Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Efficient Dissemination of Safety Messages in Vehicle Ad Hoc Network Environments

The number of people owning vehicles has been steadily growing, resulting in increased numbers of vehicles on the roads, making roads more congested, and increasing the risk of accidents. In addition, heavy rain, snow, and fog have increased due to abnormal weather caused by global warming. These bad weather conditions can also affect the safety of vehicles and drivers. The need to disseminate safety messages on the social Internet of Vehicles due to these problems has been steadily increasing. In this paper, we propose an efficient safety message dissemination scheme that focuses on urban environments with high vehicle density and mobility to address these problems. The proposed scheme reduces packet loss by considering frequent cluster departures and subscriptions through an efficient cluster management technique. In a vehicle-to-vehicle environment, the dissemination of safety messages is divided into intracluster and intercluster emergencies, as well as a general safety message dissemination technique. In a vehicle-to-infrastructure environment, the proposed scheme reduces the number of processing requests and duplicate messages made to roadside units (RSUs) through a request operation process for each vehicle and an RSU scheduling technique. We conducted several performance evaluations of message packet loss and the number of RSU processing requests to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.

A secured IoT-based intelligent transport system (IoT-ITS) framework based on cognitive science.

As intelligent transport systems (ITS) is the advanced format of Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET), it provides extended support in all the traffic management processes. Afterward, the salient features of the Internet of Things (IoT) are incorporated with ITS. IoT-ITS ensures automated mobility as connected and cooperative. However, the development of IoT-ITS is restricted by the risk factors related to data security and privacy. To overcome such issues, a secured IoT-ITS framework is proposed to use cognitive science. A detailed study is carried out regarding the risks related to the IoT-ITS environment. The main objectives of this security framework are to resolve the security demands of the Intelligent Transport Systems and resolve the associated risk factors without compromise. Cognitive science is utilized to design the security framework that differentiates the legitimate users of the transport system from malicious users. Data analysis is also performed in real-time with the help of cognitive science. Based on the experiment results, better results are attained.

VANET Secure Reputation Evaluation & Management Model Based on Double Layer Blockchain

Vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET) is interconnected through message forwarding and exchanging among vehicle nodes. Due to its highly dynamic topology and its wireless and heterogeneous communication mode, VANET is more vulnerable to security threats from multiple parties. Compared to entity-based security authentication, it is essential to consider how to protect the security of the data itself. Existing studies have evaluated the reliability of interactive data through reputation quantification, but there are still some issues in the design of secure reputation management schemes, such as its low efficiency, poor security, and unreliable management. Aiming at the above-mentioned issues, in this paper we propose an effective VANET model with a secure reputation based on a blockchain, and it is called the double-layer blockchain-based reputation evaluation & management model (DBREMM). In the DBREMM, we design a reputation management model based on two parallel blockchains that work collaboratively, and these are called the event chain and reputation chain. A complete set of reputation evaluation schemes is presented. Our schemes can reduce observation errors and improve evaluation reliability during trust computation by using direct trust calculation based on the multi-factor Bayesian inference. Additionally, we propose an indirect trust calculation based on the historical accumulated reputation value with an attenuation factor, and a secure a reputation fusion scheme based on the number threshold with the fluctuation factor, which can reduce the possibility of attacks, such as collusive attacks and false information injection. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulation experiments reflect the DBREMM’s security algorithm effectiveness, accuracy, and ability to resist several attacks.

Robust UKF Relative Positioning Approach for Tightly Coupled Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks Based on Adaptive M-Estimation

Huber M-estimation, as an estimation method based on mixed norm as cost function, provides an effective method for robust filtering to deal with measurement outliers. Based on statistical linear regression model approximating nonlinear measurement model, M-estimation algorithm is used to realize measurement update of states. However, when the measurement noise pollution rate is high, the filtering performance will be seriously degraded. In order to further improve the actual performance of data fusion under abnormal measurement noise, a vehicle cooperative positioning scheme based on adaptive M-estimation robust unscented Kalman filter (AMRUKF) was proposed. This algorithm combines Huber’s linear regression problem with covariance matching method, and calculates the adaptive matrix through the innovation covariance estimator based on fading memory index weighting to adaptively adjust the measurement noise covariance used in Huber M estimation method. The analytical and experimental results of tightly-coupled vehicle relative positioning show that the proposed AMRUKF method can effectively improve the robustness and accuracy of relative positioning and provide a practical control scheme for vehicle cooperative positioning.

Performance of Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) Operating in a Hostile Environment

Performance of Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) Operating in a Hostile Environment

IMF-PR: An Improved Morton-Filter-Based Pseudonym-Revocation Scheme in VANETs.

Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) are special wireless networks which help vehicles to obtain continuous and stable communication. Pseudonym revocation, as a vital security mechanism, is able to protect legal vehicles in VANETs. However, existing pseudonym-revocation schemes suffer from the issues of low certificate revocation list (CRL) generation and update efficiency, along with high CRL storage and transmission costs. In order to solve the above issues, this paper proposes an improved Morton-filter-based pseudonym-revocation scheme for VANETs (IMF-PR). IMF-PR establishes a new distributed CRL management mechanism to maintain a low CRL distribution transmission delay. In addition, IMF-PR improves the Morton filter to optimize the CRL management mechanism so as to improve CRL generation and update efficiency and reduce the CRL storage overhead. Moreover, CRLs in IMF-PR store illegal vehicle information based on an improved Morton filter data structure to improve the compress ratio and the query efficiency. Performance analysis and simulation experiments showed that IMF-PR can effectively reduce storage by increasing the compression gain and reducing transmission delay. In addition, IMF-PR can also greatly improve the lookup and update throughput on CRLs.

Automatic Dynamic User Allocation with opportunistic routing over vehicles network for Intelligent Transport System

Dynamic auto node configuration with Adhoc features is an advanced concept for vehicle communication. It is the modern internet-based data transmission in Intelligent Transport Systems. Different node auto-configuration schemas and node address-related approaches were used to improve network infrastructure and robust data communication between vehicles in Transport Intelligence-based wireless vehicle Adhoc networks. To address the problem of vehicle node auto-configuration with reduction of delay in transmission is an emerging research concept in data forwarding between vehicles in Adhoc networks, so this paper proposes an Automatic Dynamic User Allocation based Data Forwarding with Opportunistic Routing (ADUADFOR) approach with the assistance of mobility of vehicle association concerning the forwarding of data between vehicles in Adhoc networks. In this approach, each vehicle node carries a replica of other vehicle information, which decides the route based on this collective dynamic information of vehicles. Extensive simulated results of the proposed approach give better performance to improve Quality of service (QoS) through decreased overhead when compared to traditional mobility-based routing calculation methods in vehicle Adhoc networks.

Comparative Analysis of DSR, AODV, AOMDV and AOMDV-LR in VANET by Increasing the Number of Nodes and Speed

Objectives: To analyze different VANET routing methods. Methods: The simulation result of reactive, proactive and hybrid multipath routing protocols is obtained in NS-2.34 by increasing the number of nodes and mobility. The outcomes are summarized in tables and figures. Findings: After simulation and comparison of existing protocols and the latest hybrid protocol, we found that the latest hybrid routing protocol gives the best result in the case of a higher number of participants and of high speed with minimum overhead. Novelty : In previous reviews and research, reactive and proactive routing protocols were compared. In this review, we compared the recently implemented hybrid protocol AOMDV-LR with the existing proactive and reactive protocol which gives better results. Keywords: DSR; AODV; AOMDV; AOMDVLR; Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANet)

Evaluate the Security Models Performances and Limitations of the Vehicular Network VANETcloudSim

The Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) has been widely used to improve road safety and comfort. However, security is a big challenge for VANET, in fact, vehicle networks have the same security problems as traditional computer networks, hackers can introduce a dangerous threat to security. The issue of security in VANET networks has attracted a lot of attention from researchers to propose several security models. However, validation and performance testing of proposed solutions in a real or simulated environment remains a difficult problem. In this work, we present VANETcloudSim, it’s a new cloud platform simulator for VANET security solutions. The proposed simulator allows running stress and tests performance, In contrast to the majority of existing simulators, the proposed platform evaluates the performance and limitations of security models, through the execution of performance and stress tests, it is simple to deploy, robust and efficient. This simulator can be deployed on users' local computers or on the cloud platform.

Vanet performance evaluatıon ın terms of nodes dıstrıbutıon, mobılıty models, and routıng protocols

Nowadays, Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a new trend and one of the most attractive areas of research. It has a wide range of applications such as smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT). The main issue of the VANET networks is the limitation in network resources such as power, and memory. Moreover, since VANET nodes are dynamic and move over time, the connectivity of the networks is also considered an important issue. This paper designs experiments that reflect a variety of scenarios in VANET networks. Many issues and factors in VANET networks have also been investigated in this paper. There are many factors that affect the whole performance of VANET networks (i.e., mobility models, routing protocols, and things distribution) in terms of network resources. Therefore, this paper aims at testing different mobility models such as the Human Mobility model, Cauchy Flight Mobility model, and Correlated Directions Mobility model, and investigate their impact on the consumption of network resources under a particular routing protocol such as Spray and Wait routing protocol, Probabilistic Flooding routing protocol, and Epidemic routing protocol. In addition, testing different distributions such as Uniform distribution, Gaussian (Normal) distribution, and Power-Law distribution). The resources we plan to investigate are energy sources and the amount of data exchanged. In the designed experiments, each simulation includes a combination of a mobility model, nodes distribution, and a routing protocol. The findings showed that each mobility model, routing protocol, or distribution is effective in a particular application. As a result, it was found that determining the application of the VANET network is a crucial step before performing a simulation or designing a network.

Improved Certificateless Aggregate Signature Scheme Against Collusion Attacks for VANETs

Vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) can offer numerous benefits, but also face many privacy and security issues. There exist the certificate management burden and key escrow issue in traditional public key infrastructure (PKI)-based and identity (ID)-based privacy-preserving authentication schemes, respectively. In addition, the security of some existing cryptographic schemes depends on strong assumptions about the ideal tamper-proof devices. To address these issues, a certificateless aggregate signature (CLAS) scheme for VANETs has been proposed, which was claimed provably unforgeable. However, we found that this scheme cannot resist collusion attacks, which means the equivalent validity of the aggregate signature would be broken. Therefore, this article proposes an improved CLAS scheme against collusion attacks for VANETs (CA-CLAS). Security and performance analyses show that the proposed CA-CLAS scheme not only offers privacy and security guarantees for VANETs, but also improves efficiency compared to existing authentication schemes.

STALB: A Spatio-Temporal Domain Autonomous Load Balancing Routing Protocol

Due to vehicle mobility, the topology of Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) may change dynamically. High mobility, limited bandwidth, and dynamic network topology pose challenges for communication in the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs). Literature works have attempted to promote efficient (e.g., lower end-to-end latency) message forwarding. However, due to the uncertain direction of message forwarding and vehicle mobility, they suffer from unreachable destinations and unstable connections. This paper explores the efficient method of message forwarding to alleviate network congestion in IoVs. We propose a Spatio-Temporal domain Autonomous Load Balancing (STALB) routing protocol. Specifically, STALB is a trajectory-based method for controlling the direction of message forwarding. STALB can significantly reduce the end-to-end latency and overload ratio, since it considers the local status of network relay devices (i.e., buffer score, congestion status) from the spatio-temporal domain. Then, we present a path reconstruction mechanism, which ensures that messages are forwarded to destinations within limited Time-To-live (TTL). Extensive simulation results show that STALB significantly outperforms other baseline methods (BSaW, TDOR, and TBHGR) regarding overhead ratio, average delivery latency, and average buffer time. Especially, the delivery rate of STALB can reach 99.9% under the sparse network scenario (4,500 messages), at least 0.7% higher than other baseline methods. Similarly, the average delivery delay of STALB is at least 84.31% lower than that of other baseline methods under the dense network scenario (18,000 messages).

Junction Selection Based on Optimal-Weighted Multiple Attributes for VANETs

Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an emerging ad hoc network technology with a promising future but significant limitations, particularly in communication networks. An effective routing system can significantly enhance the performance of VANETs. However, creating an effective routing protocol in an urban context to transport the data packet to the destination is still challenging due to complex road conditions, sporadic connectivity among vehicles, frequent disconnections, and quick changes in network topology. To enhance the accuracy of routing decisions in an urban setting, we propose a novel “multiple attributes decision-making junction selection routing (MADMJSR)” routing protocol based on vehicle position for VANETs. Formerly, most of the research was focused on static weight-based attribute selection for communication rather than optimal values, which led to a drop in junction decision-making accuracy. Our proposed scheme considers the multiple attribute selection and the optimal weight value assigned to each attribute, which significantly improves the routing decision accuracy. The results show a high packet delivery ratio (PDR) gain within minimum latency and less network load. Furthermore, a thorough discussion of the functioning of our proposed protocol is presented along with a detailed performance evaluation in comparison to other protocols.

Dynamic Beacon Distribution Mechanism for Internet of Vehicles: An Analytical Study

In the last decade, with the arrival of the 5G communication technology and the increasing numbers of vehicles being connected to the internet, conventional vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are evolving towards the internet of vehicles (IoV), which makes the co-existence of IEEE 802.11p and 5G-based technologies very important for the design of a heterogeneous IoV system that takes advantage of both. The IEEE 802.11p standard is still the best candidate to support direct communications for safety critical services. In fact, both the ETSI ITS-G5 and the IEEE 1609 standard families adopt the IEEE 802.11p standard as a medium access control (MAC) mechanism, and they require vehicles to exchange periodic awareness messages to avoid dangerous situations. When the density of vehicles increases, the MAC layer will suffer from radio channel congestion problems, and this may affect the various VANET applications, especially safety applications. Therefore, the decentralized congestion control (DCC) mechanism has been specified by ETSI to mitigate the channel congestion; this was achieved by adapting the transmission parameters, such as the transmit power and data-rate. However, many research studies have demonstrated limitations and a low performance of DCC, especially when the channel load is extremely high. To deal with this, in this paper, we investigate a new promising technique, called the transmission timing control (TTC), to control the channel load for periodic cooperative awareness. It consists of spreading the transmissions over time in order to avoid contention on the transmission channel. The objective of the paper is to propose an analytical study to calculate the probability of successful transmission using TTC. The demonstrated results show the efficiency of our timing control-enabled scheme to deal with the channel load on top of different conditions.

Analysis of Congestion Control Mechanisms for Cooperative Awareness in IoV Environments

Traditional vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) have evolved toward the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) during the past ten years with the introduction of 5G communication technology and the growing number of vehicles linked to the Internet. The coexistence of IEEE 802.11p and 5G becomes critical to build a heterogeneous IoV system that benefits from both technologies, being that the IEEE 802.11p standard remains the best option for direct communications and safety-critical applications. The IEEE 1609 standard family and the ETSI ITS-G5 standard family both use the IEEE 802.11p standard as a MAC mechanism. To avoid dangerous situations, vehicles require the periodic exchange of awareness messages. With the increase in vehicle density, the MAC layer will suffer from radio channel congestion problems, which in turn will have a negative impact on the safety application requirements. Therefore, the decentralized congestion control (DCC) mechanism has been specified by ETSI to mitigate channel congestion; this was achieved by adapting transmission parameters such as transmit power and data rate. However, several studies have demonstrated that DCC has drawbacks and suffers from poor performance when the channel load is very high. This paper investigates a new promising DCC technique called transmission timing control (TTC), to reduce the channel load for periodic cooperative awareness. It consists of spreading the transmissions over time to avoid contention on the transmission channel. The objective of the paper is to propose an analytical study to calculate the probability of successful transmission using TTC. Obtained results showed a convergence between the applied experiments and our mathematical model, achieving an error margin of only 5%, which confirms the validity of the equation proposed.

Mobility Aware Zone-Based Routing in Vehicle Ad hoc Networks Using Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm

Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have high mobility and a randomized connection structure, resulting in extremely dynamic behavior. Several challenges, such as frequent connection failures, sustainability, multi-hop data transfer, and data loss, affect the effectiveness of Transmission Control Protocols (TCP) on such wireless ad hoc networks. To avoid the problem, in this paper, mobility-aware zone-based routing in VANET is proposed. To achieve this concept, in this paper hybrid optimization algorithm is presented. The hybrid algorithm is a combination of Ant colony optimization (ACO) and artificial bee colony optimization (ABC). The proposed hybrid algorithm is designed for the routing process which is transmitting the information from one place to another. The optimal routing process is used to avoid traffic and link failure. The fitness function is designed based on Link stability and Residual energy. The validation of the proposed algorithm takes solution encoding, fitness calculation, and updating functions. To perform simulation experiments, NS2 simulator software is used. The performance of the proposed approach is analyzed based on different metrics namely, delivery ratio, delay time, throughput, and overhead. The effectiveness of the proposed method compared with different algorithms. Compared to other existing VANET algorithms, the hybrid algorithm has proven to be very efficient in terms of packet delivery ratio and delay.

Adapted Speed System in a Road Bend Situation in VANET Environment

Today, road safety remains a serious concern for governments around the world. In fact, approximately 1.35 million people die and 2–50 million are injured on public roads worldwide each year. Straight bends in road traffic are the main cause of many road accidents, and excessive and inappropriate speed in this very critical area can cause drivers to lose their vehicle stability. For these reasons, new solutions must be considered to stop this disaster and save lives. Therefore, it is necessary to study this topic very carefully and use new technologies such as Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), Internet of Things (IoT), Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and Embedded Systems to create a new system to serve the purpose. Therefore, the efficient and intelligent operation of the VANET network can avoid such problems as it provides drivers with the necessary real-time traffic data. Thus, drivers are able to drive their vehicles under correct and realistic conditions. In this document, we propose a speed adaptation scheme for winding road situations. Our proposed scheme is based on MAS technology, the main goal of which is to provide drivers with the information they need to calculate the speed limit they must not exceed in order to maintain balance in dangerous areas, especially in curves. The proposed scheme provides flexibility, adaptability, and maintainability for traffic information, taking into account the state of infrastructure and metering conditions of the road, as well as the characteristics and behavior of vehicles.

A privacy preserving CP-ABE-based access control on data sharing in VANETs

Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) enable fast interconnection between vehicles and roadside infrastructure to ensure stable and continuous network services for vehicles. Data sharing, as the primary service of MANET, not only ensures vehicles can access the required information but also supports vehicles in sharing the required information with other vehicles to provide a better travel experience for drivers and passengers. However, without an effective access control scheme to protect data security, the adversaries can collect data transmitted by other vehicles during data sharing and threaten VANET's security by sending fake data. In order to address the current data-sharing scheme for vehicles that collects information from the environment with low efficiency, high maintenance cost and ineffective access control schemes, a secure and effective data-sharing scheme is proposed in this paper by improving the ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption algorithm (CP-ABE). Performance analysis and simulation experiments show that the scheme can achieve secure and efficient data sharing and enhance the driving experience. When the number of attributes is 20, the computational overhead of our scheme in the encryption phase is 3.18% of the compared scheme, while the computational overhead in the decryption phase is 44% of the compared scheme.

Attacks on the Vehicle Ad-hoc Network from Cyberspace

Attacks on the Vehicle Ad-hoc Network from Cyberspace

Preliminary Results of EEBL System for the Smartphone VANET

The Smartphone VANET (Vehicle Ad-Hoc NETwork) is a novel idea to combat the issue of low hardware adoption for dedicated VANET hardware. However, there are many differences between the smartphone and the dedicated hardware it will replace. To account for these differences’ applications have to be designed specifically with the advantages and drawbacks of the smartphone in mind, especially in the case of safety applications. To this end an Emergency Electronic Brake Light (EEBL) application has been developed for the Smartphone VANET (SVANET) to test the feasibility of safety applications on the SVANET. In this paper, we test the EEBL application in a simulation environment, and present the preliminary results.