Winter Vegetables Research Articles

Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Physicochemical and Bioactive Compounds of Selected Green Vegetables in North Eastern Region, Bangladesh

This study evaluated the effects of three cooking methods, including boiling (100 oC, 5 min), steaming (7.5 min), and microwave (900 W, 1 min) on physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds of three widely consumed winter vegetables in Bangladesh, such as green bean (Lablab purpureus), cabbage (Brassicaoleracea var. capitata), and mustard leaf (Brassica juncea). The ascorbic acid (AA) content was decreased significantly after all cooking treatments. In general, the AA retained by different vegetables was highest after microwave cooking and lowest after boiling. Cooked vegetables contained more β-carotene than fresh vegetables, and maximum retention was observed after steaming. However, total flavonoid contents were decreased slightly for all treatments. With the exception of cabbage, both steaming and microwave cooking enhanced significantly (P<0.05) the polyphenol content (TPC) in all vegetables. The highest TPC was found in the green bean during boiling (72.5 mg GAE/100 g), and the lowest was found in cabbage with steaming (35.58 mg GAE/100 g). There is a significant increase in antioxidant activity after boiling and steaming, except microwave cooking of cabbage and mustard leaf. However, the lightness (L*) of all vegetables decreased for each cooking method, but the greenness intensity increased after microwave cooking. Overall, cooking can alter the food's physical and nutritional content but depend on vegetables and the method of cooking.

Socio Economic Status of Farming Community of Char Area of Dhubri District, Assam

The present study delves into the Socio-economic Status of Farmers of Char area of Dhubri district of Assam. The study was confined to the selected Char areas of the district, namely Faujdar Char, Simlabari and Bamunpara Part IV village. The quantitative study collected information using personal interview of each farmer through a semi-structured questionnaire. A multistage purposive cum random sampling design was followed for the purpose. A total sample of 150 farmers were randomly selected from the three indicated villages during 2021. This study revealed that farmers were of poor economic condition with low literacy and knowledge about agricultural methods. The farmers grow only rice, jute, summer and winter vegetables and without any awareness about their improved management practices. It is imperative that the introduction of modern agricultural technologies can uplift the present socioeconomic status of the farming community in the Char areas.

THE EFFECT OF BLANCHING TEMPERATURE ON THE TEXTURE OF LACTIC FERMENTED CUCUMBERS (Cucumis sativus L.)

In the history of mankind, the use of canned vegetables has been a source of ensuring a diverse range of vegetables in winter and has led to the development of cropping systems with technological features specific to industrialization. The effects of blanching temperature on the texture and quality of cucumber fruits under the conditions of lactic fermentation have been important topics of study over time. In comparison, in this paper we studied the complex influence of fermentation time (25 days) and temperature level (22 °C) on qualitative aspects such as pH level, total acidity and salt concentration change. Two different temperatures were also used for blanching with the salt solutions, 96 °C and 67 °C. The results of this study show that iodized sea salt was useful for whole pickles because they showed a better taste and texture. Pickled cucumbers blanched at 96 °C showed a better texture and lower acidity than those at 67 °C.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETING SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE )FIELD STUDY ON TOMATO CROP(, In Arabic

Al-Sharki Governorate is considered one of the important governorates in the production of vegetable crops, as the total area of ​​vegetables in Sharkia governorate reached about 154,295thousand feddans in 2017, which is divided into winter vegetable crops, which reached a total area of ​​about 83,,300thousand feddans, or about 54% of the total area of ​​vegetables in the Sharkia governorate. The total area of ​​summer green vegetables, which amounted to about 66, 766thousand feddans, which represents about 43,3% of the total area of ​​vegetables in the governorate, while the total area of ​​the Nile vegetables is about 4, 229thousand feddans and represents about 2,7% of the total area of ​​the governorate of the green area. The three are vegetable crops in Sharkia Governorate. The winter tomato crop is one of the largest vegetable crops grown in the Sharkia governorate. Its cultivated area is about 35, 105thousand feddans, representing about 42,1% of the total area cultivated with winter vegetables in the Governorate. Conclusively, the results of the seasonal index showed the remarkable fluctuation in consumer prices for tomato crops at the level of both the Republic and the Eastern regions.

PERFORMANCE OF WINTER VEGETABLES CULTIVATION IN MANGO FRUIT TREE BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

An experiment was conducted at the farmers’ fields of Naovangar char, Bolaier char and Laxmir char under Jamalpur and Sherpur region, Bangladesh. This experiment was also conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur, Bangladesh during the winter season of 2018-2019, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021.The objectives were to evaluate the performance of radish, sweet gourd and mustard leaf cultivation under mango fruit tree based agroforestry system, to increase the production of vegetables by using the fallow land under mango garden and to increase income of the farmers in char areas of Jamalpur and Sherpur. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Three years experimental results revealed that, at Naovangar char, the highest radish equivalent yield (30.66 t ha-1), gross return (Tk.306600 ha-1), net return (Tk.225600 ha-1) and BCR (3.7) were found from radish cultivation followed by sweet gourd and the lowest from mustard leaf cultivation (17.22 t ha-1, Tk, 172200 ha-1, Tk. 101200 ha-1 and 2.4 respectively). At Bolaier char, the highest radish equivalent yield (30.33 t ha-1), gross return (Tk.303300 ha-1), net return (Tk.219800 ha-1) and BCR (3.6) were found from radish cultivation followed by sweet gourd and the lowest from mustard leaf (17.88 t ha-1, Tk, 178800 ha-1, Tk.106800 ha-1 and 2.4 respectively).At Laxmir char, the highest gross return, net return and BCR also followed the same trend. At RARS, Jamalpur, vegetables production under agroforestry system also followed same pattern. Radish cultivation exhibited remarkably higher radish equivalent yield (32.74 t ha-1), higher gross return (Tk 327400 ha-1), net return (Tk 238400 ha-1) and BCR (3.6). The mustard leaf cultivation recorded the poorest performance regarding the said parameters. Prior to considering the obtained results from the study, it can be concluded that radish cultivation under agroforestry systems are more profitable than other winter vegetables cultivation. So, vegetables radish cultivation under mango fruit tree based agroforestry system might be encouraged in Jamalpur and Sherpur region in Bangladesh.

Economic assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) – Spinach (Basella alba L.) intercropping system for improving the livelihood of smallholders’ in South-Asia

Economic assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) – Spinach (Basella alba L.) intercropping system for improving the livelihood of smallholders’ in South-Asia

Detecting Winter Cover Crops and Crop Residues in the Midwest US Using Machine Learning Classification of Thermal and Optical Imagery

Cover crops are an increasingly popular practice to improve agroecosystem resilience to climate change, pests, and other stressors. Despite their importance for climate mitigation and soil health, there remains an urgent need for methods that link winter cover crops with regional-scale climate mitigation and adaptation potential. Remote sensing is ideally suited to provide these linkages, yet, cover cropping has not been analyzed extensively in remote sensing research. Methods used for remote sensing of crops from satellites traditionally leverage the difference between visible and near-infrared reflectance to isolate the signal of photosynthetically active vegetation. However, using traditional greenness indices like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for remotely sensing winter vegetation, such as winter cover crops, is challenging because vegetation reflectance signals are often confounded with reflectance of bare soil and crop residues. Here, we present new and established methods of detecting winter cover crops using remote sensing observations. We find that remote sensing methods that incorporate thermal data in addition to traditional reflectance metrics are best able to distinguish between winter farm management practices. We conclude by addressing the potential of existing and upcoming hyperspectral and thermal missions to further assess agroecosystem function in the context of global change.

Effect of north wall internal surface structure on heat storage-release performance and thermal environment of Chinese solar greenhouse

Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) is an energy-saving agricultural building which is used to grow vegetables in winter. The north wall of CSG plays an crucial role in concerning the production yield and quality during the winter months. To improve the thermal performance of north wall, different internal surface structures (ISS) with same materials were compared. Based on the field experiment and the proposed valuation, the dynamic heat storage-release characteristics of the north walls have been analyzed and discussed. The results showed that compared with the flat wall and the striped wall, the alveolate wall has better properties of heat storage and thermal insulation. Moreover, relative humidity in this type of greenhouse is more suitable for growing crops. The alveolate wall can improve indoor thermal environment and reduce the sensitivity to external environment. The obtained results can provide a basis for the scientific construction of the CSG north wall. It has significant potential for the area in high latitude, high altitude and long winter.

Impact of blanching pretreatment on physicochemical properties, and drying characteristics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is popular winter vegetables cultivated all over Bangladesh and contains essential nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pre-blanching on the preservation of cabbage by drying. In this research work, cabbage was blanched at 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C temperature for 12, 8, and 2 mins, respectively. Then the samples were dried at 60°C maintaining 60% relative humidity. The moisture and ash content of untreated and treated dried samples was in the range of 16.07±0.04 to 10.80±0.01% and 5.71±0.06 to 3.81±0.02%, respectively. The total phenolic content in cabbage was 74.47±0.63 mg GAE/100g at 100°C blanching temperature for a short time of 2 mins, which was higher compared to 61.91±0.48 mg GAE/100g at 80°C for 12 mins. It was observed that the antioxidant activity and two water-soluble vitamins-ascorbic acid and beta carotene decreased in pre-blanched dried samples in contrast with fresh ones. Blanching at higher water temperature and a short period was found useful for the retention of total phenolic content and greenness of cabbage. Blanching pre-treatments were also found to have better color retention capacity than untreated dried cabbage. A proper combination of drying time and temperature, along with the incorporation of blanching pretreatment, might be useful to preserve cabbage for a long time.

Pesticide Residue Analysis from Winter Vegetables Collected from Six Markets of Rajshahi Bangladesh

Pesticide residues in vegetables have become a major concern associated with food safety issues. Five types of winter vegetables like bean, brinjal, tomato, cauliflower and cabbage were collected from six markets of Rajshahi District during January, , 2019 in Bangladesh. Residues of commonly used pesticides (Acephate, Dimethoate, Diazinon, Fenotrothion, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos and Quinalphos) in winter vegetable samples were determined using Gas Chromatography-Flame Thermionic Detector (GC-FTD) procedures. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method with acetate buffering (AOAC Official Method 2007.01) was used for sample preparation. Out of 30 samples, pesticide residues were found only in one brinjal and two tomato samples. The result showed that tomato samples collected from Shaheb bazar and Kharkhari bazar of Rajshahi City contained 0.047 mg/kg and 0.139 mg/kg dimethoate residue, respectively. Brinjal sample collected from Shalbagan bazar, Rajshahi, contained 0.052 mg/kg dimethoate residues. The detected pesticide residue dimethoate of these three samples was higher than maximum residue level (0.01 mg/kg).
 Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 12(1&2): 43-50, 2019

Evaluation of Bush Type French Bean Varieties through Organic Farming in South Chhotanagpur Plateau of Eastern India

Background: French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important protein-rich winter vegetable of our country but extensively grown in south Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand during both kharif and rabi seasons. However, indiscriminate uses of agrochemicals lead to production of poor quality pods of the crop due to residual toxicity. Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of the crop varieties based on their yield and quality traits expression under organic growing condition.Methods: The present investigation was carried out by adopting five bush type varieties of French bean (V1: Arka Komal, V2: Swarna Priya, V3: HAFB-2, V4: HAFB-4 and V5: Falcon). They were grown independently under two growing conditions viz. organic farming (Oi) where FYM, vermicompost and Shasyagavya were used as organic inputs and absolute control (O0) where no organic input was applied. These varieties were grown with their four replications in each of the experimental situate following RCBD experimental design. Different yield and its attributes and proximate quality traits were studied under both growing conditions for their evaluation.Result: Findings revealed that most of the studied traits were influenced by organic growing condition with significant differences among varieties to pod length, pods per plant, pod weight, green pod yield, ascorbic acid, TSS and protein content. Consequently, the maximum green pod yield (17.55 t ha-1) was estimated in HAFB-4 under organic growing condition as against 7.57 t ha-1 under the absolute control condition. Different proximate quality traits were also expressed independently under different varietal situates but responded better under organic growing condition than its respective absolute control counterpart.

Comparative Nutritional and Antioxidant Compounds of Organic and Conventional Vegetables during the Main Market Availability Period

Seven winter and five summer vegetables produced under organic and conventional systems were collected from a supermarket seven times between January and April and between July and October for winter and summer vegetables, respectively, and their ascorbic acid and total phenolic content (compounds with proven antioxidant activity) as well as total antioxidant capacity, soluble solids and nitrates were determined. The results clearly indicated that, from the three factors studied (vegetable species, cropping system and sampling time), vegetable species made the highest contribution to ascorbic acid, phenolics, antioxidant capacity, soluble solids and nitrates. Results for each vegetable species showed that most organic vegetables appear to have lower nitrate content, some have higher phenolics, antioxidant capacity and soluble solids, and only few have higher ascorbic acid compared with conventional vegetables. The significance of the differences in nutritional and antioxidant value between organic and conventional vegetables is questionable, since vegetable species and sampling time can affect their nutritional value to a great or greater extent than the cropping system.

Impact of some agricultural technology intervention in moutala village of west bengal towards doubling farmers’ income

Agriculture sector plays a pivotal role for transformation of rural economy in India. Most of the time, farming community fails to identify and implement suitable agro-technology for sustainable production. In this backdrop, attempts have been made by Sasya Shyamala KVK to develop a model village using modern and relevant agricultural technologies that could enhance production as well as farm income. Based upon the survey, Moutala village under Baruipur block of West Bengal was selected for technology show-casing suitable for their dissemination. After analysing different PRA tools, it has been observed that chilli cultivation, winter vegetables cultivation, backyard poultry rearing and homestead piggery were prime areas for technological intervention with a view to increase family income. Therefore, training and frontline demonstration of cutting edge technologies were conducted during the year 2016–17. Implemented technologies included: border netting and organic bio stimulant in chilli leaf curl management, cultivation of high value winter vegetables, development of micro hatchery for improvement of IFS based poultry farming and existing pig breed replacement using Ghungroo piglets. After successful demonstration, it was found that significant amount of additional income was incurred after adopting above technologies. It can be concluded that these proven technologies have the potential for doubling farmers’ income and should be integrated in IFS models.

Vegetation in Bulgaria according to data from satellite observations and NASA models

Introduction. The condition of the vegetation cover can be traced from Space. Aim of the research. To assess the condition of the vegetation cover in Bulgaria during the last twenty years – its distribution over the country, its change in connection with the typical climatic changes, its seasonal change. Material and methods. The vegetation index NDVI according to NASA data was used to analyze the condition of the vegetation cover in Bulgaria for the years 2000-2020. The methods used were: seasonal data decomposition, t-test, GIS methods for spatial representation of data, Fourier analysis. Conclusions. 1. During the summer months the vegetation in the eastern parts of the territory of Bulgaria is noticeably weaker than in the western parts. The influencing factors-drought and frequent fires are probably related to global warming. 2. For the territory of Bulgaria there is a seasonal rotation of the horizontal gradient of the vegetation index in a counterclockwise direction-from east to west in summer, from northeast to southwest in autumn and from north to south in winter. 3. There is a winter increase in vegetation for Northern Bulgaria and to the greatest extent for Northeastern Bulgaria, as well as for Southwestern Bulgaria. Together with the decreasing snow cover, the winter vegetation contributes to the drought in the eastern parts of the country.

Box-Jenkins Approach to Model Production Behavior and Forecasting Winter Vegetable of Bangladesh

Box-Jenkins Approach to Model Production Behavior and Forecasting Winter Vegetable of Bangladesh

Düzce ili karayaprak lahanası bahçelerinde belirlenen yararlı, zararlı böcek türleri ve biyo-ekolojileri

Karayaprak lahanası (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen en önemli kışlık sebzeler arasındadır. Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin batısında bulunan Düzce ili karayaprak lahanası bahçelerinde faydalı ve zararlı türleri belirlemek amacıyla 2016-2017 yıllarında sürvey çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda 4 takıma bağlı 7 familyadan 18 zararlı türü ve 4 takıma bağlı 4 familyadan 5 faydalı tür tespit edilmiştir. Karayaprak lahanası bahçelerinde Lahana beyazsineği, Aleyrodes proletella L. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)’nın ana zararlı konumunda olduğu ve bu zararlının önemli olabilecek seviyelerde popülasyon oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra yaprak bitleri Brevicoryne brassicae L., Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)’nın da karayaprak lahanasında zarara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Bazı bahçelerde ise yaprak pireleri Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, P. atra Fabricius, P. variipennis Boieldieu, P. striolata Fabricius ve P. undulata Kutschera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) ile Lahana kelebeği Pieris brassicae (L.) ve P. rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)’nın da zaman zaman önemli zararlı türler olarak ortaya çıktığı saptanmıştır. Karayaprak lahanası bahçelerinde Encarsia tricolor Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) ve Clitostethus arcuatus Rossi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)’un ise en yaygın faydalı türler olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Performance of organically grown garden pea varieties in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India

Garden pea is one of the most popular winter vegetables in India and the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India is well-known for its quality production. However, indiscriminate uses of different agrochemicals in the production cycle of the crop reduces its quality. Besides, the high cost concerning chemical farming is practically out of reach to the small and marginal farmers of the eastern Indian plateau. In this context, low-cost involving alternative approach of organic farming that has the potential to produce quality yield is gaining popularity. The experiment consisted of seven commonly cultivated garden pea varieties of the region, namely, V₁:GS-10, V₂: HAEP-1, V₃: HAEP-2, V₄: Swarna Mukti, V₅: Swarna Amar, V₆: Azad Pea-3 and V₇: Azad Pea-1 grown through the application of three organic liquid manures <i>viz. </i>T₁: <i>Shasyagavya</i> (10 %); T₂: <i>Sanjeevani</i> (10 %); T₃: <i>Enriched Sanjeevani </i>(10 %) and including control (T₄) where no liquid formulation was applied during <i>rabi </i>growing season of two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) by adopting Factorial RBD experimental design. Different growth, yield, and quality attributing characters of the crop were studied and found to be significant under different treatments. Results revealed that V₅ is the best-performing variety in terms of green pod yield (19.55t ha^-1). However, when treatment and varietal interactions were taken into consideration, T₃V₆ was the best combination with green pod yield of 23.10 t ha^-1. Quality attributes like TSS, starch, protein and ascorbic acid content of green peas performed significantly better independently under different treatments than control. From the findings, it may be concluded that Swarna Amar and Azad Pea-3 were highly responsive to organic liquid manure especially ‘<i>Enriched Sanjeevani’</i> in terms of their growth, yield and quality traits expressions in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India.

Malta-based agroforestry system: an emerging option for improving productivity, profitability and land use efficiency

The fruit tree-based agroforestry system (FAFS) is an important component of Bangladesh's highland cropping systems that provides multiple benefits, including offering solutions to declining agricultural land and countering the effects of climate change. The present research involved the transformation of an early stage of malta (Citrus sinensis) orchard into AFS, where the performance of winter vegetables (broccoli and pea) and year-round spices (ginger and turmeric) were investigated in a distant-dependent manner, and afterward compared with the corresponding crops grown in open-field condition (control). The results demonstrate that the growth and yield-related attributes of vegetables and spices were less impeded in AFS as contrasted with the performances of corresponding open-field crops. These findings strongly suggest that the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), which is indispensable for crop growth, was less interfered in FAFS by the less dense canopy of young malta trees. Nonetheless, spices and crops that were grown closer to the base of the malta tree and either from ginger or turmeric raised bed, respectively, often produce less yield, which could be attributable to the competition of below-ground resources between trees and crops. Among different combinations of agroforestry systems, the highest benefit–cost ratio (2.92) was noted in the malta-broccoli-turmeric combination, while the highest land equivalent ratio was reported in the malta-broccoli-ginger amalgamation (2.01), which coincided with judicious use of supplied inputs (fertilizers, irrigation) as well as augmented soil fertility. Concisely, the current study concluded that AFS focused on malta, spices and vegetables, could be an excellent alternative to the highland cropping system in Bangladesh to ensure higher economic returns, optimize land use and soil fertility, and promote food and nutrition security.

Morphological variability of red head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. subvar. rubra) populations

Red head cabbage is among the significant winter vegetables largely produced in various parts of the world and Turkey. This study was conducted for morphological characterization of red head cabbage populations supplied from different gene banks of the world and to determine similarities and differences among the genotypes. Morphological characteristics of the genotypes were defined in accordance with the criteria of International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IBPGR). Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate variations in 27 traits of red head cabbage populations. The first nine principal component axes accounted for 73.96% of the total multivariate variation among the populations. The first principal component (PC1) were the most important component and red head cabbage traits that constitute the PC1 (plant diameter, weight of head, length of head, diameter of head and head volume) were in fact the characteristics considered by breeders to be of greatest importance in cabbage breeding. Experimental data were also subjected to cluster analysis and it was observed that red head cabbage populations were clustered in eight groups. The dendrogram generated to assess the similarities of the populations revealed a high variation among the genotypes. These results are very important for hybrid red head cabbage breeding studies and can help breeders to select genotypes with the desired traits in redhead cabbage.

Wild Radish: Biology and Control

Wild radish is one of the most common and problematic pasture weeds in the Florida Panhandle. It is found throughout the state and can be a serious pest in other crops including peanut, corn, and winter vegetables. This publication provides information concerning the biology and growth of wild radish, the problems associated with its presence in wheat and other small grains as well as cover crops, and methods for control and management.&#x0D; Previous version:&#x0D; Ferrell, J., and G. MacDonald. 2005. “Wild Radish--Biology and Control”. EDIS 2005 (11). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/115117.