Vehicle Battery Charging System Research Articles

RETRACTION: Interoperable square‐circular coupled coils for wireless electric vehicle battery charging system with different misalignments

AbstractRETRACTION: C. S. Banothu, S. R. Gorantla, R. V. B. Attuluri, G. R. Evuri: Interoperable square‐circular coupled coils for wireless electric vehicle battery charging system with different misalignments. IET Power Electronics, 1–18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12742The above article, published online on 1st July 2024 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor‐in‐Chief, Volker Pickert, The Institution of Engineering and Technology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Concerns were raised in the article, regarding substantial text overlap with the following source:Design and implementation of an inductive power transfer system for wireless charging of future electric transportation.When the authors were contacted for an explanation, they have acknowledged the text overlap and have requested to retract the article. The authors apologise for the oversight.

The Development Of Charging System Infrastructure For Electric Vehicles

The increasing use of electric vehicles (EV) requires adequate and efficient charging system infrastructure. One of the main things is the electric vehicle (EV) battery charging system. This research aims to develop a charging system infrastructure for EVs using a DC to DC converter. The system is designed to ensure safety, efficiency and compatibility with a wide range of EVs. The system is also capable of producing voltage from 12 volts to more than 60 volts, which is enough to charge electric vehicle batteries. Correlation analysis simulations with MATLAB and experimental testing were carried out to evaluate the performance of the charging system. This circuit can charge batteries with voltage variations from 12 volts to 60 volts which are widely used in electric vehicles. The results of correlation analysis show that there is a correlation between charging current and charging time. Where the greater the charging current, the faster the charging time. The temperature of the battery when charging must also be paid attention to so that overheating does not occur which can damage the battery cells.

Design and Analysis of a Novel Wireless Electric Vehicle Battery Charging System Using Dual T‐Type Converter With High Efficiency and Bidirectional Capability

ABSTRACTRecently, numerous bidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with enhanced features for electric vehicle (EV) battery charging have been proposed. The converters in these WPT systems are generally configured with two synchronized full‐bridge–controlled converters operating at fixed duty cycle (two‐level operation) to enable WPT between the transmitter and receiver magnetic charge couplers. However, these require additional circuits to be employed in a wide range of load conditions, which lead to high costs and reduced power density. As a substitute, this article introduces a new wireless EV charging system using bidirectional dual T‐type converter (BDTC) configuration with PWM control. A wide range of load variations can be obtained without any additional circuits/switches with a proposed charging system based on a BDTC. Due to the reduced switching loss, reduced reactive circulating current, low cost, and increased efficiency, along with simple control, the proposed architecture offers significant advantages over traditional WPT systems. The proposed wireless EV charging system operates with series resonance in both directions. A mathematical model of the BDTC converter is developed, and the operating principle is detailed. Experimental results were acquired from the 3.3‐kW laboratory model, which exhibits nearly flat efficiency characteristics under various loading conditions; hence, the feasibility of the BDTC topology is validated.

RETRACTED: Interoperable square‐circular coupled coils for wireless electric vehicle battery charging system with different misalignments

AbstractA substantial interest in inductive power transfer (IPT) is due to its straight forwardness and dependability in charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries for researchers. The mutual inductance (MI) plays a critical role in the IPT system as it enables efficient power transfer. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the MI between the two coils that are connected through inductive coupling. This work investigates the MI and efficiency of connected coils in interoperable conditions. The transmitter coil is arranged in the shape of a square (TxS), whereas the reception coil is arranged in the shape of a circle (RxC). A concise and user‐friendly collection of design guidelines for S‐S compensated resonant inductive power transfer (SS‐RIPT) systems the design concepts efficiently mitigate the possibility of systematically and unambiguously setting the specifications for a given load profile. A 3.6‐kW setup has been constructed and validated by finite element analysis and experimental testing, following the design specifications. The availability of suitable testing equipment in the laboratory influenced the choice of a resonance frequency and output voltage for a 3.6 kW system.

Enhanced energy extraction from wind driven PMSG using digital twin model of battery charging system

The pressing need to meet sustainability and climate objectives has prompted a call for expanding the use of renewable energy sources, improving the intelligence and flexibility of electricity grids, and increasing the adoption of electric vehicles and other electricity-powered products. In light of their numerous benefits, widespread electrification and digital technologies can form the basis of energy and climate policy. This research presents an innovative biased transformer and digital twin battery model to support the wind energy based electric vehicle battery charging system. During periods of low and moderate wind, the biased transformer is utilized to increase the voltage for charging electric vehicles. A digital twin of the battery system creates a window into battery charging and aging levels by evaluating the data gathered based on internal resistance. Furthermore, the State of Charge estimation model and different internal resistance estimation algorithms are also exploited. A novel method for precise State of Charge (SOC) estimation in third-gen battery models is presented, integrating Collaborative Gradient Boosting and Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter (AEKF). This approach, implemented in MATLAB Simulink, combines machine learning and adaptive filtering, enhancing accuracy and adaptability for efficient battery management. The functionalities and resilience of both hardware and software of the proposed system are validated under field operation.

Integrated on-board electric vehicle battery charger with multifunctional features

ABSTRACT Because of the continuous demand for reliable, efficient, small-size, light weighted, and low-cost Electric Vehicle (EV) battery charging systems, an integrated on-board charger is proposed with a high-power propulsion motor drive. It utilises stator windings of motor, the 6-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC), DC-DC converter, and feedback sensors to facilitate vehicular battery charging. With this system, soft switching technique based bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter is proposed that offers the advantage of simple circuitry design due to no usage of extra passive or active components. This paper presents mathematical modelling, analysis, and controller design of this proposed configuration under various operating modes. The complete system is developed in Sim Power system toolbox of MATLAB software and tested in real-time environment. The performance investigations of proposed system are carried out for three operating modes like Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) under Constant Current (CC) and Constant Voltage (CV) battery charging modes. Furthermore, the investigations ensure the system’s excellent efficiency, less THD, and nearly unity power factor operation under all operating conditions.

A new wide input voltage DC-DC converter for solar PV systems with hybrid MPPT controller

The present working conventional power generation systems utilization is reducing day by day because of their demerits are more functioning cost, high carbon dioxide emission, more complexity in handling, and required high installation area. So, the current power generation company focuses on Renewable Energy Sources (RES) which are wind, tidal, and solar. Here, the solar power network is utilized for supplying electricity to the electrical vehicle battery charging system. The Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules supply nonlinear power which is not useful for automotive systems. To maximize the supply power of the solar PV system, an Adaptive Step Genetic Algorithm Optimized (ASGAO) Radial Basis Functional Network (RBFN) is utilized for tracking the working point of the solar PV module thereby enhancing the operating efficiency of the overall system. The features of this proposed hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller are quick system dynamic response, easy operation, quick convergence speed, more robustness, and high operating efficiency when equalized with the basic MPPT controllers. The major issue of solar PV modules is low supply voltage which is increased by introducing the wide input voltage DC-DC converter. The merits of this introduced converter are low-level voltage stress on diodes, good quality supply power, high voltage gain, plus low implementation cost. Here, the introduced converter along with the AGAO-RBFN controller is analyzed by selecting the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Also, the proposed converter is tested with the help of a programable DC source.

In‐depth analysis of the power management strategies in electric vehicles

AbstractIn electric vehicles, the battery is a key component that calculates vehicle performance. Due to their greater efficiency and the lower cost of power, charging an electric vehicle is more affordable than purchasing gasoline or diesel for travel needs. To increase the battery's lifespan, the accuracy of the battery model for electric vehicles must be enhanced. To operate at their peak efficiency, batteries must be managed properly by a battery management system. This research illustrates the functioning of a rechargeable electric vehicle battery's charging system. There are several types of rechargeable batteries used, including lead acid, lithium‐ion, and nickel‐cadmium batteries. In recent trends, are used in the majority of cars use rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries. In general, accumulated heat, rapid utilization, and total energy throughput have an impact on the battery life of electric vehicles. In this study, 50 papers were analyzed about battery charging in an electric vehicle, which utilized different measures, as well as achievements attained by various methods. This survey reviewed the information from a different journal, along with their advantage, disadvantages, and challenges. The review lays the groundwork for future researchers to gain a deeper understanding of electric vehicles by offering a thorough interpretation of the methods currently in use.

Development of Wireless Charging System Using Square-Circular Coupled Coils with Different Misalignments

Now a days, inductive power transfer (IPT) has gained a lot of attention from researchers as it has ease of use and realiability for electric vehicle (EV) battery charging systems. This paper examines the increasing attention from researchers towards inductive power transfer (IPT) as a means of charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This interest originates from the user-friendly characteristics and notable reliability associated with IPT. The evaluation of mutual inductance (MI) holds importance within the domain of Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems, as it serves a critical function in enabling effective power transfer. Therefore, it is essential to perform a comprehensive analysis of the mutual inductance between the two coils that are connected through inductive coupling. This study provides an examination of mutual inductance (MI) and efficiency within the context of interoperability conditions of interconnected coils. The transmitter coil is represented as a square structure, denoted as TxS, whereas the receiving coil is represented as a circular structure, denoted as RxC. Furthermore, the application of ferrite cores and steel chassis inclosures, in combination with coils, is utilised for the objective of electric vehicle (EV) battery charging. The magnetic induction (MI) analysis is performed by the utilisation of finite element method (FEM) simulation. The finite element method (FEM) simulation outcomes of the interconnected coils with misalignments, encompassing both non-core and steel chassis configurations, are juxtaposed with the corresponding empirical observations.

DESIGN OF WIRELESS EV BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM USING SQUARECIRCULAR COUPLED COILS WITH DIFFERENT MISALIGNMENTS

Now a days, inductive power transfer (IPT) has gained a lot of attention from researchers as it has ease of use and realiability for electric vehicle (EV) battery charging systems. This paper examines the increasing attention from researchers towards inductive power transfer (IPT) as a means of charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This interest originates from the user-friendly characteristics and notable reliability associated with IPT. The evaluation of mutual inductance (MI) holds importance within the domain of Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems, as it serves a critical function in enabling effective power transfer. Therefore, it is essential to perform a comprehensive analysis of the mutual inductance between the two coils that are connected through inductive coupling. This study provides an examination of mutual inductance (MI) and efficiency within the context of interoperability conditions of interconnected coils. The transmitter coil is represented as a square structure, denoted as TxS, whereas the receiving coil is represented as a circular structure, denoted as RxC. Furthermore, the application of ferrite cores and steel chassis inclosures, in combination with coils, is utilised for the objective of electric vehicle (EV) battery charging. The magnetic induction (MI) analysis is performed by the utilisation of finite element method (FEM) simulation. The finite element method (FEM) simulation outcomes of the interconnected coils with misalignments, encompassing both non-core and steel chassis configurations, are juxtaposed with the corresponding empirical observations.

A novel solar photovoltaic powered grid interactive battery charging system for electric vehicle applications

ABSTRACT In this work, a novel Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) powered grid interactive Electric Vehicle (EV) battery charging system has been proposed and validated. The objective of the proposed system is to provide seamless battery charging facility that includes a high capacity station battery system. The grid interactions like integration of SPV energy, station battery charging and reactive power support are included through the DC link of aShunt Active Power Filter (SAPF). The SAPF maintains unity power factor on the source side grid current. The objectives of the proposed system are ensuring the source side power factor nearly unity with minimal THD of source current, an SPV grid integration system with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), a comfortable charging point for EVs with a reliable charging station supported by a back up station battery. The novelty of the proposed work is that the common DC bus bar maintains a high DC link voltage when the utility source is available and the SAPF is active. The regulation of the DC link voltage is achieved by a PI controller tuned by the Gravitational Search Algorithm. The proposed system has been validated using simulations in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment as well using an experimental prototype. The proposed GSA controller outperforms in terms of THD (%) of source and load currents are 2.4 and 17.87, respectively.

Intelligent Maintenance of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Systems and Networks

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have become a trending topic in recent years due to the industry’s race for competitive pricing as well as environmental awareness. These concerns have led to increased research into the development of both affordable and environmentally friendly EV technology. This paper aims to review EV-related issues beginning with the component level, through the system level, based on intelligent maintenance aspects. The paper will also clarify the existing gaps in practical applications and highlight the potential opportunities related to the current issues in EVs for the EV industry moving forward. More specifically, we will briefly start with an overview of the fast-growing EV market, showing the urgent demand for Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) applications in the EV industry. At the component level, the issues of the major components such as the motor, battery, and charging system in EVs are elaborated, and the relevant PHM research of these components is surveyed to show the development in the era of EV expansion. Moreover, the impact of an increasing number of EVs at the system level such as power distribution systems and power grid are explored to uncover possible research in the future. The combination of existing PHM techniques and robust measurement or feature extraction methods can provide better solutions to address the motor, battery, or transformer issues at the component level. A comprehensive optimization and cybersecurity strategy will help to address the issues of the whole network at a system level. Four aspects of vision in the overall charging network – battery innovation, charging optimization, infrastructure evolution, and sustainability – that cover the demands of research in new battery materials, innovative charging techniques, new architectures of the charging network, and reliable waste treatment mechanisms are outlined. A conclusion is reached in this paper by summarizing the opportunities for future EV research and development.

Operation Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping and Charging Systems: A Bilevel Optimization Approach

This paper studies optimal day-ahead scheduling of a battery swapping and charging system (BSCS) for electric vehicles (EVs) from a new perspective of multiple decision makers. It is considered that the BSCS locally incorporates the battery swapping and charging processes, and the two processes are managed by two operators, called a battery swapping operator (BSO) and a battery charging operator (BCO), respectively. Our main contribution is to propose a bilevel model where the BSO acts as the leader to receive and serve the battery swapping requests from EV users, and the BCO acts as the follower to interact with the grid and control battery charging and discharging power. We reformulate the bilevel optimization problem into an equivalent single-level problem that is a nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP), and its size can easily become very large. To solve the problem efficiently, we develop a new heuristic composed of two parts, i.e., an estimation of the integer solution and an algorithm based on the alternating direction method (ADM). The results show that the proposed heuristic performs well in solving large-scale problems, providing close-to-optimal solutions quickly. In addition, compared to a social welfare maximization model that follows most existing related works, the proposed bilevel model can increase the number of swapped-out batteries by 35% and the batteries’ average energy state by 6%, improving the quality of battery swapping services.

A revolutionary Partial Resonant Inverter and doubler rectifier with MPPT based on Sliding Mode Controller for harvesting Solar photovoltaic sources

This article presents a novel solar photovoltaic energy harvesting system for charging the high voltage Electric Vehicle (E.V.) battery using a Partial Resonant Inverter (PRI) driven doubler rectifier circuit. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) uses a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC). The proposed system has been circuit modelled in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment and validated using an experimental prototype. The performance of the proposed system has been compared against existing electric vehicle battery charging systems, and it has been established that the proposed idea outperforms the existing systems in terms of power conversion efficiency, power quality, cost, and size.

Performance Analysis of Isolated Bridgeless SEPIC Converter for EV Battery Charging

The conventional Electric Vehicle(EV) battery charging systems with power factor correction circuits have limitations due to conduction losses present in the input side bridge rectifiers. This paper presents a Bridgeless Isolated Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) with improved power factor and reduced THD to increase performance. Throughout the charging time of the Electrical Vehicle, the input side maintains a near-unity power factor. Because the DBR is eliminated, the current is conducted through a smaller number of devices, resulting in considerable reductions in conduction losses. This optimizes the charging system's efficiency in alternative to the existing BL SEPIC converter. A constant current/constant voltage controlling mode is used to charge the EV battery, which delivers good results in terms of intrinsic PFC and decreased THD, hence increasing the charging performance of this system.

P-V Based Off-Board Electric Vehicle Battery Charger

Research on renewable energy based Electric Vehicle battery charging system is booming in the automobile industry in recent years. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources leads to the grid connected renewable energy systems for Electric Vehicle battery charging applications. In this paper, a photovoltaic array-fed off-board battery charging system using a bidirectional interleaved DC-DC converter is proposed for light-weight electric vehicles. This off-board charging system is capable of operating in dual mode, thereby supplying power to the electric vehicles battery from the photovoltaic array in standstill conditions and driving the DC load by the electric-vehicle battery during running conditions. This dual mode operation is accomplished by the use of a three-phase bidirectional direct-current. The model of the proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software.

Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Control of Dual-Active-Bridge Converter With Triple-Phase Shift Control for Bidirectional EV Charging Systems

Efficiency and reliability are essential for isolated bidirectional dc–dc converters in electric vehicle (EV) battery charging systems. As one promising power interface between energy storage components and power bus, dual-active-bridge (DAB) dc–dc converters have gained wide applications due to the advantages of galvanic isolation, symmetric circuit structure, high power density, and easy control implementation. In this article, based on the triple-phase shift (TPS) control, a fast and effective fault diagnosis strategy is proposed for DAB converters to improve both the power conversion efficiency and reliability. First, the operation principle of DAB converters with TPS control is presented. Then, a fast and effective open-circuit fault (OCF) analysis under different operation modes of TPS control is presented. Based on the resonant phenomenon during the fault conditions, an OCF diagnosis strategy that uses midpoint voltage as diagnosis criteria is proposed for DAB converters under the advanced TPS control to identify the faulty devices quickly and avoid the system collapse. After the failure switches are located, fault-tolerant operation is adopted to maintain the power transmission ability of DAB converters and ensure safe operation. The experimental results are provided to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the OCF performance analysis, fault diagnosis, and tolerant method.

A New Wireless EV Charging System With Integrated DC–DC Magnetic Element

A dc–dc conversion stage is commonly used for a wireless electric vehicle (EV) battery charging system. The dc–dc stage requires a bulky inductor to charge the battery either in constant voltage (CV) or constant current (CC) modes. In this article, a new magnetic structure for the wireless EV charging system is proposed to integrate the dc–dc inductor with the receiver coil on the vehicle side. The proposed structure utilizes the existing core material in the wireless power circuit pads and provides a more compact design and an efficient wireless charger system for EV applications. The proposed magnetic structure is modeled in 3-D, and the finite-element analysis (FEA) results are presented and compared with measurements. Moreover, the effect of the proposed integration method on the wireless charging system performance is investigated, and the results are presented. A 3.3-kW/85-kHz wireless charger is optimally designed and built to evaluate the proposed configuration. Furthermore, the efficiency and the output voltage of the wireless charging system are also measured and compared with the simulation results. The simulation and experimental results show the performance of the proposed structure.

Half-Bridge Integrated Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converter With High Efficiency Using Center-Tapped Clamp Circuit for Battery Charging Systems in Electric Vehicles

In this article, a half-bridge (HB) integrated phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) converter with a new center-tapped clamp circuit is proposed to achieve high efficiency in electric vehicle battery charging systems. The proposed converter has the benefits of HB integrated PSFB converters, such as the extended zero-voltage-switching range and the reduced conduction loss on the primary side. In addition, by using a new center-tapped clamp circuit, which consists of two diodes and one capacitor, the proposed converter can solve the drawbacks of conventional PSFB converters, such as the substantial circulating current, the severe voltage stress and switching loss in the secondary full-bridge rectifier, and a large output inductor. With these improvements, the efficiency is fairly increased, and the volume of the output inductor is reduced. In order to validate the feasibility of the proposed converter, a 3.3-kW prototype was built and tested.

PV and Grid interfaced Plug-in EV Battery Charger operating in P-VG, P-V and V-G Modes

The proposed system facilitates uninterruptable charging of a photovoltaic (PV) fed plug-in electric vehicle (EV) battery charging system irrespective of solar irradiation conditions by integrating utility grid to the battery charging system. The system employs bidirectional cycloconverter (BDCC) in order to use utility grid as source or sink during different modes of operation which depends on the availability of solar power. During low irradiation condition, the utility grid acts as a backup source in order to facilitate uninterruptable charging of the EV battery. When surplus power is generated from the PV panel, it is fed to the utility grid, which acts as sink in this mode. For uninterruptable EV battery charging, the controller operates the switches and relays in the proposed system corresponding to solar irradiation level. The available literatures define complex control strategies which are solved in this proposed system by adopting a simple dynamic control algorithm. The simulation of the proposed system has been carried out using PSIM simulation software and experimental prototype has been designed, developed and tested for different modes of operations to validate the efficacy of the proposed system.