Vegetables In Poland Research Articles

Application of synanthropic plants in the design of green spaces in Warsaw (Poland)

Abstract The aim of the study was to summarize the use of synanthropic vegetation in public green areas of selected Polish cities. The study included issues related to phytosociology and landscape architecture. For this purpose, a literature study was performed. Part 1 identified possible ways of using synanthropic vegetation in the design of public green areas, Part 2 showed examples of such areas from Warsaw. The authors suggested species that can help enrich urban lawns, part 3 contains proposition of plant species composition for more natural lawns in city parks, including synanthropic plants typical for Poland (prepared by the authors). The process of gradual introduction of synanthropic vegetation in Poland was summarized and compared to the trends in Western European countries. The urban policy of Warsaw regarding the mowing of lawns and the use of flower meadows was briefly described, which influences the presence of synanthropic species in the urban environment. A watershed moment for the use of synanthropic species in Poland was identified, as well as the authors‘ predictions for their future use.

Man-Made Changes in the Flora and Vegetation of Poland: Current Review

This paper presents the main directions and range of man-made changes to the vascular flora and their effects at the vegetation level. The native flora of Poland, located in the temperate zone of Central Europe, comprises approximately 2639 species. The effect of human pressure, which began in the Neolithic and has intensified in the last 200 years, has caused changes in the native flora and has included an inflow of 975 alien species, 560 of which have become permanently established. Currently, at least 704 native species are recognized as endangered, and only 623 are recognized as being able to occupy habitats that were created or strongly transformed by humans. Native species (apophytes) and aliens (anthropophytes) have co-created completely new plant communities in these habitats. Among the alien plants, neophytes (399 species) outnumber archaeophytes (161 species). Additionally, many neophytes (123 species) can penetrate seminatural and natural communities. Research has shown that the proportions of apophytes, alien plants, and declining species can be used to clearly differentiate plant communities and be used as an indicator of anthropogenic changes. A comparison of the man-made changes in Polish flora and vegetation in other countries showed that the changes in Poland are part of the global process of environmental degradation and are aggravated by the country’s economic development.

Effect of Osmopriming with Melatonin on Germination, Vigor and Health of Daucus carota L. Seeds

Carrot is one of the most frequently grown vegetables in Poland and in the world. Seed-borne pathogenic fungi negatively influence their quality as well as the quantity and quality of carrot root yield. Melatonin is a PGR, which includes protective effects against biotic and abiotic stress factors and antioxidant effects. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of osmopriming with melatonin on germination, vigor and carrot seeds health. Carrot seeds were osmoprimed in a solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with an osmotic potential of −1.5 MPa at 20 °C for 7 days; melatonin was added to the PEG solution at doses of 25, 50, 100 or 200 µM. Generally, osmopriming with the addition of melatonin significantly improved germination capacity at first and final counts (sample I about 7–14% and sample II 35–43%), reduced the incidence of Alternaria alternata, A. radicina and Fusarium spp. and increased the percentage of non-sporulating hyphae. Treating accelerated the germination of seeds at a significant rate in comparison with untreated seeds and treated with fungicide, especially at low dosage, i.e., 25–50 µM. MGT of primed seeds with the addition of melatonin at dose 25 µM shortened about 0.5 day (sample I) and 1 day (sample II) The effect of melatonin on seed quality parameters was comparable or better than treating with fungicide. The results suggest that melatonin could replace fungicides in the future, which are harmful to the environment.

Butterfly Pests (Lepidoptera) Occurring on Vegetable Crops in Poland

Abstract There are over 2,240 butterfly species of Lepidoptera belonging to 17 families recorded in Poland. Of those, 63 phytophagous species have been noted in vegetable agrocenoses at a level of pest status. They constitute 18% of all harmful entomofauna found on vegetable crops. The species described in this paper are common on all vegetable crops growing in Poland, and all parts of plants. The most abundant pests found on aerial parts of crops include the silver Y moth (Autographa gamma), which causes damage to 20 species of vegetables, and species belonging to the genera Mamestra, Lacanobia and Anarta, which feed on more than 10 vegetable species. Of the polyphagous leaf roller moths (Tortricidae), the most numerous are the species belonging to the genus Cnephasia. Periodically, they pose a significant threat, among others for beetroot, pea, cucumber, and lettuce. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) are dominant butterfly pests on brassica vegetables. A component of harmful entomofauna on onion crops is leek moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella), a species permanently dominant on onion vegetables in Poland since 1930s. The species of the family Depressariidae cause the greatest damage on the generative organs of seed crops, mainly of dill, carrot and parsley. Underground parts of vegetable crops are damaged by cut-worms (Noctuidae), which belong to the group of soil-borne pests. Among more than 60 species belonging to this family, nine cause the greatest damage to vegetable crops. The turnip moth (Agrotis segetum), as a dominant species in recent years, accounted for about 80% of cutworms damaging vegetable crops, and prefers onion, leek, carrot, parsley, celery and corn. Although the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) is considered a polyphagous species, it forms the most abundant populations on maize out of all other crops.

Incidence and genetic variability of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from vegetables in Poland

The aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in various fresh and frozen vegetable products available in Poland. The samples were collected at retail market within the framework of national official control and monitoring program. In the years 2016–2019 a total of 49 samples out of 8712 collected vegetable samples were positive for L. monocytogenes. Our findings demonstrated that the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in various vegetable products was generally low, on average only 0.56% in the studied years. All isolates were susceptible to 11 antimicrobial agents: penicillin, ampicillin, meropenem, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, vancomycin, and tetracycline. All of them harbored virulence-associated genes (inlA, inlC, and lmo2672), 82% harbored inlJ gene and few of them (22%) also possessed the llsX gene. The majority of collected isolates (65%) belonged to molecular serogroup 1/2a-3a, followed by 4ab-4b-4d-4e (33%), and only one to serogroup 1/2b-3b-7 (2%). Isolates yielded 18 different restriction profiles, revealing a large cluster of contamination linked to frozen corn (21 strains) and distributed in 3 pulsotypes. MLST analysis classified selected isolates into nine clonal complexes (CCs). The obtained results contribute to characterizing the diversity of L. monocytogenes isolated from various vegetable products in Poland and their impact on food safety and public health.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ОВОЧЕВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ У РЕСПУБЛІЦІ ПОЛЬЩА

Розглянуто соціально-економічний вплив упровадження інноваційних методів у овочівництво України і Польщі. Досліджено результати діяльності овочівників Республіки Польща, зокрема виконано ранжування країн — членів ЄС-28 щодо розміру посівних площ овочевих культур за підсумками 2016 року. Проаналізовано стан і динаміку врожаю овочів у Польщі за період 2010—2016 рр. відносно ЄС-28, зроблено висновки та узагальнення. Виконано експрес-порівняння стану врожайності овочів у Польщі та Україні за період 2010—2016 рр. Окремо проаналізовано врожайність томатів та огірків і корнішонів, зроблено висновки щодо доцільності використання інноваційного досвіду овочівництва Польщі в Україні.Виконано аналіз основних напрямів інновацій, які застосовують польські овочеві підприємства. Досліджено методи і результати впровадження таких інновацій з погляду на їхню соціальну значущість і вплив на показники ефективності роботи підприємств.Обґрунтовано передумови використання інноваційних технологій в овочівництві та необхідність розроблення довгострокової стратегії впровадження інновацій в українське овочівництво задля підвищення його ефективності та поліпшення продовольчої безпеки держави. Запропоновано інноваційну стратегію розвитку овочівництва в Україні, яка включає: дослідницьку, законодавчу, інституційну, технологічну, енергозберігальну, соціальну, організаційно-стимулюючу, інвестиційну та просвітницьку складові.Розроблено рекомендації щодо впровадження корисного інноваційного досвіду в діяльність овочевих підприємств України.

Microbial quality of organic and conventional vegetables from Polish farms

Microbiological analyses of lettuce, radish, carrot and beetroot were conducted to determine the effect of production system (organic and conventional) on the microbial quality of vegetables in Poland. During 2010–2014 growing seasons, 600 organic and 372 conventional samples were collected from certified farms. The vegetables were analyzed for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Escherichia coli according to Polish standards. The farmer's survey was conducted to collect information on farm management practices. The index (from 0 – no risk to 4 – high risk) of potential contamination of the produce by human pathogens, related to fertilization system was developed.The mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae numbers for the radish and carrot were similar for organic and conventional cultivation systems (mesophilic bacteria 7.0 log10 cfu g−1 and 6.6 log10 cfu g−1; yeasts and molds 5.1 and 4.8; coliforms 1.3 and 1.5; Enterobacteriaceae 2.1 and 2.3 for radish and carrot respectively). Organic lettuce harbored significantly more bacteria than conventional (mesophilic 6.7 log10 cfu g−1 and 6.4 log10 cfu g−1, coliforms 1.8 and 1.4; Enterobacteriaceae 2.5 and 1.9 for organic and conventional respectively). Organic beetroot contained higher number of yeasts and molds (5.1 log10 cfu g−1) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log10 cfu g−1) than conventional (4.9 and 2.5 log10 cfu g−1). The vegetables from organic farms showed significantly higher load of E. coli (on average 0.42 log10 cfu g−1) than conventionally cultivated vegetables (in average 0.05 log10 cfu g−1).The index 0–4 of potential risk of produce contamination by human pathogens was created according to fertilization practices in both farm types. Its value increased with enhanced contribution of manures and other animal wastes. In organic production the main fertilization practice was application of animal manures, composted and not composted. A popular practice was also top dressing of growing plants with fermented plant extracts, sometimes enriched with dungwater. In conventional farming system mineral fertilization was the main source of the vegetable nutrition. Therefore, organic produce indicated higher index of contamination risk (2–4) than conventional vegetables (1–2). High indexes were positively associated with higher number of E. coli. It was found that fertilization system practiced in organic farms may deteriorate sanitary quality of the produce.

Variability of hygro-climatic conditions of forest vegetation in Poland during the period of 1951–2015

Abstract This work presents an assessment of changes in the hygro-climatic conditions determining the vegetation and productivity of forest areas. Selected indices such as the radiant index of climate aridity – RIA, optimal precipitation – Popt, critical value of precipitation – Pkrt and CVP index (Climate, Vegetation, Productivity), which describe annual biomass and wood production under climatic conditions, were used. The analysis is based on standard meteorological measurements taken from 21 stations from the period of 1951–2015. The daily data were employed to calculate the previously mentioned indices, and the next linear trend coefficient was used to assess changes in hygro-climatic conditions. The results show an increasing tendency towards dry climate conditions (positive values of the RIA linear trend coefficient) in a large part of the area consisting of Wielkopolska, the Silesian lowlands, and southern Poland. These areas are also characterized by the fastest increase in the most favourable sum of precipitation Popt and critical precipitation Pkrt for forest vegetation. This means that water resources in the environment and hygro-climatic conditions important for vegetation and the productivity of forest vegetation are deteriorating. On the other hand, the results of the CVP change assessment show an improvement in the climatic conditions influencing vegetation and forest productivity. The greatest positive changes of the CVP index are observed in the areas of south-eastern Poland.

Estimation of diurnal total radiation based on meteorological variables in the period of plant vegetation in Poland

The paper presents selected models for the estimation of diurnal total radiation on the basis of other meteorological variables (using simple data as temperature and rainfall) in the vegetation months in the territory of Poland. For that purpose 6 meteorological stations were selected, having standard meteorological data as well as total radiation data for the period of 2001 – 2010. The stations were chosen so that two of them were situated on the coast, two in the lowland part of the country, and two in the mountains. The models were evaluated with the use of the coefficient of determination R² and the relative error of estimation RMSE with division into 6 months and 6 meteorological stations. In each of the regions the best results were obtained for models 6 and 7 which are combinations of the remaining models and additionally the constructed variable ΔT, used in other non-linear models analysed in the other studies. The best fit for those models was obtained for the mountain stations (R² from 0.67 to 0.75, RMSE from 2.7 to 4.4). The poorest estimation was obtained for the coastal stations (R² from 0.41 to 0.67, RMSE from 2.6 to 5.1). The paper does not indicate the best month in terms of the fitting, due to the high variation of results for the stations and the models.

SELECTED ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS ON THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MARKET IN POLAND (1994-2013)

The article presents the development of selected variables and relationships describing the fruit and vegetable market in Poland during the ten years before and after accession to the EU. Hence, most of the comparisons are shown from the perspective of the two sub-periods: 1994–2003 and 2004–2013. Price fl uctuations of the fruit and vegetable purchase market were discussed, including infl ationary changes and the level of the price index for agricultural production. Determinants of the size of the harvest of fruits and vegetables in Poland and the size of their purchase are also specifi ed. In addition, results of research on the economic situation of selected farms, taking into account the value of production, costs, and revenues are presented. Based on the estimated models they established that the form of household income has indeed been statistically determined through the production value. Among the most important observations, it’s indicated that in the period after Polish accession to the European Union procurement prices showed a positive development for producers in relation to those of 2004, which certainly had an impact on export growth. In the period 2004–2013, compared to 1994–2003, the size of the harvest of fruits increased while that of vegetables fell slightly. It should also be noted that the volatility index of purchase prices in the post-accession period fell for fruit, while in the case of vegetables it rose.

First Report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense Causing Soft Rot on Potato and Other Vegetables in Poland

First Report of <i>Pectobacterium carotovorum</i> subsp. <i>brasiliense</i> Causing Soft Rot on Potato and Other Vegetables in Poland

Methodical basis for Map of Potential Natural Vegetation of Poland

The guiding principles, the method of field record and method of preparation of the map and the legend are discussad. The experienoc concerning the draft sheet just publishad and its expected importance to the science and practice are considered. Differentiation of the vegetation of Poland is presented by the surface method in a final scale l : M, with a later posible mutation to l : 500 000.

Antropogeniczne przeobrażenia roślinności Polski (Tekst objaśniający do mapy) [Anthropogenic changes of the vegetation of Poland (Map in 1:2 000 000 scale and a comment to map)

The concept of a map of the anthropogenic modification of the vegetation of Poland is based on the assumption that the nature of the process of synanthropization lies in substitution of the peculiar or endemic components by cosmopolitic ones, of autochtonic components by allochtonic ones and of stenotopic components by euritopic ones. The 7 degrees constituting the 7 fundamental cartographic units (symbols in the legend) describe the extent and trend of the progressing substitution of natural (autogenic) by anthropogenic vegetation and finally the changes in the latter. The degree of anthropogenic modification of the vegetation in each physico-geographical mesoregion of Poland expressed by one of the 7 degrees (I-VII).

The Polish Vegetation Database: structure, resources and development

The phytosociological database Polish Vegetation Database collects relevés of all vegetation types in Poland. The database was established in 2007 and is located at Department of Biodiversity and Plant Cover Protection, University of Wrocław (&lt;a href="http://synbiot.uni.wroc.pl" target="_blank"&gt;http://synbiot.uni.wroc.pl&lt;/a&gt;). On March 2012, the database included 40000 relevés collected between 1927 and 2011. Most of relevés was taken from published papers and represents almost all types of habitats of Poland. Large groups of relevés represent meadows and pastures (&lt;em&gt;Molinio-Arrhnehteretrea&lt;/em&gt;), broadleaf forests (&lt;em&gt;Querco-Fagetea&lt;/em&gt;), arable land communities (&lt;em&gt;Stellarietea&lt;/em&gt;), coniferous forests (&lt;em&gt;Vaccinio-Piceetea&lt;/em&gt;) and eutrophic reed communities (&lt;em&gt;Phragmitetea&lt;/em&gt;). In comparison to other countries in Central Europe, Polish Vegetation Database currently belongs to medium-sized databases, with full functionality and accessibility. The present article describes its development, basic operational information and how it can be used in analysis of vegetation in Poland.

Changes in the utilization of wild green vegetables in Poland since the 19th century: A comparison of four ethnobotanical surveys

The aim of this paper is to compare the presence of wild green vegetables in four ethnobotanical questionnaires. This range of surveys offers a rich diachronic perspective, possibly unique in ethnobotany. Four archival questionnaires (by other researchers), whose results have been only partly published, were analyzed. They are Rostafiński's questionnaire of 1883-1909, the Gajek team's questionnaires of 1948-1949 and 1964-1969, and Stolicná and Kłodnicki's questionnaire of 2000-2003. Green shoots or leaves of least 58 species (belonging to 43 genera) of wild plants have been used as green vegetables or culinary herbs for nutritional purposes since the 19th century. The disappearance of wild green vegetables from the Polish diet was a gradual process, in which the sequence of disappearance of the species from diet was as follows: (1) Aegopodium & Heracleum, (2) Cirsium, Sinapis & Raphanus, (3) Urtica, (4) Chenopodium, (5) Oxalis, (6) Rumex. In Poland, within the studied time scale, there was no tradition of incorporating more than a few species of wild greens in one dish. Local people usually utilized a small number of taxa, but in large quantities, resorting to some other available species only in times of famine. The relatively low number of wild green vegetables utilized has gradually decreased to practically none, mainly due to replacement by a few cultivated vegetables. This process must have started well before the 19th century, but became most dramatic throughout the 20th century.

Protection of segetal flora and vegetation in Poland (historical outline)

Protection of segetal flora and vegetation in Poland (historical outline) The flora associated with crop land maintained a stable species composition for many centuries until the 1960s when profound and fast changes occured due to human activity. Factors that destructively affect given species, but also whole field communities, are: continuous chemicalization of agriculture (i.e. application of crop protection substances, pesticides, and mainly herbicides, as well as spreading of high doses of mineral fertilizers on crop land), introduction of sewing material that is completely purified from weed seeds, introduction of new races of crop plants, simplification of crop rotation patterns, introduction of new techniques of soil and plant cultivation and draining of cultivated fields. These factors have caused various transformations of the field flora, often abruptly and chaotically, such as the disappearance of numerous weed species. The rate of these transformations varies from country to country, region to region, and even field to field. These facts have made numerous investigators pay much interest to the conservation of the segetal flora, both in cultivated land and in preserved areas, such as national and landscape parks, botanical gardens and open-air museums. The problem of transformations in the segetal flora vegetation is a very important one both from the utilitarian and ‘nature conservation’ point of view.

Apophytes as invasive plants in the vegetation of Poland

Apophytes as invasive plants in the vegetation of Poland Apophytes are native synanthropic plants, i.e. those found in disturbed habitats. Some apophytes with a limited geographic range, which are native to one part of a country, migrate out of their natural communities as "invasive" plants. We selected from the group of apophytes in Poland (more than 220 species) examples of such plants, which after World War II colonized new areas and often new habitats. They include, for instance, coastal species of dunes and salt marshes, or plants used as ornamentals. Moreover, some species of fresh meadows in the south of Poland, are now found in the north in ruderal habitats. The speed of colonization is high, such that in the last 20 years, starting from a few locations, some have taken over almost the entire area of Poland. The expansion of apophytes can be much faster than that of anthropophytes because apophytes have a higher number of diaspores or a shorter period of adaptation in new localities.

Book Review: Late Glacial and Holocene history of vegetation in Poland based on isopollen maps

Book Review: Late Glacial and Holocene history of vegetation in Poland based on isopollen maps

Benefit beliefs, attitudes and behaviour towards fresh vegetable consumption in Poland and Belgium

This paper reports findings from a cross-sectional consumer survey on benefit beliefs, attitudes and behaviour towards fresh vegetables in Poland and Belgium. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) served as basic frame of reference for the analysis of consumer's decisions towards fresh vegetables. Benefit beliefs were investigated through principal component analysis and used for belief-based market segmentation. Health and prevention, hedonism, and nutrition are found to be the main beliefs associated with eating fresh vegetables. Three distinct clusters with different socio-demographic composition, attitudes and behaviour emerged. The findings point towards a need for greater attention to young males in future health communication, irrespective of nationality. Polish consumers claim lower fresh vegetable intake, despite stronger health benefit beliefs as compared to Belgians. Potential explanations for cross-national differences may pertain to the availability and variety of fresh vegetables, particularly during winter time. Investigation of the TPB confirms a strong positive predictive link between attitude and behavioural intention of eating fresh vegetables, as well as between intention and behaviour in the strict sense. Perceived behavioural control and subjective norm were insignificant as determinants of behavioural intention in the TPB model.

Highly toxic thallium in plants from the vicinity of Olkusz (Poland)

Thallium is a highly toxic metal that plays no role in the metabolism of plants or animals. Recent studies using small mammals and bird feathers as bioindicators demonstrated for the first time that animals from the vicinity of the Bolesław metal works near Olkusz (southern Poland) had large amounts of thallium in their tissues. Because of concern over these reports, four plant species ( Plantago lanceolata, Biscutella laevigata, Dianthus carthusianorum, Silene vulgaris) growing wildly in the same area on a 100-year-old calamine waste heap, as well as the waste heap soil, were examined. The average concentration of thallium in the waste heap soil was 43 mg Tl/kg dry wt, with the highest value 78 mg Tl/kg dry wt. P. lanceolata accumulated extremely large amounts of thallium (average, 65 mg Tl/kg dry wt; maximum 321 mg Tl/kg dry wt in roots). S. vulgaris and D. carthusianorum accumulated much less (averages, 10 and 6.5 mg Tl/kg dry wt, respectively). On the other hand, B. leavigata accumulated negligible amounts of thallium in its tissues. The concentration of thallium in plants (shoots, roots) from the calamine waste heap was 100–1000 times the level normally found in plants (0.05 mg Tl/kg dry wt). Possible sources of thallium are discussed and the urgent need for large-scale studies on thallium contamination of soils and vegetation in Poland, especially its southern regions, which are the most industrialized, is pointed out.