Vegetative Rootstocks Research Articles

Производственно-биологические характеристики вегетативных подвоев яблони и груши

Research Institute of Fruit and Tea Growing of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic ofAzerbaijan, Quba, Azerbaijan to the "Program and methodology of variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops" of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The monthly growth dynamics for PB-4 was the most intense in August, and for M9 and 62-396 – in August-September. In M 9, 4-5 shoots with a height of 70-104 cm and a diameter of the root neck 8-10 mm were formed on the mother bush, MM 106 – up to 6 shoots with a height of 63- 82 cm and a diameter of the root neck 7-9 mm. In other rootstocks, the number of shoots ranged from 3 to 6, their height ranged from 63 to 111 cm, and the diameter of the root neck randed from 6 (PB-4) to 10 mm (62-396). In the M-9 rootstock, root formation was estimated at 4-5 points, in others – at 2-5. The results of this study help to better understand the similarities and differences in the biology and economically valuable traits of these rootstocks, which provides important clues for all players involved in the fruit growing sector. Key words: Azerbaijan, horticulture, vegetative rootstocks, growth and development, regenerative ability

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ВЫБОРА ПОДВОЯ ПРИ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОЙ РЕПРОДУКЦИИ ИНТРОДУЦЕНТОВ РОДА SYRINGA L. (OLEACEAE) В УСЛОВИЯХ ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The proper selection of rootstock and graft combinations in lilac introducers, in order to take full advantage of grafting, requires a thorough understanding of the synergy of cultivar-rootstock combinations, as well as the identification of factors that may influence this process. The article analyzes the results of three grafting experiments using Syringa vulgaris L. and Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb. seedlings and vegetative rootstocks (rooted shoots) of Syringa vulgaris L. as rootstocks. The grafting material was the dormant buds of four highly ornamental cultivars of S. vulgaris L. – ‘Au- cubaefolia’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Marc Micheli’, ‘Congo’ and the late hybrid Syringa × prestoniae МсКelveу ‘Miss Canada’. It was found that the survival rate of cultivars on a particular rootstock may depend on the systematic affiliation of the mother plants of the cultivars. The best survival rate among all studied cultivars in the climatic conditions of the Orenburg region is achieved when using rooted vegetative shoots of S. vulgaris as a rootstock (over 90%), the worst – on the seed rootstock of S. josikea J. Jacq. ex Rchb. (up to 40%). The influence of the ambient temperature and humidity at the time of oculant fusion on the survival rate of grafts using S. vulgaris L. vegetative rootstock has been demonstrated (Wilcoxon T-test, statistical significance level p <<0.05). It is recommended to select the rootstock individually for each cultivar in order to achieve maximum survival rates of lilac cultivars in the climatic and geographical conditions of the Orenburg region and/or regions with similar conditions.

ORCHARD EVALUATION OF CHERRY VARIETY-ROOTSTOCK ASSOCIATIONS IN THE SECOND YEAR AFTER PLANTING

The cherry is a fruit tree with economic importance, due to its nutritional proprieties, technological and commercial, in Romania finding good conditions for growth and production. The study was conducted at Research Station for Fruit Growing Constanta (RSFG Constanta), in a cherry plot planted in 2020. The objective of the study was to evaluate the orchard, in the climatic conditions of the South-East Romania of some cultivar/rootstock combinations. Ten cherry cultivars, created in Romania, or newly introduced in our country were studied, grafted on two vegetative rootstocks: IPC5 and IPC7. In the two years of the study (2021-2022), observations were made on growth vigor, tree height and on the number of anticipated shoots for each combination studied cultivar/rootstock. In terms of growth vigor, the highest average trunk diameter was recorded for the Daria/IPC7 30.56 mm. The highest average length of shoots was noted in the cherry cultivars Cociuvas and Daria grafted on the rootstock IPC7, which were 129 cm and 118 cm, respectively.

INFLUENȚA UNOR PORTALTOI VEGETATIVI ASUPRA CREȘTERII ȘI FRUCTIFICĂRII LA SOIUL DE PRUN ‘ROMANȚA’

The most popular rootstock in the plum orchards from Romania was ‘Myrobalan’ seedling which is very vigorous, incompatible with some cultivars, causes late bearing and intensive suckering. Recently researches were begun about the vegetative rootstocks suitability to conditions of Romania. In 2018-2022 periods the influence of four vegetative rootstocks (‘Adaptabil’, ‘Mirodad 1’, ‘Mirodad 2’ and ‘Mirobolan dwarf’) comparative with ‘Mirobalan’ seedling on growth, yield and fruits quality at ‘Romanța’ cultivar was carried out at Genetics and Breeding Department, in Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti, Romania. The trees were planted in the spring of 2015 at 4 x 3 m and comprised 3 trees / 3 replications. As results of the investigations we found that: ‘Adaptabil’ and ‘Mirodad 2’ rootstocks induced a very low vigour; ‘Romanța’ cv. yielded significantly better on ‘Adaptabil’, ‘Mirobolan dwarf’ and ‘Mirodad 2’ rootstocks; the largest fruits were obtained when the cultivar was grafted on ‘Adaptabil’, ‘Mirobolan dwarf’ and ‘Mirodad 1’; the best taste was obtained in the case of the ‘Mirobolan dwarf’ and ‘Adaptabil’ rootstocks. In conclusion, it can be said that all the vegetative rootstocks studied had a better influence than the ‘Mirobalan’ seedling on the growth and fruiting of the ‘Romanța’ cv., being able to be recommended for intensive plum orchards.

Обґрунтування конструкційно-технологічних параметрів машини для викопування саджанців плодових культур

The object of the study is the process of performing a technological operation related to the digging of seedlings grown on vegetative rootstocks in the nursery. The purpose of the work is to reduce energy consumption, increase the productivity and quality of the technological operation of digging up seedlings in the nursery grown on vegetative rootstocks by developing a prototype digging plow with better characteristics compared to the existing ones. Research methods - modeling, experiment, analysis, synthesis. As a result of the conducted research, the current state of existing mechanization was analyzed, a technical task was developed for the development of design documentation, design documentation was developed, and a prototype machine for digging seedlings grown on vegetative rootstocks in the nursery was made. The machine is made in a mounted version. Its main structural elements are: a frame, a working body, support wheels and a mechanism for bringing the shaker into oscillating motion. The weight of the machine is about 0.45 tons. The introduction of the developed machine will increase the productivity and efficiency of the technological operation, which will help reduce the cost of production. Research results can be used by both specialized horticultural farms and machine-building enterprises. Key words: digging clamp, soil, separator, oscillation amplitude, frequency, crank, nursery.

Effects of seedling and clonal West Indian rootstocks irrigated with recycled water on ‘Hass’ avocado yield, fruit weight and alternate bearing

ABSTRACT In modern avocado orchards, ‘Hass’ scions are grafted on selected rootstocks. Avocado rootstocks can be propagated via seeds (seedling rootstocks) or by vegetative propagation (clonal rootstocks). As choice of the proper rootstock influences productivity during the orchard's entire life span, it is critical to evaluate the effects of rootstocks on production parameters of the ‘Hass’ scion. We examined the effects of different rootstocks on fruit yield, fruit weight and alternate bearing of ‘Hass’ scions grafted on nine different West Indian rootstocks. The experiments were conducted from 2009–2019 in two commercial plots located in northwestern Israel irrigated with recycled water. Multiyear mean yield and alternate bearing index (ABI) in Afek orchard ranged from 11,032–15,214 kg ha−1 and 0.26–0.5, respectively. Multiyear mean yield and ABI in Gesher Haziv orchard ranged from 12,746–15,047 kg ha−1 and 0.34–0.57, respectively. Results revealed no significant differences in the multiyear production parameters of the examined rootstocks. However, a non-significant advantage was shown for the vegetative rootstocks, most of which had lower ABI values than the seedling rootstocks. Therefore, because vegetative rootstocks are more expensive to produce, it is practically recommended to use the seedling rootstocks. In the future, it is suggested to examine additional vegetative rootstocks.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Grown on Two Rootstocks at Harvest and at the Postharvest Period

Plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as cytokinins (6-benzyladenine; BA) and gibberellins (GAs), are widely used in fruit production. This study focused on the plum cultivar “Čačanska rodna” (P. domestica L.) grafted on vegetative rootstock “WaVit” and generative rootstock Prunus cerasifera, with interstock Prunus spinosa. PGR treatments included 50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1 of BA and 200 mg L−1 of gibberellin A3 (GA3) and non-treated control. Pomological characteristics of plum fruits were examined at harvest, while physicochemical properties were analyzed at harvest and after 28 days of cold storage and 4 days of shelf life. GA3 and BA application changed the fruit morphological traits, improved skin strength, and increased carotenoid, anthocyanin and sucrose content while decreasing the titratable acidity at harvest. The beneficial effects of higher sucrose, anthocyanin and carotenoid levels persisted in all PGR-treated fruits after cold storage and shelf life. GA3-treated fruits had firmer flesh, stronger skin and higher total soluble solids (TSS) content, while in BA-treated plums, these effects were rootstock-dependent. The physical properties and chemical composition of plum fruit in the postharvest period suggest beneficial effects of the applied PGR treatments. Moreover, these chemical treatments might have prolonged the beneficial impact on fruit storability, nutritional profile and sensory properties. Based on our results, GA3 preharvest treatment can be included in standard cultivation practices within contemporary production systems of European plums not only to improve fruit quality at harvest but also to improve the storage potential and nutritional value, regardless of the rootstock used.

Examination of Compatibility of Autochthonous Pear Cultivars from the Region of Northeastern Bosnia with Vegetative Rootstock of the Genus Cydonia sp

Rootstocks of the genus Pyrus are easily adapted to climatic conditions and such trees are more resistant to Erwinia amylovora, but they also have disadvantages because these trees are more lush and difficult to grow in dense composition. The production of pears in a dense composition is a tendency of intensive pear production, and quince rootstocks are used for this purpose, because it is easier to control the height of the stem.
 The increase in the density of the composition in pear orchards is directly related to the use of vegetative rootstocks of less lushness, such as rootstocks of the genus Cydonia sp.The research included five autochthonous pear varieties: Takiša, Jeribasma, Šećerka, Karamut i Huseinbegovača.
 The tests were performed at the location Voćni rasadnik, Špionica, City Srebrenik, Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the vegetation of 2021.
 Morphometric analyzes were performed on a sample of 30 seedlings for each pear variety. Average results are presented using MS Excel software packages.
 Seedlings of grafted varieties on the basis of diameter did not meet the conditions of marketing, while on the basis of vegetative growth, three varieties met the conditions of marketing of planting material. The research was conducted within the project number 02 / 9-712-1-5-4 / 21.
 Grafted autochthonous varieties in the year of grafting showed extremely good adhesion with the vegetative rootstock BA-29, but did not have a good diameter. Due to the possibility of remanence, it is necessary to continue research after planting seedlings in plantations.

Ефективність вирощування перспективних сортів яблуні селекції Інституту садівництва НААН в інтенсивних насадженнях

Goal. To determine the efficiency of growing the best apple varieties, immune to scab, selected in the Institute of Horticulture NAAS, in intensive plantations on vegetative rootstocks. Methods. Field — to observe plant growth and development, measuring and weighing — to determine biometric indicators and yield, analytical — to determine qualitative indicators, statistical — to determine the reliability of experimental data, calculation, and comparison — to determine economic efficiency. Results. The strength of growth, features of productivity formation, and yield of apple varieties in different structures of intensive gardening were studied. The creation of the most efficient plantations in the rainy conditions of the Forest-Steppe was economically justified. According to the set of indicators, the lowest growth force was characterized for trees in high-density plantations (4×0.5 m) with a columnar crown on rootstocks M.9 and M.26, and the highest — on MM.106 when planting 4×2 m, and with the formation of a spindle-shaped crown. In apple cultivars on rootstocks M.9 and M.26 in comparison with MM.106 there was a tendency to increase the specific surface density and chlorophyll concentration in the leaf. The yield of the Skifske Zoloto variety on rootstocks M.9 and M.26 was 16.8–25.4 and 20.7–21.7 t/ha, respectively, while in the variety Dmiana it was 6.2–11.9 and 5,3–26.7% higher. In gardens with unsupported structures on the rootstock MM.106 the yield of varieties varied between 16.1–19.3 and 14.2–22.8 t/ha, and for the placement of trees 4x1 m, it was maximum. Investments in the creation of unsupported plantations on MM.106 amounted to UAH 225800-322500, which is 44.1–49% less than that of trellis-dwarf ones. Depending on the yield of Skifske Zoloto and Dmiana varieties in different garden designs on this rootstock, the profit from 1 hectare was 65.7–79.5 and 48.8–105.2 thousand UAH, respectively, the level of profitability — 62.5–76.1 and 52.4–85.7%, and the payback period of investments — 6.2–7.3 and 6.1–7.6 years. Conclusions. Improving the efficiency of fruit growing is possible due to the reduction of capital intensity by creating plantations of high-yielding immune varieties on rootstock MM.106 with placement on 1 hectare of 1667–2500 trees (planting scheme 4×1.5 and 4×1 m). In the most efficient plantations on this rootstock, the Dmiana variety provided a yield of 22.8 t/ha and profitability of 85.7%, which is 32.3 and 9.6% more, respectively, than the Skifske Zoloto variety.

Productivity and economic efciency of pear-tree plantations under optimized ferilization

Modern technologies of cultivation of seed crops plantations imply high efciency of fruit production while optimizing mineral nutrition of trees. The aim of the research is to increase fruit yield and economic efciency under optimized fertilization of pear trees in a re-growing rain-fed plantation. The results of the research, carried out to study the effect of optimized fertilization on yield capacity, fruit quality and economic efciency of replant pear-tree cultivation, cultivars Conference and Osnovianska (on vegetative rootstock quince A) in different age periods of growth and fruiting, were considered. Based on the results of agro-chemical analyses, the rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were calculated in the way to compensate the lack of N–NO3 (by a nitrifcation ability of the soil) and forms of K2O, available for plant nutrition, and to make their content equal to optimal levels, scientifcally established for apple-tree and recommended for pear-tree plantations. It was found out that the highest yield capacity of the studied pear-trees was recorded with additional application of nitrogen and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers (background+N30, background+N30K30); it was higher by 27.2 and 36.7, 29.8 and 36.1 %, respectively, as compared with the yield capacity of unfertilized trees, and it was higher by 0.6 and 2.6, 4.7 and 4.2 % for the fertilized trees with the annual application of N90 P60K90 (production control); there the correlation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of plant nutrition was less balanced, the total amount of fertilizers was larger though. Fertilization is a leading factor in the formation of the proftability of pear-tree agrocenosis. The use of various cultivars and practices to apply fertilizers in pear-tree plantations has an impact on the economic indicators of fruit production in different age periods of growth and fruiting. Key words: pear-tree, varieties, fertilization, yield capacity, marketable quality, revenue, proftability.

Total and Fractional Composition of Water in Pear Leaves Depending on the Optimised Fertiliser

The water content in tissues is an important indicator of the physiological state of the plant and is of great importance in the comparative assessment of their cultivation measures that increase productivity. One of such measures is rational fertilisation of plantings, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of optimised fertiliser on the water content in pear tree leaves and the fractional composition of water during stressful growing periods. One of the critical problems is drought, which negatively affects the growth and productivity of plantings. Under such conditions, the turgor of plant cells decreases and the passage of biochemical and physiological processes in the plant slows down. The paper considers the results of studying the water regime of leaves (the content of total, available, and inaccessible moisture) of pear varieties Konferentsia and Osnovianska on vegetative rootstock Quince A grown using optimised fertiliser in nonirrigated plantations. The study was conducted in 2011 and 2018 in a certified educational and research laboratory of the Uman National University of Horticulture. It was found that during the age periods of growth and fruiting, there was a change in the total water content in the pear leaves of the studied varieties. Leaves from pear trees of the Konferentsia variety had a higher water content compared to the Osnovianska variety. Fertiliser options increased the total water content in the leaves, which had a positive effect on the condition of the trees. It was found that at the beginning of the growing season, the free water content in the leaves of pear varieties Konferentsia and Osnovianska was higher, while it significantly decreased in the middle of the season. The bound water content was higher in all studied options. Under stressful situations (drought, temperature increase), fertiliser application had a positive effect on the water content in the leaves of both studied pear varieties. The practical significance of the study is to recommend the production of a rational fertiliser system for nonirrigated pear plantations in different age periods of growth and fruiting, which positively affected the water content in leaves and the fractional composition of water during stressful periods of cultivation

ҐРУНТОВІ УМОВИ ТА ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ПОВТОРНО ВИРОЩУВАНОГО ЯБЛУНЕВОГО САДУ ЗА ДОВГОТРИВАЛОГО УДОБРЕННЯ

The issue of scientifically sound fertilizer application in fruit plantations, which are long-term and re-grown in one place remains insufficiently studied. To solve this problem is possible only in long-term stationary studies, as the impact of different fertilizer systems on changes in soil properties and tree productivity for a long period of their use. The results of researches of long-term fertilizer influence on the main fertility indices of dark gray podzolic heavy loam soil and productivity of repeatedly grown apple trees of Idared varieties on seed and vegetative (M4) rootstocks and Calville snow on seedling rootstock are considered. During the 85-year period of growing the first and second generation of apple trees in the experimental garden, the organic fertilizer (40 t/ha of cattle manure), mineral fertilizer (N120P120K120) and their combination (20 t/ha of manure + N60P60K60) were applied in the old plantation every two years in autumn in plowing in rows at 18–20 cm, and in the new repetition: manure, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as well, and nitrogen fertilizer in half doses annually in spring for cultivation or disk plowing to a depth of 12–15 cm. As a result of research it was found that organic fertilizer better than mineral fertilizers provided the formation of soil fertility (humus and mobile compounds and forms of nutrients, soil reaction) and yield capacity of experimental apple trees, which for all years of fruiting exceeded the total yield of Calville snow and Idared on seedling and vegetative rootstocks, respectively, by 34.8, 27.7 and 23.4 % compared with the yield of the control non-fertilized areas and 16.0, 15.8 and 13.2 % – on those fertilized with N120Р120К120. Similar parameters of soil fertility indicators are formed by the organo-mineral fertilizer system with systematic long-term application of half the norms of organic and mineral fertilizers of manure 20 t/ha together with N60P60K60. However, the mineral system (N120P120K120) significantly less increases the humus content and content of macronutrients available for plant nutrition and does not enrich the soil with trace elements, acidifies the reaction of the soil environment

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ З ҐРУНТОВОГО УДОБРЕННЯ ТА ПОЗАКОРЕНЕВОГО ПІДЖИВЛЕННЯ В НАСАДЖЕННІ ГРУШІ

Biological, meteorological and agro-technical factors have an impact on the nutrition level of fruit and berry crops. To reach high productivity, agricultural crops are to be provided with nutrient substances in a proper form and optimal amount. The addition of important components at critical stages of the plant development gives an impulse to create high and quality yield. Fertilization is aimed at satisfying the feeding needs of the trees in certain soil-climatic conditions; the dose is determined for separate elements according to the peculiarities of a fruit crop, a pomological cultivar, a rootstock and a tree age, also mineral nutrition elements in the soil and the possibility for a fruit crop to use them are taken into consideration. The nutrient requirements of fruit trees vary during the growing season. From the moment of budding to flowering, the need for nitrogen increases, the need for potassium and phosphorus constantly increases during the growing season. Rational mineral fertilization in pear-tree orchards should be based on the results of the soil and leaf analyses as well as on a visual estimation of the growth and fruit bearing of the trees (for example, nitrogen, iron). Unfortunately, it is very common for gardens to be fertilized blindly, without controlling the nutrient content of the soil. Excessive fertilization can both decrease fruit yielding capacity and quality and pollute the environment because of the accumulation of fertilizers in the soil and their washing out into soil and surface waters. The survey of literature sources concerning the effect of soil fertilization and top dressing on the growth and general productivity of pear-tree orchards was made. As a result of the analysis made, it has been established that at present no recommendation as to the application of fertilization in pear-tree orchards is available, because most of them were suggested for apple-tree and pear-tree orchards together. However, there is a difference in mineral nutrition of a pear-tree, in particular those on weak rootstock. Which is why, it is relevant to consider the issue of the development of an optimal fertilization system of intensive pear-tree orchards on a vegetative rootstock

The Content Of Chlorophyll And Nutrients In Apple Leaves Depending On Long-Term Fertiliser

An indicator of the condition of plants, depending on the growing conditions, is the state of their leaf apparatus, which is described by the content of chlorophyll and nutrients in the leaf. The leaf of an apple-tree provides synthesis of organic substances, productivity of fruit trees depends on features of its vital activity. As a method of diagnosing the mineral nutrition of fruit crops, the chemical analysis of the leaves is important, the indicators of which reflect the levels of plant nutrients. The results of studies of chlorophyll content and nutrients in the leaves of apple trees of Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed and Idared on seed and vegetative M4 rootstocks in re-grown plantations on mineral nutrition, created by long-term (over 86 years) application of various systems of comfort podzolized soil. Longterm use of organic and organo-mineral fertiliser systems contributed to an increase in chlorophyll content (a+b) in the leaves of Idared apple trees on seed and clone M4 rootstocks and Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed rootstock at different age periods of growth and fructification, which conditioned their further productivity. The content of macronutrients in the leaves of the studied cultivar combinations depended on the age of plantations and fertiliser options. In the most productive period of fructification in the leaves of Idared trees on seed and vegetative rootstocks, the nitrogen content in the areas of fertiliser options was within optimal limits. Among the studied rootstocks in the variant without fertilisers, the highest nitrogen content in the leaves was described by trees on the seed rootstock. In the leaf of the Calville Blanc d'hiver variety, the nitrogen content on the seed rootstocks in the studied variants was within the optimal range, and among the fertiliser variants the highest was for the application of mineral fertilisers. The content of phosphorus and potassium in the leaves of the trees of the studied rootstock combinations in the areas of fertiliser variants was within optimal limits

The influence of rootstocks on the sensitivity of flower buds to frost and the main properties of the ‘Carmen’ sweet cherry cultivar

The study examined the influence of five vegetative rootstocks on the flower bud sensitivity to frost during the period of ecological dormancy and the most important biological and pomological properties of the ?Carmen? sweet cherry cultivar. The ?Carmen? cultivar was grafted on the following rootstocks: ?Colt?, ?Gisela 5?, ?Gisela 6?, ?MaxMa 14? and ?Oblacinska cherry?. Winter frosts occurred during the ecological dormancy of sweet cherry trees. The intensity of frost was between -5?C and -7?C. The percentage of damaged and non-damaged flower buds per fruiting branch was determined by counting (50 flower buds per tree were taken from every part of the canopy and fruiting branches). The highest rate of damage of flower buds was in trees grafted on ?Oblacinska cherry?, an average of 77.2% of flower buds, while the lowest was observed in trees grafted on ?MaxMa 14?, an average of 24.3% of total flower buds. The significantly higher sensitivity of flower buds was found in spur fruiting branches compared to lateral fruiting branches. The fruits of the ?Carmen? cultivar had the earliest ripening on rootstocks ?Gisela 5? and ?Oblacinska cherry?. The ?Carmen? cultivar had the highest yield per tree on the ?MaxMa 14? rootstock, while the lowest yield rate was observed in ?Oblacinska cherry?, 5.4 kg and 1.9 kg, respectively. The highest mass of fruits was noticed in trees grafted on ?Gisela 6?, an average of 11.6 g, while the smallest was recorded in trees grafted on ?Gisela 5?- an average of 9.4 g.

Determination of the effectiveness of microbiological preparations and bioavailable nutrients while growing a vegetative apple rootstock

This article presents the results of a study of the effect of treatment of the root system of the M9 stock with the microbiological preparation Agrinos 1, which is a consortium of natural soil microorganisms - more than 80 strains from 10 families in combination with the preparation Agrinos 2, containing a complex of bioavailable nutrients (macro-, microelements, protein, amino acids, chitin, chitosan) in order to activate metabolic processes, reduce the impact of stress on the plant. The effect of biological products on the survival rate of the stock in the nursery, an increase in the yield and standardization of offshoots, and an improvement in their biometric parameters was established.

INFLUENCE OF VEGETATIVE ROOTSTOCKS ON BIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTION PROPERTIES OF SWEET CHERRY CULTIVAR ‘REGINA’ IN EARLY BEARING PERIOD

The study researched the influence of four vegetative rootstocks on a biological and production properties of sweet cherry cultivar ‘Regina’. The study was carried out during fourth and fifth growing years at an orchard located at the experimental estate “Radmilovac” of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade. Cultivar ‘Regina’ was grafted on the following rootstocks: ‘Gisela 6’, ‘Ma×Ma 14’, ‘Colt’ and ‘Oblačinska cherry’, while trees grafted on P. mahaleb used like a control. The highest yield had trees grafted on rootstock ‘Gisela 6’ (6.5 kg), while the smallest yield had trees grafted on seedlings of P. mahaleb (1.4 kg). Cultivar ‘Regina’ had the highest number of sper fruiting branches on ‘Colt’ (367.2) and the smallest number was recorded on P. mahaleb (154.8), while number of lateral fruiting branches on trees of cultivar ‘Regina’ was between 91.6 (‘MaxMa 14’) and 42.2 (‘Oblačinska cherry’). The highest content of soluble solid matter and sweetness in fruit were on the trees grafted on P. mahaleb.

APPLE TREE REACTION AT DIFFERENT AGE PERIODS OF RE-CULTIVATION ON CHANGES IN THE SOIL NUTRITIVE REGIME UNDER LONG-TERM FERTILIZATION

In order the intensive orchards bear fruit stably and give high yields every year, the mineral nutrition of fruit trees must be balanced with the help of fertilization. The soil fertilization plays an important role in this process, which provides the optimal content of essential mineral elements for fruit trees in optimal quantities. The soil nutritive regime and, accordingly, the yield of apple orchards in such conditions are significantly increased. The results of studies of soil nutritive regime and yield of apple trees of Calville snow variety on the seedling rootstock and Idared variety on the seedling and vegetative M4 rootstocks under re-cultivation on mineral nutrition backgrounds, created by long-term (over 86 years) application of different fertilizer systems on the dark-gray podzolized soil. Long-term systematic application of organic and mineral fertilizers and their combination provided the nitrate nitrogen content in the soil in the range of 26.2-28.6 mg/kg, mobile compounds and forms of phosphorus and potassium – 207-236 and 261-270 mg/kg of soil respectively, which exceeded the optimal levels of their quantity in the dark gray podzolized soil. Such changes in the apple trees supply with the main macronutrients, in particular against the background of systematic long-term application of organic and organic and mineral fertilizers, contributed to an increase in the total yield of experimental varieties by 17-35%. In the first period of growth and fruiting of young apple trees were mostly used for the formation of biomass of nitrogen vegetative organs for the plant fertilization, and in the period of full fruiting of potassium to create a fruit harvest. Increasing the Р2О5 content was ineffective. The higher efficiency of the organic fertilizer system was due to a greater increase in the mineral nitrogen content in the soil, and, especially, movable forms of potassium and a better improvement of physical and biological characteristics of soil fertility, as established by the studies of long-term use. It was found that under the organic fertilizer application the soil is enriched not only with N, P and K, but also with trace elements of mineral nutrition of plants

Rootstock and Interstock Effects on Plum cv. ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ Young Tree Performance and Fruit Quality Traits

Extensive plum production in Serbia has led to a reduction in yield, quality and economic profitability, a transition to intensive production is necessary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different generative (Prunus cerasifera, Prunus cerasifera +Prunus spinosa) and vegetative (WaVit, WeiWa) rootstocks in a dense planting system (4 m × 2 m). The experiment was conducted on early high-quality domestic cultivar ‘Cacanska Lepotica’ characterised by high adaptive ability in different agro-climatic conditions. The orchard was established in 2012 at the Experimental Field for Fruit Growing of the Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad at Rimski Sancevi, and the experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2017. Based on the research findings, Prunus cerasifera rootstock induced higher tree trunk cross-section area, while also enhancing the total soluble solids content in the fruit. Trees grafted on Prunus spinosa interstock with Prunus cerasifera as the rootstock exhibited the smallest vigour, cumulative yield and titratable acidity. On the other hand, vegetative rootstocks increased the fruit yield, weight and size.

Quince Rootstocks Affect Some Vegetative and Generative Traits

ABSTRACT A study was carried out in order to select the most suitable vegetative rootstock for ‘Isfahan’ quince commercial cultivar at the Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, Iran. The effect of four quince rootstocks including BA29, A, B, and C, along with quince and hawthorn seedlings on some qualitative and quantitative traits of ‘Isfahan’ quince cultivar was investigated during 2013–2017. According to the results, the highest and lowest diameter of rootstock, grafting union, and scion were observed in the quince and hawthorn seedlings, respectively. The highest length of the annual branch and the height of the tree was observed in quince seedlings and BA29 rootstocks. Quince seedling had the lowest yield/trunk cross-sectional area (0.22 kg/cm2) and hawthorn (0.35 kg/cm2), QA (0.29 kg/cm2) and BA29 (0.29 kg/cm2) rootstocks had the highest amount of this trait. Characteristics of the fruit were affected by rootstock, so that the hawthorn, BA29, and QA rootstocks induced higher fruit weight, total soluble solid/total acidity, and fruit firmness to the scion. The most leaf iron and magnesium were found in the trees grafted on the hawthorn (69.33 and 71.83 mg/kg) and BA29 (75.57 and 61.07 mg/kg) rootstocks. Nitrogen of leaf in the trees grafted on the BA29 was higher than other rootstocks (2.22%). The highest leaf phosphorus (0.15%) and potassium (1.44%) were observed in the grafted trees on the hawthorn rootstock. According to the results, for the establishment of ‘Isfahan’ quince orchard, three rootstocks including the hawthorn (low growth), QA (medium growth), and BA29 (relatively vigorous) is recommended.