Vehicle-to Vehicle Research Articles

Traveler Empowerment through IoT-Based Wearable Health Monitoring Gloves for Accident Prevention

MAAK is a sort of protective glove worn by the rider that increases the safety of motorcycling. The protection of the rider is the main purpose of this glove. This may be done by utilizing cutting-edge characteristics including heart rate, vehicle-to vehicle distance, and vehicle speed. This make it not only smart glove but also a feature of a smart bike. TFT display show the output of the rider`s Heartrate and speed of the vehicle continuously. The output of the rider's heart rate and the vehicle's speed are continually shown on a TFT display . The vehicle's speed is determined by an IR (infrared) sensor, the distance between the cars is determined by an ultrasonic sensor, and the rider's heart rate is continually monitored by a heart rate sensor. Keywords: Heart rate monitoring, Infrared sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Wearable devices.

Eco-Driving Optimization of a Signalized Route With Extended Traffic State Information

Literature suggests that driving style and conditions play a major role in vehicle energy consumption. In this sense, this work focuses on vehicle speed planning using information from the environment, through vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and from nearby vehicles, with vehicle-to vehicle (V2V) information to reduce fuel consumption over a signalized route. By knowing the traffic lights scenario of the route in advance and the current position and speed of the preceding vehicle, the proposed algorithm decides the ego-vehicle speed profile during a given horizon to minimize fuel consumption. The proposed strategy solves the optimal control problem (OCP) in each prediction horizon through dynamic programming (DP) with a simplified model. The scenario and the optimal solution are updated periodically to make up for scenario prediction and modeling uncertainties. Experimental tests were conducted on a test bench to evaluate the fuel consumption of the simulated speed profile when compared to the preceding vehicle. Results show that a reduction of almost 20% in fuel consumption is possible without penalizing travel time while keeping it real-time (RT) feasible.

Numerical Assessment of RF Human Exposure in Smart Mobility Communications

Cars are rapidly evolving into smart connected objects that can communicate not only with the infrastructure but also with other cars through vehicle-to vehicle (V2V) communication. By the end of 2023, more than 72 million vehicles worldwide will be equipped with devices and technologies that enable to exchange data and communicate with other cars. This challenging scenario is raising cross-cutting issues, such as those related to new radio-frequency exposures of the human body also when travelling. We evaluate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) induced in a realistic smart mobility communication scenario operated at 5.9 GHz. V2V antennas were modeled and placed on a realistic 3D model of a city-car to numerically estimate SAR in the body regions and tissues of a human phantom (adult male) inside the car. We found that both local and whole-body average exposures were below the ICNIRP and IEEE limits for the general public in the 100 kHz-6 GHz band, being equal in the worst case scenario to 1.58 W/kg (head) and 0.008 W/kg, respectively. The highest SAR was found in the most superficial tissues (the skin) of body regions very close to the sources. The distance of the passenger from the antennas played an important role in the resulting SAR. This research has a potentially great clinical impact as it contributes to new and realistic knowledge on the exposure scenario in smart mobility communication to assess possible health effects and for the design of policies for public health management.

VEHICLE ADHOC NETWORK FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM .

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which considers both buses and cars as vehicular nodes running in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. It is a hybrid protocol, uses both the greedy forwarding approach and the carry-store-and-forward approach to ensure the connectivity of the routes. Our solution to situations, when the network is sparse and when any (source or intermediate) node left its initial position, makes this protocol better in city scenarios. We only consider Vehicle to-Vehicle (V2V) communication in which both the source and destination nodes are moving vehicles. The paradigm of cross-layer design has been introduced as an alternative to pure layered design to develop communication protocols. Cross-layer design allows information to be exchanged and shared across layer boundaries in order to enable efficient and robust protocols. There has been several research efforts that validated the importance of cross-layer design in vehicular networks.

Effect of Route Length and Signal Attenuation on Energy Consumption in V2V Communication

Simulation of Vehicle-to Vehicle (V2V) communication and connectivity is carried out. The main objective of the carried out V2Vcommunication simulation is to study the effect of route length, number of hops per route, attenuation related parameter and message size on energy consumption of transmitted bits per sent message. Mathematical modeling (using the original radio energy model), and analysis, is carried out to quantify and approximate the effect of attenuation related parameter (α) and Route Length (LR) on energy consumption of transmitted Basic Safety Message (BSM) for both, 256 Bytes and 320 Bytes size. The original energy radio model is expanded to include not only message size, but also the effect of number of hops on energy consumption. The work successfully proved the critical effect of α and number of hops on energy consumption for a fixed BSM size and the effect of α on the transitional characteristics of routes as a function of number of hops. It is clear from the simulation that α has an adverse effect on consumed energy for transmitted BSMs and also has a marked effect on routes, where any value of α above 3 will lead to energy depletion among, other negative effects on communicating devices.

3D non-stationary vehicle-to-vehicle MIMO channel model for 5G millimeter-wave communications

Vehicle-to vehicle (V2V) is one of the most challenging scenarios in the fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave (mmW) mobile communication networks. Existing models cannot be utilized without development for compatibility with modern measurements, which have proved that the wide-sense stationary (WSS) modeling assumption is valid only for very short intervals. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional (3D) geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) for non-stationary (non-WSS) narrowband V2V multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) channel with both 3D fixed and moving scatterers around the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) is proposed. The azimuth angle of departure (AAoD), elevation angle of departure (EAoD), azimuth angle of arrival (AAoA) and elevation angle of arrival (EAoA) of the 3D moving scatterers have been considered as time varying angles, and this makes the model non-stationary. Based on the proposed model, the statistical properties, including space-time correlation function (STCF), space-Doppler power spectral density (SD-PSD), level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD) are derived and compared with those of measured data and state-of-the-art channel models. Finally, the close agreement between results reveal that the proposed 3D model with 3D moving scatterers reflects the real-world V2V channel characteristics, especially in 5G mmW networks.

Vehicle-To-Vehicle Data Broadcasting Through Visible Light Communication

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a fast-growing technology to provide data communication using low-cost through LED-LASER and photodiodes. Which the transmitter and receiver of visible light communication have been designed and realized. In the experiment, the illumination of the receiving surface in different distance between LED-LASER and photodiode receiver has been tested, and the effect of background light has been considered, data transmit bit rate can be achieved at 111.607 kbit/s when the average illumination is 40 lx, with the communication distance of our visible light system at 1.1Cm to 1.5 Km. We first develop a custom V3LC (vehicle-to vehicle visible light communication)research platform using Microcontroller (Arduino interface)on which we experimentally evaluate the feasibility of a V3LC system under working conditions in relation to link resilience to visible light noise and interference. Our experiments show that a receiver's narrow field-of-view angle makes V3LC resilient to visible light noise from sunlight and legacy lighting sources as well as to interference from active VLC transmitters. Our main objective keys findings include: (i) in dense vehicular traffic conditions (e.g., urban highway during peak hours), of packet collisions; (ii) traffic blockage control. In this paper our main motto have to design low cost communication device which have high range and high accuracy so that we outline same basic design of transmission and receiver through microcontroller arduino mega board . Finally, evaluation of our prototype provides evidence that the system can indeed detect potential risks in advance and provide early warnings to the driver in real-world scenarios, lowering the probability of traffic accidents. Keywords: Broadcasting, VVLC, Arduino, Control design, Filter.

Virtual Traffic Lights+

The latest advancements in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) increasingly rely on wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (VTV) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (VTI) communications to manage traffic flows at intersections dynamically. A prominent example is virtual traffic lights (VTLs), which use only VTV communications and which have been shown to have the potential to increase traffic flows and reduce emissions significantly. Two key issues that can affect the adoption of desirable ITS solutions like VTLs are functional safety and the management of a move from a vehicle fleet not equipped with VTLs to a vehicle fleet completely equipped with VTLs. For the first issue, the first model-driven engineering-based modeling and verification technique for ITSs is proposed. This technique can be used to prove functional safety with 100% coverage. Through the use of this technique, it is shown that although VTLs are safe under normal circumstances, they are very fragile when they face unlikely, but not impossible, exceptional circumstances. For the second issue, an extended algorithm called VTL+ is proposed. VTL+ uses additional VTI communication with the existing infrastructure to enable effective and safe traffic flow during the VTL transition phase. It is also found through static analysis that VTL+ is more robust and more feature rich than VTLs.

A geometry-based stochastic MIMO model for vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Vehicle-to-vehicle (VTV) wireless communications have many envisioned applications in traffic safety and congestion avoidance, but the development of suitable communications systems and standards requires accurate models for the VTV propagation channel. In this paper, we present a new wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) model for VTV channels based on extensive MIMO channel measurements performed at 5.2 GHz in highway and rural environments in Lund, Sweden. The measured channel characteristics, in particular the nonstationarity of the channel statistics, motivate the use of a geometry-based stochastic channel model (GSCM) instead of the classical tapped-delay line model. We introduce generalizations of the generic GSCM approach and techniques for parameterizing it from measurements and find it suitable to distinguish between diffuse and discrete scattering contributions. The time-variant contribution from discrete scatterers is tracked over time and delay using a high resolution algorithm, and our observations motivate their power being modeled as a combination of a (deterministic) distance decay and a slowly varying stochastic process. The paper gives a full parameterization of the channel model and supplies an implementation recipe for simulations. The model is verified by comparison of MIMO antenna correlations derived from the channel model to those obtained directly from the measurements.