Vehicle Sector Research Articles

Investment Strategies Under International Financial Markets Research Paper - Tesla as a Case in Point

Lately, the advancement of energy-efficient energy solutions has emerged as a significant and hopeful trend in the market, aimed at enhancing environmental protection, attaining zero transportation emissions, and diminishing reliance on oil. The electric vehicle (EV) sector is expanding swiftly, driven by robust policy initiatives in several nations, notably China. The year 2022 saw China's electric vehicle sales representing 61.2% of worldwide EV market. Nonetheless, the market's complexity has escalated due to ongoing market growth, technological advancements, and frequent policy shifts. Consequently, forecasting the EV industry's future trajectory and pinpointing projects with enduring investment worth presents a challenge. Nonetheless, this paper investigates Tesla's capacity for sustainable growth as a frontrunner in the industry. The document outlines the prospects and hurdles in the electric vehicle sector, examining its financial success, operational efficiency, solvency, and growth potential as per TESLA's fiscal reports spanning 2020 to 2022. Concurrently, an analysis and comparison were conducted on the financial records of industry giants BYD and SAIC, along with an examination of their prospects and obstacles in China. The primary technique employed in this financial analysis article is ratio analysis, sourced from the company's annual report for computation. Research indicates that Tesla's diverse aspects of financial analysis lead to the conclusion of its potential as a company.

Lithium from clay: Assessing the environmental impacts of extraction

The burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) sector in the United States (US) is expected to drive up the demand for lithium, a critical element for EV batteries. Lithium-rich clays in the Nevada desert emerge as a prospective US-based domestic source. This study employs Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to examine the environmental aspects of extracting lithium from this source. Among the two evaluated routes, acid leaching was more energy-efficient (35 MJ/kg LCE (Lithium Carbonate Equivalent) than roasting (200 MJ/kg LCE), based on pilot plant data. When compared to conventional methods like spodumene-based extraction, acid leaching shows reductions across almost every category, with notable decreases in high-magnitude impacts like Global Warming (48 %), Freshwater Ecotoxicity (15 %), and Smog (69 %). Water consumption is the only category that increases, rising by 79 %. Insights from this study on upstream impacts of lithium from clay could help inform sourcing decisions downstream, in the battery and EV sector.

Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Li+/Mg2+ Transport Mechanism in COF Membranes with Flexible Oxygen-Containing Side Chains

Lithium is currently used in a wide range of portable electronic devices. With the rapid growth of the electric vehicle sector, lithium has become an essential resource. In this work, the influence of different lengths and types of oxygen-containing side chain in COF membranes on the Li+/Mg2+ separation performance were explored via molecular dynamic simulations. The transport mechanism was elucidated through analysis of the interaction mechanism, density distribution map, potential of mean force (PMF), and dehydration number of ions during their passage through the membranes. Simulation results indicate that COF-4EO membrane shows high separation performance for Li+/Mg2+ mixture, the flexible side chain of EO provides a jumping site for Li+ ions, and the transport energy barrier in the membrane for Li+ ions is low, which enhances the screening effect into the pore. Moreover, Mg2+ ions are more difficult to dehydrate water from their hydration layer and then enter into the membrane. This work would give some insight for designing of COF membranes with well ion separation performance.

Financial Statement Analysis of BYD Company Limited

This paper takes BYD as an example to analyze its financial indicators and conduct a comprehensive DuPont analysis for the period from 2019 to 2023. The analysis reveals that the company achieved significant financial growth during this period. Both operating revenue and net profit showed an upward trend, with particularly strong growth momentum in 2022 and 2023, as net profit increased substantially. The gross profit margin and net profit margin also improved, indicating enhanced operational efficiency and effective cost control. At the same time, BYD's continuous increase in R&D investment has driven technological innovation and product upgrades. The total assets have continued to grow, reflecting the company's business expansion and strengthened capabilities. The cash flow position remains healthy, with net operating cash flow steadily increasing, providing stable financial support for the company. However, BYD faces challenges such as intensified market competition and fluctuations in raw material prices, which necessitate ongoing optimization of business strategies and operational models to maintain its leading position and competitiveness. Overall, BYD has performed outstandingly in the new energy vehicle sector, with promising prospects for future development.

Korean policy strategies for autonomous vehicles in platform-based mobility systems

ABSTRACT This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic and policy dimensions crucial for the integration of autonomous vehicles within platform-based mobility systems. Utilizing the Mini-Delphi method, we gathered expert insights to form strategic policy recommendations that address the challenges and opportunities in the autonomous vehicle sector. The research underscores the potential economic impacts of autonomous mobility services and suggests robust policy frameworks to support the sustainable growth of platform-based logistics and transportation services. Our findings aim to guide policymakers and industry stakeholders in navigating the complex landscape of digital transformation in mobility.

UAVs as a Tool for Optimizing Boat-Supported Flood Evacuation Operations

The frequency and intensity of flood events are increasing year by year as a result of climate change. This poses significant threats to human settlements and adversely affects biodiversity, agriculture, and infrastructure. One of the most prominent and traditional flood evacuation approaches is through the use of boats. Nonetheless, serious challenges exist with respect to determining the optimal deployment locations, routes, and timing. Given research advances in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) sector—and their ability to offer real-time data and aerial monitoring services—we argue that their applications could help enhance boat-supported flood evacuation operations. In this opinion piece, we explore new opportunities for disaster management and underscore the advantages of integrating UAVs into flood evacuation methodologies, including areas of rapid field assessment, optimal route planning, and improved coordination between rescue boats. Notwithstanding the potential of UAVs, we emphasize several gaps to be explored in terms of large-scale data management/processing, regulatory limitations, and technological know-how. Furthermore, we provide recommendations for bolstering boat deployment protocols, disaster preparedness training programs, policy frameworks, and emergency response systems, which could maximize their efficacy in flood evacuation scenarios.

Effect of Nano Particle Size on Mechanical and Fatigue Behavior of TiO2 Particular—Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Composites

Aluminum alloys are among the most widely used materials in the parts and vehicle sectors due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and qualities such as higher corrosion and wear resistance, as well as minimal thermal growth when compared to other metals. This research involved matrix alloy AA7075 aluminum reinforced with constant 7 wt. % TiO2 (with different particle sizes 30, 70, and 100 nm). The goal of this study is to improve the mechanical (impact strength and young modulus) and fatigue properties of AA7075 alloy-based metal matrix composites, and fatigue. AA7075 composites with a constant weight percentage of 7wt.% of TiO2 and variable particle size have been successfully synthesized by the stir casting route. Microstructural examinations revealed that nanocomposites with (30nm) particle size have better distribution and less porosity compared to the other particles size. The nanocomposite having 30 nm particle size was found to have maximum improvement UTS and YS in comparison with the other nanocomposites, 20.45%, and 12.87% respectively, and minimum elongation. An increase in particle size and fatigue results indicates the decreasing trend of fatigue life and strength. The higher endurance fatigue limit was recorded to be (23.875 MPa) for (30 nm) nanocomposite.

Optimizing marine vehicles industry: a hybrid analytical hierarchy process and additive ratio assessment approach for evaluating and selecting IoT-based marine vehicles.

Rapid developments in the Internet of Things (IoT) have opened the door for game-changing applications in numerous sectors, especially the vehicle industry. There is a rising demand for efficient assessment and decision-making methodologies to pinpoint the most promising choices for the vehicle sector with the introduction of IoT-based maritime vehicles. To overcome this issue, the integrated multi-criteria decision-making analysis (MCDA) paradigm proposed in this research combines the additive ratio assessment (ARAS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approaches to evaluate and choose IoT-based maritime vehicles based on their performance- and authenticity-related criteria in the vehicle sector. The selection issue is hierarchically organized, and the assessment criteria are prioritized using the AHP approach. There are seven performance and authentication related criteria are selected that might aid in the selection procedure. Using the AHP, we are assigned these criteria proportionate weights that reflect their respective significance and interrelationships. AHP, however, falls short of offering a thorough analysis of the alternatives that exist. To overcome these restrictions, this research presents the integration of AHP with the ARAS approach for the ranking of alternatives according to how well they perform against the set criteria. By using the ARAS technique, it is possible to get over the restrictions of AHP and achieve a more thorough assessment of maritime IoT-based vehicles. The efficiency of the framework is proven using empirical data and professional judgment. The findings show that the hybrid method successfully encapsulates the intricate relationships between the factors being evaluated and objectively appraises the potential of IoT-based maritime vehicles for the automotive sector. This study extends to the area by providing an organized and thorough method for assessing and choosing IoT-based maritime vehicles. Considering several factors and their mutual dependence, the hybrid AHP and ARAS technique gives decision-makers a powerful tool for evaluating the potential of IoT-based maritime vehicles in the automotive sector. Smart decisions on the deployment of IoT-based marine vehicles and maximizing the potential they present may be made by beneficiaries in the automotive sector using the study's results.

El auge del coche eléctrico en China y su impacto en la Unión Europea

Rationale China’s electric vehicle sector has recently aroused considerable interest thanks to its rapid growth and current dominance of the global market. Given the importance of the automotive sector in Spain and the European Union (EU), and the recent introduction of tariffs, it is worth exploring the factors behind this rise. Takeaways •Battery electric vehicle (BEV) market penetration in the EU has grown notably in recent years: in 2023 BEVs accounted for 15% of all vehicles sold (5.4% in Spain), a figure well above the 1.9% recorded in 2019 (0.7% in Spain). •China has secured its status as the world’s leading electric vehicle manufacturer and exporter, its output proving particularly popular in the European market. As a consequence, the market share of BEVs made in China rose from 0.4% of new BEV registrations in 2019 to 20% in 2023. •The success of Chinese BEV exports rests on lower manufacturing costs, thanks largely to China’s control over the supply chain, government support policies at various stages of production and the country’s early embrace of electric vehicles.

Sharing channel choices for electric vehicle battery manufacturers when considering range anxiety among heterogeneous consumers

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the optimal pricing decisions and shared channel strategy selection of battery manufacturers considering heterogeneous consumers' range anxiety.Design/methodology/approachAmidst the rapid growth of the electric vehicle sector, countries are promoting upgrades in the automotive industry. However, insufficient driving range causes consumer range anxiety. The study utilizes the Stackelberg game model to assess how range anxiety influences battery manufacturers' pricing and channel strategy decisions across three strategies.FindingsWe find that electric vehicle battery manufacturers' decisions to cooperate with third-party sharing platforms (TPSPs) are primarily influenced by fixed costs and consumer range anxiety levels. As range anxiety increases, the cost threshold for joining shared channels rises, reducing cooperation likelihood. However, considering diverse consumer needs, especially a higher proportion of leisure-oriented consumers, increases the likelihood of cooperation. Furthermore, higher battery quality makes direct participation in shared channels more probable.Originality/valueIn the electric vehicle industry, range anxiety is a significant concern. While existing literature focuses on its impact on consumer behavior and charging infrastructure, this study delves into battery manufacturers' strategic responses, offering insights into channel options and pricing strategies amidst diverse consumer segments.

Segmenting the Chinese New Energy Compact SUV Market: A Latent Class Analysis of Consumer Preferences

The burgeoning new energy vehicle (NEV) sector in China, particularly the compact SUV market, presents a dynamic landscape for consumer preferences and behaviors. This study employs a latent class analysis (LCA) to segment the Chinese new energy compact SUV market, aiming to identify distinct consumer groups with homogeneous preferences and behaviors. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset of 6,720 consumer samples sourced from a reliable automotive statistics website, the study delineates two primary consumer segments: "Luxury Brand Preference Buyers" and "Normal Brand Rejection Buyers." The findings reveal that the former segment exhibits a marked preference for luxury brands, and tends to make fewer purchases, predominantly in the last quarter of the year 2023. In contrast, the latter segment shows a strong preference for another luxury brand and a balanced distribution of purchase quantities throughout the year, with a clear rejection of normal brands. These insights are instrumental for NEV enterprises to develop targeted marketing strategies that cater to the specific needs and preferences of these consumer segments, thereby enhancing market share, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty.

Transformation and Development of New Energy Vehicle Industry Based on Social Policy Inquiry

The new energy vehicle industry has drawn the interest of international attention with the growing global demand for sustainability and reduction of carbon footprint. The growth of the New Energy Vehicle (NEV) industry is profoundly influenced by global policies aimed at driving technological innovation, meeting environmental requirements, and facilitating economic transformation. Multiple stakeholders, from policymakers to companies, from consumers to technology developers, are working together to drive the rapid growth of this industry. By analyzing research and practices from various nations and areas, insights can be gained on strategies for successfully advancing the growth of the new energy vehicle sector. From a social point of view more environmentally friendly, reducing the pollution of the traditional class of oil vehicles on the environment; from the consumer point of view, due to the fierce competition in the growth of the automotive new energy sector, the businessman will provide more tempting products to attract consumers, to promote the consumer to pick the price is more suitable for the quality of the product better, and further increase customer satisfaction. The future development of the new energy vehicle industry relies on progress on multiple fronts: policy, technology, and market. The healthy development and environmental sustainability of the industry can be more effectively promoted through international cooperation, technological innovation, and a deeper understanding of consumer needs. Policymakers need to take these factors into account to ensure that policies are both relevant to current market and technological realities and adaptable to future changes.

SWOT Analysis of Future Trends in BEV-related Technologies: Xiaomi Automobile Co., Ltd's Latest Product as a Case Study

The new energy vehicle sector has benefited from numerous subsidies in response to the World Environmental Protection Organization's and governments' calls for a reduction in carbon emissions. Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), the kind of EV with the lowest carbon emissions, have gained popularity in the automotive industry. Using a battery system as a power system not only improves efficiency but also ensures that it does not pollute the environment. Along with other technological advancements like the incorporation of cutting-edge chips in the central controls of the vehicle and latest AI systems, the convenience of BEVs for consumers keeps increasing. This paper introduces the new technology systems included in the latest products launched by Xiaomi, such as the new battery system, smart driving system, and all-round AI system. Then more analyses of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of BEVs in the future with the impact of new technology. The analysis not only raises some of the technical issues that need to be addressed in BEVs today but also points to the crisis that will exist in the BEV market in the future. After analyzing the situation, some recommendations and directions for in-depth research were given. And take Xiaomi's latest BEV product as an example to further do a SWOT analysis of Xiaomi's strategic development into the BEV market.

Connectedness between international oil and China's new energy industry chain: A time-frequency analysis based on TVP-VAR model

With the growing prominence of global environmental concerns, the interplay between the oil and new energy industries has become increasingly vital. We employ a connectedness approach based on the TVP-VAR model to explore the dynamic connectedness in both time and frequency domains between the oil and various industries within the new energy industry chains. Empirical findings reveal total connectedness of approximately 70 %, primarily manifested as inter-industry associations within the new energy industry and total connectedness predominantly emerges in short term and is sensitive to extreme events. Additionally, the oil and wind power industries have consistently played roles as net recipients of risk. Conversely, the photovoltaic, energy storage, and new energy battery industries have consistently acted as net risk propagators. The roles of the hydroelectric, nuclear power, and new energy vehicle sectors in risk propagation vary with different frequency components. Thirdly, we identify six pairs of industry combinations exhibiting significant two-way spillover effects. Finally, after two robustness tests, the above conclusions remain valid. These research findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and investors.

An Input–Output Analysis for the Economic Potential of a New Convergence Industry: A Focus on the Autonomous Vehicle Sector in South Korea

While it is crucial to grasp the economic potential in emerging convergence industries in order to develop effective policies and strategies for digital transformation, evaluating the potential is still challenging. This study develops a novel input–output model suitable for analyzing the economic potentials of subsectors in a new convergence industry. Furthermore, this research quantitatively assessed the economic potential of three sectors—components, vehicles, and services—within the autonomous vehicle industry in South Korea using the method newly proposed by this study and contrasted the results with those obtained from a traditional approach. It is found that the experimental approach introduced in this study can capture both the inter-sectoral relationships within the emerging convergence industry and its fundamental characteristics related to other sectors. As an empirical result, the autonomous vehicle service sector is found to drive the highest level of increase in production and labor for other industries. The vehicle sector has relatively high forward and backward-linkage effects, functioning as both supply and demand across the value chain of the autonomous vehicle industry. It also shows that the components sector has a relatively higher ripple effect on industries related to the infrastructure of autonomous vehicles, such as maintenance and energy fields. To rapidly establish an autonomous vehicle ecosystem and enhance its economic impact at the national level, it is essential to develop a “Soft Power” corresponding service sector. Consequently, the implementation of supportive and market-driven policies in this area is imperative.

Anticipatory climate policy mix pathways: a framework for ex-ante construction and assessment applied to the road transport sector

ABSTRACT Globally, climate policy implementation is failing to deliver on the ambitions outlined in the Paris Agreement and countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions. We argue that a more strategic and anticipatory approach to policy mix design and implementation can help contribute to realizing these ambitions. Policy mixes need to co-evolve as energy transitions progress, in order to effectively target multiple transition challenges as these change over time. Accordingly, policy assessments need to both consider interactions between instruments and adopt a dynamic perspective, in terms of design logics and evaluative criteria. We highlight the need for a construction and assessment methodology for designing policy mix pathways which explicitly considers durability risks which could weaken support and lead to dismantling, and anticipatory design principles which can help mitigate these risks. Our paper addresses this gap by proposing and illustrating a novel framework for policy instrument mix pathway construction and ex-ante assessment. We identify generalizable durability challenges for effective anticipatory design: dynamic cost effectiveness, the distributive impacts and acceptance of pathways, along with fiscal and governance requirements for effective implementation. We demonstrate the value of the approach by application to the German light-duty vehicle sector transition. We construct and comparatively assess three illustrative pathways promising to deliver the German LDV sector 2030 GHG targets. The pathways differ in logic, and which of three main market dynamics driving a diffusion-stage transition they emphasize: battery electric vehicle (BEV) purchase, vehicle stock usage, and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle scrappage. Accordingly, the pathways utilize different instrument combinations, design features and calibrations. We also assess the illustrative pathways and discuss trade-offs. We argue that this approach can help improve climate policy planning and implementation processes, and increase the likelihood attaining ambitious mitigation targets.

All gain and no pain? Impacts of different green human resource management practices on employee green behavior: Evidence from Chinese electric vehicle sector

Despite much research focusing on green human resource management, there is still a lack of comprehension regarding when and how different green human resource management practices influence employee green behavior. This research aims to construct and verify a research model in which different green human resource management practices influence employee green behavior through mediated pathways of perceived organizational green support and by interactive impact of employee green value. Structural equation modeling and importance-performance map analysis were performed based on survey data collected from 333 employees working in Chinese electric vehicle companies. The results revealed that most investigated practices are positively related to employee green behavior, and most of these relationships are mediated by perceived organizational green support and moderated by employee green value. However, green reward management negatively influences employee green behavior, and perceived green support does not mediate this relationship. Meanwhile, employee green value weakens green reward management’s negative impact on employee green behavior, while it does not moderate relationships between green training and development, nor green performance management and green behavior. Additionally, findings indicate that green training and development exhibits the highest performance while green involvement and engagement has the greatest total effect on employee green behavior. This study is the first to compare the effectiveness and performance of different green human resource management practices using data from the Chinese electric vehicle industry, providing insights for industrial environmental management and contributing to the growing body of literature.

Simultaneous comparison of the chemical composition and attributable source of PM2.5 during 2014–2018 in major metropolitan cities in South Korea: impacts of policy interventions

Abstract Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the most concerning pollutants, characterized by its diverse chemical composition. Although various studies have revealed PM2.5 chemical components, there is limited knowledge on how to reduce PM2.5 concentrations through administrative policies focusing on source management. We compared PM2.5 compositional characteristics and performed source apportionment using the positive matrix factorization in four metropolitan cities (Seoul, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Ulsan) in South Korea from 2014 to 2018. The annual average of PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the annual national ambient air quality standard of 15 μg m−3 in all areas while secondary inorganic aerosols constituted the largest fraction of PM2.5. This implies that secondary formation from gaseous precursors in the atmosphere was the main factor contributing to ambient PM2.5. However, the concentrations of PM2.5 constituents varied significantly across cities, suggesting that PM2.5 is a heterogeneous pollutant considerably influenced by region-specific conditions. In line with the chemical composition, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, and mobile-related sources were found to be significant contributors of PM2.5. Additionally, the extent of contribution from each source varied across the study regions. We also evaluated the impacts of policy interventions by comparing the PM2.5 composition and source apportionment before and after the policies for improving air quality. Intensive programs focused on the vehicle sector in Seoul led to a considerable decrease in the concentrations of carbonaceous compounds and mobile-related sources. In addition, strengthened regulations on coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) since 2016 have influenced the contributions of coal combustion sources in two cities adjacent to the west coastal area, where approximately half of the CFPPs of the country are densely distributed. Overall, the study’s findings indicate that region-specific PM2.5 chemical constituents and source contributions should be considered for establishing PM2.5-related policies, considering the high heterogeneity of PM2.5.

Sunfuel Electric: charting a differentiated go-to-market-strategy in the EV charging space

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to understand the service offerings within the nascent electric vehicle (EV) sector and end-consumer needs of EV charging services, understand the reasoning behind Sunfuel Electrics (SFEs) prioritisation of destination charging for their first go-to-market (GTM) strategy and appreciate SFE’s use of community marketing and alliance partners to execute its various strategies. Connect game-theory with the proposed strategies. Case overview/synopsis SFE was an early start-up in EV charging space. The co-founders believed that any success would hinge on their ability to play a differentiated game and carve a distinct yet profitable niche in the EV charging arena. SFE deliberately focussed on “destination charging” and identified a segment that they were confident of making a difference: the discerning high-end consumer. Soon, SFE’s success caught the eye of its deep-pocketed competitors who also entered the same space. As a single service company, the co-founders set in motion a back-up plan and identified three new strategic thrust areas to maintain SFE’s competitive edge. The first involved entering the city charging segment, and the second was a pioneering concept branded “E-Trails” targeted at a community of EV owners who were motor enthusiasts. Thirdly, SFE conceptualised an EV-Roadhouse concept, promising a full-bouquet of select premium services at a pit-stops along the highway. The co-founders needed to test which and to what extent would these initiatives would translate into real gains and if returns were commensurate with investments and SFE’s ability to deliver a scalable consistent experience. Specifically, if these proposed asset-light avenues added the required heft to their GTM strategy. Complexity academic level This case study is suitable for post-graduate students in marketing, strategy, entrepreneurship and sustainability courses. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

Green Supplier Selection Using Advanced Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Tools

In today’s competitive and environmentally conscious industries, the ability of organizations to adapt and respond is more important than ever. This study focuses on overcoming the obstacles faced by the Iranian automobile sector by highlighting the significance of incorporating green supply chain techniques. The research intends to integrate organizational operations with environmental sustainability goals by utilizing a MULTIMOORA strategy for supplier selection. The Iranian automobile sector, facing substantial environmental challenges, requires a strategy framework for selecting environmentally friendly suppliers in order to sustain competitiveness and fulfill ecological obligations. The study develops a supplier selection model based on extensive research and expert knowledge. The Delphi and MULTIMOORA techniques are employed to assess and prioritize suppliers according to green criteria, assuring conformity with environmental goals. Data are collected by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature and engaging in conversations with industry experts in order to acquire information for the construction of the model. The results emphasize the crucial significance of trust-based relationships with suppliers, rigorous compliance with quality standards in new product development, and substantial investment in employee training and development. Sector analysts view these characteristics as crucial for promoting sustainability and gaining a competitive advantage in the Iranian vehicle sector. This study provides firms with strategic instruments to effectively negotiate the intricacies of green supply chain management, with a particular focus on the need for adopting sustainable practices while selecting suppliers in the dynamic and competitive context of the Iranian automobile industry.