Vehicle Power Research Articles

Intelligent fault diagnosis of railway pantograph using a novel graph construction methodology

Railway pantographs provide power for railway vehicles by conducting electrical energy from overhead catenary. The failure of the pantograph tends to damage the contact quality between the pantograph and the catenary, reducing the transmission efficiency of electric energy. Hence, fault diagnosis of pantograph plays a significant role in expanding the service life of railway vehicles. In this work, a novel graph construction method is proposed for the fault diagnosis of pantographs combined with a graph neural network (GNN). In the graph construction method, 1D load signals collected from the test pantograph are firstly transformed into multiple 2D images with the same size in both time and frequency domains using Gramian angular field, Markov transition field and recurrence plot. Secondly, pixel values in images are regarded as features in vertexes of graphs, and graphs can be constructed by connecting neighbor vertexes. Finally, the GNN model is trained by constructed graphs for obtaining the fault diagnosis model of pantographs. Laboratory experiments are implemented to show the advantages of the proposed method by comparing it with other conventional methods.

A data-aided robust approach for bottleneck identification in power transmission grids for achieving transportation electrification ambition: a case study in New York state

As the enthusiasm for electric vehicles passes the range anxiety and other tests, large-scale transportation electrification becomes a prominent topic in research and policy discussions. In consequence, the public attention has shifted upstream and holistically towards the integration of large-scale transportation electrification to power systems. This paper proposes a method to identify bottlenecks in power transmission systems to accommodate large-scale and stochastic electric vehicles charging demands. First, a distributionally robust chance-constrained direct current optimal power flow model is developed to quantify the impacts of stochastic electric vehicles charging demands. Subsequently, an agent-based model with the trip-chain method is applied to obtain the spatiotemporal distributions of electric vehicles charging demands for both light-duty electric vehicles and medium and heavy-duty electric vehicles. The first two moments of those distributions are extracted to build an ambiguity set of electric vehicles charging demands. Finally, a 121-bus synthetic transmission network for New York State power systems is used to validate the future transportation electrification in New York State from 2025 to 2035. Results show that the large-scale transportation electrification in New York State will account for approximately 13.33 % to 16.79 % of the total load demand by 2035. The transmission capacity is the major bottleneck in supporting New York State to achieve its transportation electrification. To resolve the bottlenecks, we explore some possible solutions, such as transmission capacity expansion and distributed energy resources investment. Wind power shows an advantage over solar energy in terms of total operational costs due to better peak alignment between wind power and electric vehicles charging demand.

Recovery of lithium by pseudocapacitive electrodes in capacitive deionization

Lithium is a crucial component in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for many applications, including the powering of electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems. This investigation focused on two hybrid pseudocapacitive materials, the polystyrene sulfonate-MXene composite (PM) and the sodium titanate/graphene oxide composite (NG), for lithium ions recovery from aqueous Li+ resources. This was achieved by selectively removing unwanted divalent Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, as well as monovalent K+ ions, through capacitive deionization (CDI) using a single-cell system, resulting in a final solution enriched with Li+ ions. Based on the ion selectivity order observed previously as Mg2+≈ Ca2+ >K+ > Li+, a series of CDI experiments were conducted with sequential steps to remove more selective ions first and to obtain a lithium-enriched solution with higher purity and maximum extracted fraction. Both PM and NG electrodes demonstrated promising performance when tested in binary, ternary, and quaternary ionic solutions with the recovered lithium solution purity in the range of 59.09 %-95.94 % and 59.75 %-77.17 %, respectively. Further, the highest enrichment factor values observed were SLi+,Mg2+; 268.1 for PM and SLi+,Ca2+; 44.25, for NG electrodes. The PSS-modified MXene composite electrode in obtaining the Li+ solution with the highest purity when separated Ca2+ from a binary solution. These findings offer valuable insights into the selective electrosorption of divalent ions over lithium ions through the utilization of ion intercalation pseudocapacitive nanocomposite electrodes. The obtained results hold significance in advancing novel non-precipitation techniques for the recovery of lithium ions from aqueous lithium resources.

Recovery of engine waste heat in low temperature environment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

The performance and life of electric vehicle power batteries will be reduced at low temperatures, and the lower temperature in the electric vehicle will also affect the comfort of drivers and passengers. Taking into account the winter temperatures and the unique drive structure of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, a specially designed driving mode for low-temperature environment is implemented. Based on this drive mode, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) integrated thermal management structure is proposed to heat the battery and the passenger compartment, thereby improving energy efficiency. A mathematical model is used to establish the entire vehicle thermal management system, which is then experimentally validated. Under the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) at ambient temperatures of −5°C, −10°C, −15°C, and −20°C, the calculation results of engine waste heat utilization and PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heating are compared and analyzed. The results show that the average heating rate of the thermal management system proposed in this study is 23% faster than that of PTC heating at low temperature. The SOC decreases to 63.43% when engine waste heat utilization is adopted. When PTC heating is used, the SOC decreases to 49.18%. However, the advantage of the faster rate of engine waste heat compared to PTC heating becomes less pronounced as the ambient temperature decreases.

Wireless Electric Vehicle Power Charging Station

Wireless Electric Vehicle Power Charging Station

The application of virtual synchronous generator technology in inertial control of new energy vehicle power generation

Introduction: With the rapid development of human society and economy, the power generation technology of various new energy vehicles has begun to receive widespread attention.Methods: Due to the lack of inertia and frequency stability in the new energy vehicle power generation system, this paper proposes a power generation control method that combines linear active disturbance rejection control technology and virtual synchronous generator technology. This method first introduces the control strategy and inertial response of the virtual synchronous generator. Then, it uses linear active disturbance rejection control technology to improve the virtual synchronous generator technology to deal with the uncertainty and external interference in the system.Results: The results showed that when the virtual inertia coefficient was 0, and the new energy vehicles would hardly intervene in the regulation of the grid voltage. When the virtual inertia coefficient was 5, the decline rate of the DC bus voltage of new energy vehicles had slowed down. When the virtual inertia coefficient increased, the power output of new energy vehicles can be increased to the grid. When the load suddenly increased, and the corresponding DC bus voltage decreased more slowly. In the VSG output power comparison, under the research method, the frequency fluctuation only increased by 0.09 Hz and returned to the rated frequency of 50 Hz. Additionally, the dynamic process of the system output power was the shortest, lasting only 0.05 s.Discussion: The above results show that the research method has significant superiority and effectiveness in improving the inertial response and overall stability of the new energy vehicle power system.

Interactive Learning: Unpacking the Influence of Computer Simulations on Students’ Mathematical Modeling Processes

Mathematical modeling and use of technology have been recognized as powerful vehicles for advancing mathematical thinking. The use of technology to aid students to gain understanding about real-world mathematical problems has long been a subject of inquiry. Using the extended Blum’s modeling cycle as the theoretical framework, this study explores how computer simulations influence fifth-grade students’ mathematical modeling processes. We investigated interpretations and perceptions of students regarding a situation model, and how these interpretations and perceptions changed as a result of exposure to the simulation. Observing students as they worked with three interactive computer simulations during task-based interviews, we found that animated graphics of the simulations helped the participants to visualize the problem and learn about the effect of different variables and their interactions on the outcomes of the simulations. Students explored simulation environments, ran simulations to observe outcomes of specific settings, and formed conjectures to describe the effect of simulation variables on the outcomes. Analyzing participants’ activities and movements along the extended Blum modeling cycle, we propose a three-stage learning model composed of “exploration and discovery”, “structured inquiry”, and “synthesizing”.

АДАПТИВНО-УПРАВЛЯЕМЫЙ МЕТОД КОНТРОЛЯ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ТОПЛИВНОЙ АППАРАТУРЫ И ЦИЛИНДРОПОРШНЕВОЙ ГРУППЫ СИЛОВОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО СРЕДСТВА

A theoretical study of existing methods for determining the technical condition of fuel equipment and pressure in the cylinders of power plants was carried out, an algorithm was developed for the operation of an adaptive-controlled method for monitoring the technical condition of fuel equipment and the cylinder-piston group of a vehicle power plant, which solves the problem of synchronization and control of the operation of fuel equipment, depending on the pressure in the cylinders of the vehicle power plant. Based on the adaptive-controlled method of monitoring the technical condition of the fuel equipment and the cylinder-piston group of the vehicle’s power plant, a technical solution has been developed: Automated system for monitoring the technical condition of the vehicle’s fuel equipment.

Blurring Reality and Blurring Gender: Fashion and Attire in Virginia Woolf’s Orlando

Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the interplay between narrative style, gender and fashion within Woolf’s Orlando. This study delves into how Woolf’s use of a biographical narrative approach in a fantasy novel facilitates the exploration of gender stereotypes and their subsequent blurring. In this regard, through a meticulous analysis of Orlando, Woolf ingeniously employs the biographical style to transcend traditional literary boundaries. This stylistic choice allows for a deliberate blurring of reality and fantasy, prompting a transformative narrative experience. Within this narrative framework, the significance of fashion and attire emerges as essential tools for challenging conventional gender norms: clothing serves as a powerful vehicle for destabilising preconceived notions of gender. By situating Orlando’s fluid identity and evolving gender presentation within the context of clothing choices, the novel portrays the malleability of gender constructs. The blurring of genders is skilfully intertwined with the blurring of reality, forging a narrative tapestry that offers profound insights into societal perceptions of identity. In conclusion, this paper illuminates how Woolf’s novel enables a thoughtprovoking exploration of gender stereotypes, ultimately advocating for a more inclusive and fluid understanding of identity through the lens of fashion and attire.

The recycling and utilization of new energy batteries

As the main energy storage component of new energy vehicles, the retirement tide of power batteries is coming. The large-scale retirement of power batteries has brought huge benefits to the treatment of power batteries challenge. From the aspects of environment, resources and economy, the significance of power battery recycling is expounded, and the current status of power battery recycling is analyzed. It is aimed at strengthening new energy vehicles power battery recycling, from the aspects of improving laws and regulations, improving the recycling system and improving recycling technology, put forward countermeasures and suggestions. At present, the main technologies are mechanical separation technology, pyrolysis technology and wet extraction technology. Mechanical separation technology mainly uses vibration separation, eddy current separation and electrostatic separation methods to separate different substances in the battery. Pyrolysis technology refers to the heating of waste to a certain temperature in an oxygen-free or low-oxygen environment to decompose organic matter, gas, liquid and solid products. The pyrolysis technology method mainly recovers heavy metals such as nickel and zinc, and the recovery efficiency is high. However, air participation in the operation is easy to cause secondary pollution. Wet extraction technology mainly extracts valuable materials and valuable heavy metals through sorting and sorting, shelling, dissolving in acid and alkali solutions, extraction and ion exchange methods. This technology has a wide range of applications, high recycling rate and little impact on the environment, and is currently one of the mainstream technologies in the field of new energy vehicle battery recycling. However, the process is complex and lengthy, and the recovery of electrolyte and leaching residue is easy to cause secondary pollution, and the recovery cost is high.

METHODOLOGY FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FIRE HAZARD OF POWER LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HEATING PANEL

Even though lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the subject of various tests and research at the production stage, there are no isolated cases of electric vehicle fires, and the development dynamics are unpredictable. The particular danger of such fires lies in the oxygen release during an irreversible exothermic reaction in LIBs, which creates new challenges for fire and rescue services when extinguishing such fires. The study aims to develop the main provisions of the methodology for experimental studies of electric vehicle power batteries in terms of fire hazards using an electric heating panel. The ultimate goal of the study is to determine the temperatures at which an irreversible exothermic reaction, the opening of ventilation holes, and the combustion (explosion) of electric vehicle power batteries begin, as well as the time parameters at which such processes occur. Taking into account the peculiarities of the occurrence and course of the irreversible exothermic reaction, we have developed a methodology, the essence of which is to determine the temperatures of the onset of the irreversible exothermic reaction of the electric vehicle power battery, the opening of ventilation holes, and the combustion (explosion) of electric vehicle power batteries, the combustion temperatures of ventilation gases, as well as the time parameters at which these processes occur, which may change during battery operation and not correspond to the declared parameters of the manufacturer. For this purpose, we exposed LIBs to thermal energy from an electric heating panel and recorded the temperature and time during which an irreversible exothermic reaction occurs from the moment of an internal short circuit to a fire or explosion. The use of the proposed methodology of experimental studies of the elements of power batteries of electric vehicles regarding the fire hazard of an electric heating panel will make it possible to determine the temperature limits of the occurrence of irreversible exothermic reactions in LIBs, as well as the time parameters under which these processes occur. Keywords: electric vehicle fire, irreversible exothermic reaction, lithium-ion battery.

Analysis of Characteristics on a Compressed Air Power System Generating Supercavitation Drag Reduction for Underwater Vehicles

An unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) powered by a compressed air power system is proposed to address challenges for battery/motor-powered vehicles under high-speed navigation, long endurance, and high mobility. These vehicles actively utilize supercavitation drag reduction by the exhausted gas from the compressed air power system. MATLAB/Simulink and FLUENT are used to establish theoretical models of the compressed air power system and ventilation supercavitation. The relationship between system power and navigation resistance is examined with different air flows, along with a comparison of endurance of different power vehicles at various speeds. The issue of the endurance-enhancing effect of supercavitation at high speed is investigated. The results demonstrate that increasing the air flow leads to higher power and reduced navigation resistance, and there is a balance between them. Furthermore, compared to the battery-powered vehicles with equal energy storage capacity, the compressed air power system shows 210.08% to 458.20% longer endurance times at speeds of 30 kn to 60 kn. Similarly, considering equal energy storage mass, it achieves 42.02% to 148.96% longer endurance times at high speeds (30 kn to 60 kn). The integration of supercavitation and air-powered systems can greatly enhance the endurance and maneuverability of the vehicle at high speeds while ensuring a compact system structure. The investigations could offer valuable ideas for the development and application of compressed air power systems for UUV at 30 kn to 60 kn or higher maneuvering.

SOD-YOLO: A High-Precision Detection of Small Targets on High-Voltage Transmission Lines

Wire clamps and vibration-proof hammers are key components of high-voltage transmission lines. The wire clips and vibration-proof hammers detected in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) power inspections suffer from small size, scarce edge information, and low recognition accuracy. To address these problems, this paper proposes a small object detection (SOD) model based on the YOLOv8n, called SOD-YOLO. Firstly, an extra small target detection layer was added to YOLOv8, which significantly improves the small target detection accuracy. In addition, in order to enhance the detection speed of the model, the RepVGG/RepConv ShuffleNet (RCS) and a OneShot Aggregation of the RCS (RCSOSA) module were introduced to replace the C2f module in the model backbone and neck shallow networks. Finally, to address the excessive focus on low-quality sample bounding boxes during model training, we introduced Wise-CIoU loss instead of CIoU loss, which improved the detection accuracy of the model. The experimental results indicate that SOD-YOLO achieved a mean average precision of 90.1%, surpassing the YOLOv8n baseline model by 7.5% while maintaining a model parameter count of 3.4 M; the inference speed reached 88.7 frames/s, which meets the requirement of real-time recognition.

The role of community engagement in promoting research participants' understanding of pharmacogenomic research results: Perspectives of stakeholders involved in HIV/AIDS research and treatment.

Community engagement (CE) is praised to be a powerful vehicle in empowering communities with knowledge and skills to make informed decisions for better health care. Several CE approaches have been proposed to improve participants' and research communities' understanding of genomic research including pharmacogenomic information and results. However, there is limited literature on how these approaches can be used to communicate findings of pharmacogenomic research to communities of people living with HIV. This study explored stakeholders' perspectives on the role of community engagement in promoting understanding of pharmacogenomic research results among people living with HIV. We adopted a qualitative approach that involved 54 stakeholders between September 2021 and February 2022. We held five focus group discussions among 30 community representatives from five research institutions, 12 key informant interviews among researchers, and 12 in-depth interviews among ethics committee members. A thematic approach was used to analyze the results. Five themes merged from this data and these included (i) benefits of engaging communities prior to returning individual pharmacogenomic research results to participants. (ii) Obtaining community consensus on the kinds of pharmacogenomic results to be returned. (iii) Opinions on how pharmacogenomic research information and results should be communicated at community and individual levels. (iv) Perceived roles of community stakeholders in promoting participants' understanding and utilization of pharmacogenomic research results. (v) Perceived challenges of engaging communities when returning individual results to research participants. Stakeholders opined that CE facilitates co-learning between researchers and research communities. Researchers can adapt existing CE approaches that are culturally acceptable for meaningful engagement with minimal ethical and social risks when communicating pharmacogenomic research results. CE approaches can facilitate understanding of pharmacogenomic research and findings among research participants and communities. Therefore, if creatively adapted, existing and new CE approaches can enable researchers to communicate simple and understandable results of pharmacogenomic research.

Study on coupled heat transfer of pyrolytic kerosene and supercritical CO2 in zigzag-type PCHE used for hypersonic vehicle power generation system

Supercritical CO2 closed cycle is an effective solution to the power generation challenge of hypersonic vehicles. The coupled heat transfer between aviation kerosene and supercritical CO2 within the zigzag-type printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is the core thermal process of the whole cycle. Starting from the enhancement of the cycle's power generation, this study analyzes the influence mechanism of structural parameters on the heat transfer process through numerical simulation. The research indicates that a deep pyrolysis reaction of aviation kerosene, with the chemical heat absorption rate accounting for over 65 % of the total heat transfer rate. Due to the significant nonlinearity introduced by pyrolysis, traditional enhanced heat transfer design methods may even weaken its heat exchange. Unlike most studies, this type of PCEH achieves optimal heat transfer performance with a larger channel diameter and a smaller bend angle. Additionally, the increase in diameter and the decrease in bend angle enhance the power capacity of kerosene and its pyrolysis products, significantly improving the efficiency of thermal-electric conversion for the cycle. Finally, the study has determined a diameter of 2.4 mm and a bend angle of 30° constitute a set of structural parameters most suitable for the PCHE.

CONVERTIZOR ELECTRONIC DE ALIMENTARE A UNUI MOTOR ASINCRON CU 5 FAZE

This presentation refers to the realization and testing of an experimental model of AC drive system based on a 5-phase asynchronous motor, made in the power range of 3-6 kW, and on a dedicated electronic converter, developed to ensure the power of a light electric vehicle, powered by electric batteries.

Analysis of Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Interior Double Radial and Tangential Combined Magnetic Pole Permanent Magnet Drive Motor for Electric Vehicles

A new type of interior combined pole permanent magnet drive motor is proposed in this paper, which aims to improve the power and comfort of electric vehicles. In view of the complex magnetic circuit structure and rich harmonic magnetic field of the motor, the initial magnetic pole parameters of the rotor are determined by the equivalent magnetic circuit method. Then, aiming at the complex magnetic circuit and rich harmonic magnetic field, a multi-objective optimization method based on the Taguchi method and response surface method is proposed to reduce the cogging torque, high harmonic content in air gap magnetic flux density and increase the output torque. Based on the finite element analysis of the electromagnetic performance of the new type interior combined magnetic pole permanent magnet drive motor before and after optimization, it can be seen that the improved rotor structure can effectively reduce the torque ripple and increase the torque density. Finally, a prototype was developed and experiments were conducted, and experimental results verified the correctness of the proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm.

Efficiency Analysis of Ipoh Driving Cycle Using Fuel Powered and Electric Vehicle Powertrain Model in Simulink

Efficiency Analysis of Ipoh Driving Cycle Using Fuel Powered and Electric Vehicle Powertrain Model in Simulink

Future Acceptance for Hydrogen Fuel Cell in Vehicle & its Outcome on Indian Context

Hydrogen fuel cell is the future in automobile industry which will help the Indian society to move one place to another place with peaceful and more conveniently as, fuel cell cars are powered by compressed hydrogen gas that feeds into an onboard fuel cell stack that doesn’t burn the gas, but instead transforms the fuel’s chemical energy into electrical energy. This electricity then powers the car’s electric motors. Tailpipe emissions are zero, and the only waste produced is pure water. The construction of the fuel cell is similar to a battery. Hydrogen enters the anode, where it comes in contact with a catalyst that promotes the separation of hydrogen atoms into an electron and proton. The electrons are gathered by the conductive current collector, which is connected to the car’s high-voltage circuitry, feeding the onboard battery and/or the motors that turn the wheels. As per the need of Indian citizens need vehicle for daily use and need more mileage in less cost. Hydrogen fuel is not polluting the environment so, its eco friendly mode of power supply for the vehicle. Moreover, hydrogen fuel cell will be more successful source of power to the vehicle as per the electric vehicle power. Hence, Hydrogen fuel cell is the future in Indian automobile industry. Key Words: Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Automobile Industry, Non-Polluting environment emission.

신에너지 자동차배터리 산업 공급망 네트워크의 최적화

In this study, an optimization of supply chain network for New Energy Vehicle Power Batteries (NEVPB) from the perspective of resource circulation is proposed. The model consists of seven stages in terms of collection center (CC), repairing center (RC), distribution center (DC), recycling center (RY), part supplier (PS), material supplier (MS), and disposal center (DP). The model is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming model and a comparison of LINGO and genetic algorithm (GA접근법) are conducted respectively. In numerical experiment, it has found a way to repair and recycle NEVPB. Retrieving as many NEVPBs in use demonstrates sustainable power generation benefits by maximizing the use of recovery through resource recycling and searching for recovery classification of batteries as well as shortening lifespan that occur during the process of producing initial parts and modules from raw materials.