using RFID (Radio Frequency based identification system). Live tracking of the bus is enabled using GPS (Global Positioning System).

Design of intelligent vehicle tracking system based on combined navigation

Design of intelligent vehicle tracking system based on combined navigation

Service reliability assessment of ballastless track in high speed railway via improved response surface method

The spectral feature of the track irregularity has a great impact on the running stability of high-speed trains. This study assesses the service reliability of the high-speed rail (HSR) ballastless track structure considering the effect of wavelength distribution characteristics of the track irregularities. The serviceability limit state (SLS) function of the ballastless track is established with respect to the derailment coefficient and wheel-unloading rate. To overcome the problem of high computational cost in the iteration of reliability assessment for the vehicle-track system, this study proposes an improved response surface method (RSM) and the explicit solution of the SLS function of the ballastless track can be realized. Compared with the traditional RSM, the improved RSM can adaptively adjust the variable interpolation coefficient to increase the iterative convergence speed. To obtain the vertical and lateral wheel-rail forces, a 3-D vehicle-track coupling model is established based on multibody dynamics and the finite element method (FEM). To analyze the wavelength effect of the track irregularities, a binary wavelet-based inversion algorithm is proposed to generate time series of both the vertical and alignment irregularities from the track irregularity spectrum (TIS). By comparing it with the MCS method, it is found that by using the improved RSM method, the convergence condition of the reliability index can be satisfied only by tens of iterations and the total computation time is 1.92 × 104 shorter than using MCS. Finally, the effect of different wavelengths of the track irregularity on the service reliability of track structure is discussed. The results show that the wavelength of 32 to 64 m is the main unfavorable wavelength range affecting the track service reliability under the normal operation condition of HSR.

Design and Implementation of Vehicle Tracking System with GPS

Abstract: An efficient vehicle tracking system is designed and implemented for tracking the movement of any equipped vehicle from any location at any time. The proposed system made good use of a popular technology that combines a Smartphone application with a microcontroller. This will be easy to make and inexpensive compared to others. The designed in-vehicle device works using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication / General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) technology that is one of the most common ways for vehicle tracking. The device is embedded inside a vehicle whose position is to be determined and tracked in real-time. A microcontroller is used to control the GPS and GSM/GPRS modules. The vehicle tracking system uses the GPS module to get geographic coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM/GPRS module is used to transmit and update the vehicle location to a database. A Smartphone application is also developed for continuously monitoring the vehicle location. The Google Maps API is used to display the vehicle on the map in the Smartphone application. Thus, users will be able to continuously monitor a moving vehicle on demand using the Smartphone application and determine the estimated distance and time for the vehicle to arrive at a given destination

Vehicle Tracking and Fuel Monitoring System

Abstract: The demand for effective methods of transporting goods, such as tracking in real time., determining the site of accidents, and cutting down on financial and logistical fuel waste caused by trucks, is fast growing. This paper outlines a solution for real-time tracking and fuel monitoring, both of which are recognized as primary challenges that the vast majority of trucking businesses are working to address. The goal of this study is to facilitate the requirement for an efficient products transportation system. The proposed system is implemented using IoT (Internet of Things) with a ESP32, which measures important information about trucks in real time using a variety of sensor modules. This information includes the current location of the truck, its fuel level, and any fuel leakage that may be occurring. All of the information that has been acquired is then uploaded into a cloud platform called adafruit IO for the sake of further analysis and monitoring. In addition to that, this technology is able to determine whether or not a truck was engaged in an accident and sends information regarding the location of the accident to the appropriate people through email. The real-time information of the vehicle is accessible in the cloud at any time and from any location for approved users as well as authorized truck owners. This comprehensive system utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology to provide accurate real-time tracking, remote monitoring of fuel level and truck condition, and timely delivery of goods, in addition to protecting the truck from theft