Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Research Articles

Trends in Vehicle Emissions in Sichuan Province, 2010-2017

Vehicle pollution in Sichuan Province is becoming increasingly serious. Here, based on specific inventory calculation methods and multi-caliber activity level data, this study calculated vehicle exhaust emissions from 2010 to 2017 in Sichuan Province. The results show that the average growth rate of vehicle ownership in Sichuan is higher than the national trend. In 2017, vehicle emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, HC, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and OC were 706.9, 275.3, 0.3, 5.7, 164.8, 8.1, 8.9, 4.1, and 1.4 kt, respectively. Except for NH3, showed a downward trend, peaking in 2014-2016. Diesel vehicle ownership showed a strong correlation with the emission of NOx. Based on these observations, stricter vehicle emission standards offer the greatest potential for emissions reductions, with early implementation offering the greatest reduction potential. The improvement of fuel quality will also have more than a 6% emission reduction effect on pollutant emission each year. HC and NOx emissions reductions will be an important control on vehicle pollution in Sichuan Province in the future.

Tracing method of remote sensing exhaust analysis device

Vehicle exhaust emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution. The remote sensing measurement system for vehicle emission pollutant can carry out real-time monitoring on vehicles running on the road, and screen high-emission vehicles, which has a significant effect on the regulation and control of vehicle exhaust. The scientific traceability of remote sensing exhaust analysis device can ensure the accuracy of the test data, thus ensuring the accurate screening of high-emission vehicles. This paper studies the traceability method of remote sensing exhaust analysis device, and develops the corresponding calibration device. It can realize the accurate traceability of remote sensing exhaust analysis device, and play a positive role in the application of this device and the control of vehicle exhaust.

Kajian Dampak Penghapusan Bbm Pertalite terhadap Profitabilitas PT Pertamina Tahun 2021

Energy Fuel Oil (BBM) is one of the most needed by the community. Its use as a vehicle transportation fuel makes the level of fuel consumption high. Pertalite as one type of fuel PT.Pertamina with Octane 90 dominates fuel consumption, this is because the quality of the fuel is cleaner than premium and the selling price is cheaper than Pertamax. However, the government is discussing the elimination of BBM below Octane 91 starting in 2022, namely Premium and Pertalite. The elimination strategy is a simplification of product variants and complies with the Regulation of the Minister of Forestry and Environment (KLHK) Number P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/3/2017 which regulates the issue of quality standards for new types of motor vehicle exhaust emissions for motorized vehicles four or more wheels. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the elimination of Pertalite fuel on the profitability of PT.Pertamina in 2022. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative using a literature review. The results show that the elimination of Pertalite will create high inflation and will suppress the profitability of PT.Pertamina. Inflation will have a positive impact on Pertamina's profitability although it is not significant. This happens because consumers are forced to buy products or goods that are sold because part of the basic needs will still be purchased even though the price rises.
 Keywords: BBM, Pertalite, Profitability, Pertamina

Kajian Dampak Penghapusan BBM Pertalite terhadap Profitabilitas PT Pertamina Tahun 2021

Energy Fuel Oil (BBM) is one of the most needed by the community. Its use as a vehicle transportation fuel makes the level of fuel consumption high. Pertalite as one type of fuel PT.Pertamina with Octane 90 dominates fuel consumption, this is because the quality of the fuel is cleaner than premium and the selling price is cheaper than Pertamax. However, the government is discussing the elimination of BBM below Octane 91 starting in 2022, namely Premium and Pertalite. The elimination strategy is a simplification of product variants and complies with the Regulation of the Minister of Forestry and Environment (KLHK) Number P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/3/2017 which regulates the issue of quality standards for new types of motor vehicle exhaust emissions for motorized vehicles four or more wheels. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the elimination of Pertalite fuel on the profitability of PT.Pertamina in 2022. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative using a literature review. The results show that the elimination of Pertalite will create high inflation and will suppress the profitability of PT.Pertamina. Inflation will have a positive impact on Pertamina's profitability although it is not significant. This happens because consumers are forced to buy products or goods that are sold because part of the basic needs will still be purchased even though the price rises.
 Keywords: BBM, Pertalite, Profitability, Pertamina

Laboratory measurements of vehicle exhaust emissions in conditions reproducing real traffic

The measurement of exhaust emissions is an important element of the vehicle type-approval. The tests in this area are carried out mainly under laboratory conditions, and the obligatory road tests in force since 2017 supplement them. One of the most important requirements in relation to the laboratory tests is the best possible representation of real traffic conditions, as well as ensuring the reliability of the results obtained. Laboratory measurement cycles carried out nowadays assume an unchangeable way of recreating the trip under specific measurement conditions. This is conducive to misuse and, in many cases, obtaining the results that do not reflect the actual exhaust emission. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative test method that would ensure a better representation of the road traffic conditions and allow the test to be individualized according to the type of vehicle or the professional group that uses it. This is possible owing to the proposed, differentiated speed profile during the exhaust emission tests under the laboratory conditions, with simultaneous reliable reconstruction of the road traffic conditions during bench measurements. The article describes a new measurement method that meets these requirements, based on a random selection of measurement sections. It was also validated by comparing the obtained results with the actual exhaust emission recorded during road tests. It has been proven that the method developed corresponds to the random nature of road traffic conditions, while maintaining the similarity of the emissions of toxic exhaust components, and therefore constitutes an effective and expected alternative to the currently used type-approval procedures.

The characteristics of atmospheric particles and metal elements during winter in Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and environmental risk assessment

In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of size-segregated particles and metal elements (MEs) after the Chinese Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan was released in 2013, an intensive field campaign was conducted in the suburban area of Chaoyang District, Beijing in winter 2016. The size distributions of particle mass concentrations were bimodal, with the first peak in the fine fraction (0.4–2.1 µm) and the second peak in the coarse fraction (3.3–5.8 µm). Moreover, the proportion of fine particles increased and the proportion of coarse particles decreased as the pollution level was more elevated. It was found that the composition of coarse particles is as important as that of fine particles when pollution of aerosol metals in the atmosphere in 2016 were compared to 2013. In addition, according to the size distribution characteristics, 23 MEs were divided into three groups: (a) Fe, Co, Sr, Al, Ti, Ba, and U, which concentrated in coarse mode; (b) Zn, As, Cd, Tl, and Pb, which concentrated in fine mode; and (c) Na, K, Be, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and Sn, showing bimodal distribution. Under clean air, slight pollution and moderate pollution conditions, most elements maintained their original size distributions, while under severe pollution, the unimodal distributions of most MEs became bimodal distributions. The factors analysis combined with size distributions indicated that Na, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, and Tl, showing the moderate to severe contamination on environment, were significantly influenced by diffuse regional emissions or anthropogenic source emissions (vehicle exhaust emissions and combustion process). The environmental risk assessment revealed that the heavy metal loading in the atmospheric particles collected had a high potential for ecological risk to the environment during sampling period because of the high contribution of Cd, Tl, Zn and Pb.

The Effect of Ethanol Addition on Vehicle Fuel Consumption in Economic Terms - A Review

<p><span class="notranslate"><span>The technological development of the automotive sector is increasing, every year there is an increase in the production of motor vehicles in Indonesia.</span></span><span> <span class="notranslate">The increase in motorized vehicles will certainly have an impact on the use of fuel oil which is also increasing.</span> <span class="notranslate">Though fuel oil is a non-renewable fossil fuel, so that continuous use can lead to scarcity of fossil fuels someday.</span> <span class="notranslate">In addition to causing scarcity of fossil fuels, the increasing number of vehicles will also cause the surrounding environment to be increasingly polluted by the exhaust emissions from the combustion process of the motorized vehicles.</span> <span class="notranslate">Various alternatives are used as a mixture of fuels to reduce fuel consumption and vehicle exhaust emissions, such as ethanol, hydrogen, butanol, biodiesel, methanol etc.</span> <span class="notranslate">The purpose of this literacy study was to determine the effect of using ethanol on fuel consumption and its economic value.</span> <span class="notranslate">Based on the results of a study of literacy is known that the addition of ethanol does reduce the level of fuel consumption, However, if viewed from an economic perspective, the addition of ethanol has actually caused the purchase price of fuel to increase, this will certainly hinder the growth of the desire to use ethanol as an alternative source of fuel substitute by the people of Indonesia.</span></span></p><p><span> </span></p>

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Ambient VOCs in Spring in Liuzhou

The objective was to investigate the characteristics and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the karst region in southwestern China. We monitored atmospheric VOCs in Liuzhou by the GC955 VOCs Online Monitoring System and analyzed the pollution characteristics, ozone formation potential (OFP), aerosol formation potential (AFP), and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model in March 2019. The results show that ① 50 kinds of VOC components were detected during the supervised period, with an average daily concentration of 25.52×10-9 mol·mol-1, which was composed of alkanes (56.08%), alkenes (19.63%), alkynes (14.25%), and aromatics (10.04%), respectively. ② The concentration of VOCs was lower during the day and higher at night, with the highest value at 23:00. The VOC concentration was low in daytime and high at night. The peak value of VOCs with regard to diurnal variation was correlated with the time of morning and the evening traffic peak and may be influenced by various factors. ③ The contribution of alkenes, aromatics, and alkanes to OFP was 44.30%, 33.03%, and 19.96%, respectively. This indicates that the control of aromatic and olefin should prioritize alkanes. In addition, Liuzhou city is in the VOC sensitive area of O3 generation, and the reduction of VOCs had a controlling effect on O3 generation. ④ The contribution of aromatic hydrocarbons to AFP was up to 95.27%. Therefore, the improvement and control of the processes in motor vehicle exhaust emissions, solvent use, and the automobile industry and the chemical industry could effectively suppress ozone and haze pollution. ⑤ The emission sources of VOCs in spring were mainly industrial emission sources (28.34%), motor vehicle sources (25.47%), combustion sources (24.37%), solvent sources (13.28%), and plant emission sources (8.54%), respectively. This indicates that the control of industrial emission sources, motor vehicle sources, and combustion sources is the main way to control VOC pollution in Liuzhou City. Meanwhile, the olefin and aromatic hydrocarbons emitted by these emission sources should be mainly considered.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIANIZATION ENVIRONMENT IN MALIOBORO

he phenomenon of the increasing number of Malioboro tourists every year raises traffic problems in the area. Starting from congestion, increasing vehicle exhaust emissions, to increasing side friction. This has put pressure on the Yogyakarta city government to plan to improve traffic management by transforming the Malioboro area into a pedestrianized area. This application has an impact on significant changes in traffic flow on roads around the Malioboro area. This study will simulate a traffic flow scenario on roads around Malioboro using VISSIM software to determine the saturation level of the flow and the resulting emissions.

Initial assessment of the legitimacy of limiting the maximum permissible speed on highways and motorways based on tests in real traffic conditions

The reduction of emissions of harmful exhaust gases is one of the main aspects in broadly understood automotive sector. Representatives of the European Union are encouraging vehicle manufacturers to comply with increasingly stringent standards related to the emission of harmful substances in passenger cars. From 2020, the new standard for CO, HC and NOX road emissions from these vehicles will come into force. It also assumes average CO2 emissions from fleets producer car at the level of 95 g/km. It is a big challenge.The emission of harmful emissions is also a problem during the operation of vehicles. In real traffic conditions, a big challenge is the need to reduce average driving speeds due to emissions of harmful exhaust substances. With increasing driving speed, it increases. Therefore, the authors of the article decided to investigate the problem on the initial road and highway.In our research, mobile PEMS type testing equipment was used for tests of vehicles with emission standards: EURO 5 and EURO 6. The tests were carried out in real traffic conditions on a fast-moving and motorway road with speeds up to 110, 120, 140 and 160 km/h. The research was aimed at showing differences in the level of exhaust emissions of emitted vehicles resulting from the speed of travel. In the article, on the basis of the tests carried out, speed was determined and recommended, which from the point of view of emission will be optimal for efficient and ecological movement on this discussed type of roads.

Impact of Wheat Harvest on Levels and Sources of PM2.5-associated PAHs in an Urban Area Located at the Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Wheat harvest and subsequent straw burning for maize planting can cause severe PM2.5 and PAH pollutions and deteriorate the air quality of nearby cities in consequence. PM2.5 samples were collected in Baoding urban area (BUA) from June 18 to July 7 of 2019, during and after wheat harvest (DWH and AWH, respectively). The “Migration Effect” (i.e., PM2.5 and PAHs transferred from rural to urban during DWH and AWH, respectively) was proved by both the later time for appearance of peak values of PM2.5 and PAHs and the air mass origins in BUA. The daily average PM2.5 (reported in µg m–3) 137 of DWH was 2.58 times 53.1 of AWH for BUA, regardless of its lower levels than the corresponding 156 and 75.6 for an adjacent rural site (ARS). The reverse trend was found for PAH mass contents (in µg g–1), AWH possessed much higher value of 139 than 27.8 of DWH, while no significant fluctuations occurred for PAH concentrations due to the varied PM2.5 levels. Four PAH sources including biomass burning (BB), coal combustion (CC), vehicle exhaust (VE) and industrial emissions (IN) were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF). BB was the biggest contributor during whole sampling period (WSP), followed by CC, VE, and IN. BB increased from 17.3% to 37.1% along with the transition from DWH to AWH, indicated the impact of straw burning for maize planting. High share of CC suggested that coal was still an important civil fuel. The strict emission reduction measures made the industry smallest contributor in BUA. Lower VE share in BUA than ARS demonstrated that influence of high-intensity operation of wheat harvesters and rotary cultivators.

Effect of dustfall pollution on chlorophyl content of polyalthea longifolia leaves

Dust has a size of 0.001 - 10000 µm. Dust from motor vehicle exhaust emissions generally has a size of 1 - 150 µm, and flying dust due to vehicle traffic has a size of 100 µm. This dust when it falls on the leaves will cover the stomata. The length of stomata is 80 µm and a maximum width of 50 µm, which is smaller than the size of the dust. As a result, the stomata will be covered by dust, and the leaves cannot absorb CO2, an important ingredient in photosynthesis. The leaf samples used in this study were Polyalthea Longifolia leaves located near the highway, around the cement factory, and in plantations as a control. Then, the leaves were measured for the content of total chlorophyll using the Wintermans and de Mots equation, and mineral content using X-ray Fluorencence (XRF). The results showed that the leaves around the cement factory had a yellow color, small, lower chlorophyll content, and had low absorptivity on minerals than the leaves from near the highway and control.

Evaluating the effectiveness of eco-driving courses based on car-GPS tracking data in the itinerary tracking device to reduce fuel consumption of vehicles in urban areas

According to the current issue of resource shortage, the reduction of fuel consumption or using alternative energies which has an environmentally friendly effect is the priority of governments in many countries. Besides, many studies mentioned that driver behaviors play an essential role to reduce fuel use and decrease vehicle exhaust emissions. On the other hand, the carGPS tracking data in itinerary monitoring equipment is typically using in navigation, positioning, and vehicle management. Thus, this study aims to analyze the correlation between driver behaviors and fuel consumption based on the velocity, acceleration, fuel sensors data collected from car-GPS trackers device in association with Geographic Information System (GIS) to find out the solution to evaluate the effectiveness of ecodriving courses as well as assess the usability of using car-GPS tracking data from the GPS tracking device to analyze and adjust driver behavior in urban areas to save energy and protect the urban environment

Atmospheric and Turbocharged Experimental Investigation of Heavy Vehicle Compressor Air Inlet Line

Reciprocating compressors, which come from the past to the present and whose development is parallel to internal combustion engine technolo-gies, find themselves a large share in this field in line with the innovative studies on it. The stored compressed air demanded in the heavy vehicle segment, where almost all diesel engines are used, is serviced for two main tasks such as brake and suspension system. Therefore, the engine to be used during the compressor selection; efficiency, performance and service maintenance period are very important while meeting the de-mands and what applications are used such as long-distance vehicle, construction site vehicle, transport vehicle, garbage truck, coach.In this paper, experimental studies were carried out on a Scania brand diesel vehicle by feeding the air brake compressor from the engine tur-bocharger intercooler with an improved interconnection and convention-al atmospheric feeding. Temperature and pressure values obtained via sensors from the data collection system, performance information ob-tained from the vehicle CAN module and exhaust emission measurement results measured by opacimeter for both cases are presented.

Utilization of Virtual Laboratory “Calculation of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions” to Study Air Pollution

Air pollution is a crucial problem that must be minimized because air is a major component in life. One of the causes of air pollution is the result of exhaust gas emissions from motorized vehicles. Therefore, calculating motor vehicle exhaust emissions is one of the important things that students must master to foster environmental awareness. Efforts to make mathematical learning of the calculation of exhaust gas emissions interesting and fun, namely by using virtual laboratory media. In this case, discussed how the virtual media packaging Laboratory “Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Calculation” to study Air Pollution

Role of Traffic Emission on Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Pollutant Concentration on Urban Road Network: A Case of Beijing

This research aims to calculate PM2.5 concentration on the road network by considering the network-wide traffic status, which can be used to support research about the impact of urban road network pollution concentration on health. The increase in the use and number of vehicles has brought about a large amount of vehicle exhaust emissions and increased urban air pollutants. This is also one of the important reasons why this issue is worth studying. In this research, traffic emission was an estimate based on network-wide traffic status which was calculated from vehicle trajectories and spatial variance-covariance matrix. An identification method of external input pollutants is proposed to determine the occurrence of external pollutants imported into the urban area. To calculate the impact of multiple influencing factors on the pollution concentration of the entire road network, a multivariate linear model was adopted to calculate a variety of influencing factors and calibrate the model parameters by collecting real data. The results show that traffic emissions, external input pollution, and wind impact are the main factors affecting the PM2.5 concentration on urban road networks. Combined with real-time traffic data, we can obtain the temporal and spatial characteristics of the pollutant concentration of the road network. For policymakers, our research can provide a method for calculating the PM2.5 concentration on the road network, which is useful for establishing a health assessment framework in the future.

The Influence of Seasonal Meteorology on Vehicle Exhaust PM2.5 in the State of California: A Hybrid Approach Based on Artificial Neural Network and Spatial Analysis

This study aims to develop a hybrid approach based on backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) and spatial analysis techniques to predict particulate matter of size 2.5 µm (PM2.5) from vehicle exhaust emissions in the State of California using aerosol optical depth (AOD) and several meteorological indicators (relative humidity, temperature, precipitation, and wind speed). The PM2.5 data were generated using the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES). The measured meteorological variables and AOD were obtained from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) and NASA’s Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS), respectively. The data were resampled to a seasonal format and downscaled over grids of 10 by 10 to 150 by 150. Coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to assess the quality of the ANN prediction model. The model peaked at winter seasons with R2 = 0.984, RMSE = 0.027, and MAPE = 25.311, whereas it had the lowest performance in summer with R2 = 0.920, RMSE = 0.057, and MAPE = 65.214. These results indicate that the ANN model can reasonably predict the PM2.5 mass and can be used to forecast future trends.

Status, source, human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements (PTEs), and Pb isotope characteristics in urban surface soil, case study: Arak city, Iran.

The current study was conducted to assess the level of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, Cd, and Ni) in surface soils from Arak city. Arak, which is an industrial city, is a prominent center of chemicals, metal/electric, manufacturing factories, and other industries. Forty-three surface soil samples were collected from 0-20cm after removing the visible surface contamination in the dry season in June 2017. Metal concentrations were found highly variable, ranging from 174-3950mg/kg for Cu, 181-3740mg/kg for Pb, 48-186mg/kg for Zn, 105-1721mg/kg for Ni, 0.8-0.9mg/kg for As, 114-1624mg/kg for Cr, and 3.45-12.36mg/kg for Cd. The results of geochemical fraction indicated that the main components of Pb, Cr, and Zn at most of the sampling sites are Fe-Mn bound/reducible. Meanwhile, the residual fraction is the dominant fraction of sequence extraction for Ni, Cu, and Cd. Higher values of reducible bound for Pb, Cr, and Zn, as well as a considerable percentage of Ni, Cu, and Cd, imply that the main source of the studied PTEs (except As) in the study area is both anthropogenic and geogenic inputs. The results of principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, enrichment factor (EF), enrichment index (EI), and top enrichment factor (TEF) confirm that Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Zn had a similar anthropogenic source which is confirmed by geochemical fractionation analysis. Carcinogenic risks (CR) of studied PTEs were estimated to be higher than the target limit of 1.0E-06, for adults and children except for Cr with values of 5.91E-04, and 3.81E-04 for children and adults, respectively. Higher CR values of Cr compared to other PTEs in Arak surface soil demonstrate that living target populations, including children and adults, particularly children, are more at risk of carcinogenic risks of PTEs. 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the collected samples indicated that Pb in Arak surface sample was derived from industrial inputs and deposition, as well as re-suspension vehicle exhaust emission from previously leaded gasoline. The findings concerning the applied end-member contribution of geogenic and industrial and vehicle emission represented that the contribution could vary from 68.0% to 15% (mean: 39.3) for industrial emission, 65% to 19% for vehicle exhaust (mean: 39), and 46% to 10% (mean: 21.6) for geogenic sources.

Factors affecting vehicle exhaust emissions, driver motivations as a mediator

Reducing the negative effects of vehicle emissions is one of the main priorities for governments worldwide. Comprehensive understanding of the costs and impacts associated with emissions would help government decision makers establish policies that allow their citizens to make decisions to reduce vehicle use externalities and maximize the overall benefits to government and society. Countries worldwide have pre-set goals regarding maximum average emissions. However, these goals are nearly impossible to realize without market interventions. Therefore, many governments have introduced taxes to guide people towards reducing vehicle emissions. The purpose of this study was to explore the mediating role of driver motivations in the effect of the following tax-related emission factors on vehicle exhaust emissions: (progressive engine size tax, progressive vehicle emissions tax, progressive vehicle age tax, and progressive vehicle kilometres travelled tax). The study used a quantitative approach of two questionnaires-one paper-based and one internet-based-to collect primary data. Smart PLS 3.2.7 was then used to analyse the data. The study found that the progressive taxes on engine size, vehicle age, and vehicle emissions, if imposed, will increase driver motivations to buy vehicles with smaller engines, replace or maintain old polluting vehicles, or fix vehicle emission problems. This study contributes to the literature by achieving its theoretical and practical objectives of providing a clear message to governmental practitioners and any related bodies that progressive taxes can increase driver motivations to reduce vehicle emissions.

Airborne particles in city bus: concentrations, sources and simulated pulmonary solubility.

PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Ljubljana city bus were monitored during entire shift, and individual particles were morphologically and chemically characterised in order to determine PM concentration variability, particle sources, solubility in simulated pulmonary environment and effects on human health. PM measurements revealed high mean PM10 (82.8μg/m3) and PM2.5 (47μg/m3), which were highest and most variable during rush hours with fluid traffic and lowest during traffic jams with standing vehicles. Individual particle analysis showed that airborne particles were dominated by metal-bearing phases, particularly small-sized (Cr,Mn,Zn)-bearing Fe-oxyhydroxides and Al-/Fe-Al-oxides, large (Fe,Cr,Ni)- and (Cu,Zn,Ni)-alloys, and small-sized Sb-sulphide and Ba-sulphate. Non-metallic phases were represented by (Ca,Mg)-carbonates, Al-silicates, Na-chloride and Ca-sulphate. Comparison with possible source materials (vehicle exhaust emissions, brake disc dust and road sediment) showed that primary sources of these metal-bearing phases were wear of brake discs, brake pads and tyres, and also wear of engine components and catalytic converters. Most non-metallic phases originated from resuspension of road sediment, containing road sanding materials, but also from emissions of burned fuel and lubricating oil (Ca-sulphate). Assessment of effects on human health indicated that mean PM concentrations, which significantly exceeded daily limit values, increased mortality (by 2-3%) and morbidity (by 7-8%) risk for bus drivers. Simplified PHREEQC calculations of airborne metal-bearing phase solubility in aqueous solutions simulating pulmonary environment showed that metallic Fe, Ba-sulphate, Sb-sulphide and Al-oxide, partly also Cu-bearing metal alloys, were soluble under reducing and oxidising conditions, but released metals were removed from solution by precipitation of stable secondary metal-bearing phases.