Vegetable Protein Intake Research Articles

Low carbohydrate diet score and odds of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A case-control study.

Introduction: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease of The Central nervous system. We aimed to investigate the association between low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and NMOSD odds. Method: Seventy NMOSD patients with definite diagnosis and 164 hospital-based controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Dietary data was obtained using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire. To determine the LCD score, participants were stratified into 11 groups according to carbohydrate, protein, fat, animal fat, animal protein, vegetable fat and vegetable protein intakes. Higher intake of protein and fat, and lower intake of carbohydrate received a higher score between 0-10. Macronutrients scores were summed together and LCD scores calculated. The association between LCD scores and likelihood of being assigned to NMOSD group was investigated using multiple regression models. Results: Total LCD scores increased from the median of 21.00 in the first decile to 53.00 in the tenth decile of LCD score. After adjustment for confounding factors including age, gender, BMI, energy intake, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, an inverse association was detected between LCD scores and odds of NMOSD. The odds of suffering from NMOSD declined significantly about 78% (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.05-0.87) and 76% (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06-0.93) in the fifth and sixth deciles of LCD score compared to the first decile. Conclusion: From the obtained results it can be speculated that higher carbohydrate and lower protein and fat intakes may be associate with the increased odds of NMOSD. However, further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Mediterranean diet and all-cause mortality: A cohort of Italian men

Background and AimsThe present study analyzes the relation between diet and all-cause mortality in a cohort of Italian men residing in different regions of Italy. Methods and ResultsThe cohort was established using the members of the Associazione Nazionale Alpini, a voluntary organization that enlists individuals who have served in the Alpine troup; a mountain warfare infantry corps of the Italian Army. For the purpose of these analyses a total of 5049 participants were followed for an average of seven years. At baseline information was collected regarding age, education, life style habits, with special emphasis on diet (with the use of a validated dietary questionnaire), smoking and alcohol use. A total of 190 deaths were ascertained. In multivariate analyses the consumption of a Mediterranean type diet was inversely associated with mortality. Additional findings of relevance include: an inverse association between mortality and intake of vegetable fats and proteins, monounsaturated (MUFA) fats of vegetable origins, starch and folic acid. Positive association were evident between mortality and intake of animal fats, MUFA of animal origins and sugar. ConclusionsThis study, focusing on a homogenous cohort characterized by a varied intake and high intake of monounsaturated fats, confirms the inverse association between a Mediterranean type diet and mortality and points out that the nature of the MUFA may be relevant for their effects on health. In addition, the study confirms that fats of animal origins and dietary sugar are associated with an overall deleterious effect on mortality.

Consumption of Different Egg-Based Diets Impacts Body Composition in Young Healthy Adults

Abstract Objectives Consumption of whole eggs vs. egg whites has been associated with differential effects on satiety and post-exercise skeletal muscle synthesis. We investigated whether daily intake of whole eggs, egg whites, or an egg-free diet differentially altered markers of body composition in a general population of young healthy adults who were not participating in a standardized exercise program. Methods Young, healthy men and women (18–35y, BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 26) participated in a randomized crossover intervention trial where they followed an egg-free diet for 4 weeks, then were randomized to consume either 3 whole eggs or 3 egg whites per day for 4 weeks. Subjects then followed a second 4-week egg-free diet washout period before switching to the alternative egg treatment. All subjects were instructed to maintain their baseline physical activity practices throughout the study. At the end of each diet period, body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance and dietary nutrient intake was analyzed. Fasting serum samples were collected to measure fasting serum lipids, glucose, and markers of protein status. Results There were no differences in dietary intake of total calories, carbohydrates, or protein between the egg-free, whole egg, and egg white diet periods. There were similarly no differences in fiber, sucrose, or animal vs. vegetable protein intake between diet periods. Conversely, whole egg intake resulted in greater intake of vitamin D, cholesterol, and total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat. In assessing body composition, modest increases in body weight and body mass index were observed during the egg white period as compared to the whole egg and egg-free diet period. However, while changes in fat-free mass and muscle mass between diet periods did not reach significance, body fat mass was modestly increased following the whole egg diet as compared to the egg-free diet. No differences in fasting serum lipids, glucose, or markers of protein status were observed between diet periods. Conclusions Our findings indicate that different egg-based diets are associated with modest changes in body composition in young healthy adults. Funding Sources This study was funded by an Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Dietary Pattern Indices and Incident Peripheral Arterial Disease in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Objectives We aimed to evaluate diet quality as reflected by multiple a priori dietary pattern indices in relation to incident PAD. Methods We included 138,506 US postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years without known PAD at baseline (1993–1998) of the Women's Health Initiative. Score of 4 dietary pattern indices, including the alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) index, the alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet index, and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, were derived using data collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Incident cases of symptomatic PAD in the lower extremities were ascertained and adjudicated through March 2019 by reviewing medical record. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for multiple potential confounders including known risk factors for PAD (i.e., smoking, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes). Results During a median 18.6 years of follow-up, 1036 incident cases of PAD were identified. All 4 dietary pattern indices were inversely associated with risk of PAD. The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) comparing the highest with the lowest score quartiles were 0.74 (0.61–0.91) for aMED index (P-trend across quartile = 0.010), 0.79 (0.65–0.95) for AHEI-2010 (P-trend < 0.001), 0.66 (0.55–0.80) for DASH index (P-trend < 0.001), and 0.68 (0.56–0.82) for HEI-2015 (P-trend < 0.001). Among major foods/nutrients contributing to these dietary patterns, intakes of whole grains (top vs. bottom quartile, HR = 0.81; P-trend = 0.01), legumes (HR = 0.77; P-trend = 0.004), dietary fiber (HR = 0.78; P-trend = 0.01), and vegetable protein (HR = 0.76; P-trend = 0.006) were associated with lower risk of PAD, whereas intakes of red meat (HR = 1.38; P-trend = 0.003), processed meat (HR = 1.36; P-trend = 0.004), and regular soft drinks (HR = 1.26; P-trend = 0.01) were associated with higher risk. Conclusions Adherence to various recommended dietary patterns is associated with lower risk of PAD in a nationwide cohort of US postmenopausal women. Our findings may extend the range of cardiovascular diseases that are potentially preventable by adopting a healthy dietary pattern. Funding Sources National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Protein intake and breast cancer incidence and mortality.

1569 Background: Associations between dietary protein intake and breast cancer are unclear, in part due to limitations of dietary self-report. Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) investigators compared the accuracy of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data on energy and protein intake with objective measures of dietary intake using biomarkers (doubly labeled water for energy and urinary nitrogen for protein [n=544]). Subsequently, regression equations incorporating participant characteristics were developed acknowledging differential reporting dietary data errors based on participant characteristics (Neuhouser Am J Epidemiol). FFQ findings were then used to determine biomarker- adjusted animal vs vegetable protein ratios. Methods: We examined associations of energy and protein intake with breast cancer incidence and mortality in Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) participants 50-79 years of age at entry between1993-1998, with breast cancers verified by medical record review and survival enhanced by serial National Death Index (NDI) searches through 2016. Associations between sources of protein intake (animal versus vegetable) quintiles and breast cancer incidence and mortality were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: With 100,024 eligible participants, after 14 years follow-up, women with higher total protein intake had greater body mass index, were more likely White, menopausal hormone therapy users with higher total energy intake and fat intake. With 6,340 incident breast cancers, 764 deaths from breast cancer and 2,059 deaths after breast cancer, higher vegetable protein intake was associated with significantly lower breast cancer incidence (P for linear trend = 0.01) while higher animal protein intake was associated with significantly higher breast cancer incidence (P for linear trend = 0.03). Higher vegetable protein intake was also associated with significantly lower risk of death after breast cancer (P <0.001) but not with lower risk of deaths from breast cancer (breast cancer followed by death attributed to breast cancer). Animal protein intake was not associated with deaths from breast cancer or deaths after breast cancer. Conclusions: Based on findings from biomarker-calibrated determination of protein intake by source, higher vegetable protein intake was associated with significantly lower risk of breast cancer incidence and of death after breast cancer while higher animal protein intake was associated with significantly higher risk of breast cancer incidence, but not mortality.

The Effect of Anemia Free Club Interventions and Dietary Iron Intakes Among Adolescent School Girls in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Many adolescent girls had a lack of nutrients in daily food consumption. This condition will cause one of the health problems is anemia.
 AIM: This study was performed to determine the effect of anemia free club interventions to improve adolescent dietary intakes in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia.
 METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess the effect of anemia free club interventions and dietary iron intakes among adolescent school girls. The study was conducted at Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. The sample size included 102 participants of senior high school girls in Bandar Lampung City, consisting of 55 participants for intervention group and 47 participants for control group. Nutrition education based anemia free club sessions for 12 weeks as the intervention group, while the control group did not. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling. Data collected consisted of dietary iron intakes (food recall), nutritional status (body mass index/age), and anemia (cyanmethemoglobin). A paired sample t-test analysis was done to check the association between each independent variable with the group variable (intervention and control). The analysis was done with a 95% confidence interval. p < 0.05 was set as the cutoff value for statistical significance. Data were collected and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 program.
 RESULTS: This study found the effect of anemia free club interventions on increasing calories, iron, protein, fat, animal protein, vegetable protein, vegetable, and fruit intakes before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). However, there was no effect of anemia free club interventions on increasing carbohydrate intake in grams and portions before and after the intervention (p > 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: This analysis confirmed an effect of anemia free club interventions to increasing calories, iron, protein, fat, animal protein, vegetable protein, vegetable, and fruit intakes among adolescent school girls.

Dietary Intakes of Vegetable Protein, Folate,and Vitamins B-6 and B-12 Are Partially Correlated with Physical Functioning of Dutch Older Adults Using Copula Graphical Models

Background:In nutritional epidemiology, dealing with confounding and complex internutrient relations are major challenges. An often-used approach is dietary pattern analyses, such as principal component analysis, to deal with internutrient correlations, and to more closely resemble the true way nutrients are consumed. However, despite these improvements, these approaches still require subjective decisions in the preselection of food groups. Moreover, they do not make efficient use of multivariate dietary data, because they detect only marginal associations. We propose the use of copula graphical models (CGMs) to model and make statistical inferences regarding complex associations among variables in multivariate data, where associations between all variables can be learned simultaneously. Objectives:We aimed to reconstruct nutritional intake and physical functioning networks in Dutch older adults by applying a CGM. Methods:We addressed this issue by uncovering the pairwise associations between variables while correcting for the effect of remaining variables. More specifically, we used a CGM to infer the precision matrix, which contains all the conditional independence relations between nodes in the graph. The nonzero elements of the precision matrix indicate the presence of a direct association. We applied this method to reconstruct nutrient–physical functioning networks from the combined data of 4 studies (Nu-Age, ProMuscle, ProMO, and V-Fit, total n = 662, mean ± SD age = 75 ± 7 y). The method was implemented in the R package nutriNetwork which is freely available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nutriNetwork. Results:Greater intakes of vegetable protein and vitamin B-6 were partially correlated with higher scores on the total Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the chair rise test. Greater intakes of vitamin B-12 and folate were partially correlated with higher scores on the chair rise test and the total SPPB, respectively. Conclusions:We determined that vegetable protein, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 intakes are partially correlated with improved functional outcome measurements in Dutch older adults.

OP17 Protein intakes and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC-IBD)

Abstract Background Diet may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. In a previous French cohort, we found an association between high protein intake and increased risk of IBD. We aimed to investigate this relationship in the EPIC-IBD (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – Inflammatory Bowel Diseases) cohort. Methods 413 593 participants from 8 European countries were included. Dietary data were collected at baseline from validated food frequency questionnaires. Mean daily intake of nutrients was assessed using the EPIC nutrient database. To reduce bias in the estimation of relative risks, calibrated dietary data were obtained from the country and sex-specific calibration models for all participants. Associations between proteins (total, animal, and vegetable) or food sources of animal proteins, and IBD risk were estimated by Cox proportional hazard models. Results After a mean follow-up of 16 years, 595 incident cases of IBD were identified, including 177 Crohn’s disease (CD) and 418 ulcerative colitis (UC) cases. No association was observed between total protein intake and IBD risk (adjusted HR for the fourth vs. the first quartile = 1.25; CI 95% = 0.89–1.77, P-trend = 0.33). There was a significant association between the calibrated continuous variable of animal protein intake and IBD risk (adjusted HR per 10 g/day: 1.10; 95% CI = 1.004–1.21) although no association was found for extreme quartiles (HR: 0.99; 95% CI = 0.73–1.34; P-trend = 0.91). There was no association between vegetable protein intake and IBD risk. There was an association between meat consumption and IBD risk (adjusted HR for the fourth vs.. the first quartile = 1.37; CI95% = 1.02–1.82, P-trend = 0.003) and between red meat consumption and IBD risk (adjusted HR for the fourth vs. the first quartile = 1.41; CI95% = 1.03–1.92, P-trend = 0.006). In separate analyses for CD and UC, there was an association between total meat and UC risk, and between red meat and UC risk. No association was found between food sources of animal proteins and CD risk. Conclusion Animal protein intake is associated with IBD risk in the EPIC-IBD cohort. Observed associations between meat consumption and IBD or UC risk, and between red meat consumption and IBD or UC risk deserve further investigation.

A study on the effect of nutrient intake on the body mass index of mothers of children with food allergies.

No previous studies have reported the effect of the presence of children with food allergies (FAs) on the diet and body mass index (BMI) of mothers. Therefore, we conducted a dietary survey and considered nutrients that influenced BMI of mothers. Subjects included 554 mothers-305 mothers of children with FAs (FA mothers; aged 38.4 ± 5.1 years, FA group) and 249 mothers of children without FAs (non-FA mothers; aged 37.7 ± 5.5 years, NFA group). We extracted dietary patterns from dietary survey results and investigated the correlation between nutrient intake and BMI. We divided the FA group into two groups (one containing 181 mothers whose children were allergic to ≤ 1 of the three major allergenic foods-eggs, milk and wheat-and another containing 124 mothers whose children were allergic to ≥ 2 of these foods) and conducted a comparative analysis. BMI was significantly lower in the FA group than in the NFA group (20.7 vs. 21.4 kg/m2). There was a significant negative correlation between BMI and vegetable protein intake (β = -0.196, SE = 0.05). Vegetable protein intake was higher in the group that was allergic to ≥ 2 of the allergenic foods. BMI of FA mothers is affected by a diet that strictly follows their FA child's allergen-free state-a diet dominated by vegetable protein. These observations suggested that the degree to which an FA mother is affected depends on the number of the three major allergenic foods to which her FA child is allergic.

Cellular Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma Patients Undergoing Treatment Is Associated with Protein Consumption.

Over and under nutrition are associated with worse outcomes for children with leukemia and lymphoma; however, the molecular basis for this clinical observation is not well understood. Many chemotherapeutics used for leukemia treatment are known to generate oxidative stress in vitro; therefore, we evaluated redox status and diet in pediatric leukemia patients during therapy in order to ascertain relationships between nutrition and oxidative stress. Dietary intake and redox measures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 32 pediatric leukemia and lymphoma patients were collected over six months during treatment. Baseline measures when patients were off chemotherapy and subsequent assessments were collected after one, two and six months. Oxidative stress increased over time in all patients, consistent with chemotherapy-induced redox effects. Older and younger children showed significantly different baseline levels of reactive oxygen species, which increased over time in all age ranges. Diet was assessed at points proximal to oxidative stress measurements and revealed a novel association with consumption of animal protein, vegetable protein, and total protein intake. Our findings demonstrate that chemotherapy increases oxidative stress in pediatric leukemia patients, and raises the possibility that dietary protein or altered protein metabolism could contribute to clinical outcomes.

Vegetable but not animal protein intake is associated to a better physical performance: a study on a general population sample of adults.

BackgroundThe research was conducted in the frame of a population-based, case control study, called Genes Environment Interaction in Respiratory Disease.ObjectiveTo assess the association between protein intake and physical performance in a general population sample.DesignResearchers investigated the association between the participants’ dietary information and their physical performance using the 6-min walking test and the distance walked in metres (6MWD) as main outcome measure. Information on dietary intake was collected using the validated European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Then, daily intake of energy and macronutrients was estimated by means of the NAF software (nutritional analysis of FFQ). Linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations between vegetable, animal and total protein intakes and the 6MWD. The models were adjusted for socio-demographic features, total fats and available carbohydrate intakes.ResultsThe participants were 223 subjects (57% females) aged between 23 and 68 years. Their mean vegetable and animal proteins intake for gram/kg of body weight/day were, respectively, 0.4 and 0.7. After adjusting for all the potential confounders, there was a significant increase of 20.0 (95% CI 0.8; 39.2) m in the distance walked for an increase in 10 g/day of vegetable proteins and non-significant variations of −1.8 (95% CI −9.3; 5.7) m for an increase in 10 g/day of animal proteins and of 0.5 (95% CI −6.8; 7.7) for an increase in 10 g/day of total proteins.Discussion and conclusionsOur result suggests a positive role of vegetable proteins on physical performance. Whether this result is related to the high protein intake itself or may be a consequence of the other properties of plant-based foods deserves further investigation.

The Role of Diet in the Pathogenesis of Cholesterol Gallstones.

Cholesterol gallstone disease is a major health problem in Westernized countries and depends on a complex interplay between genetic factors, lifestyle and diet, acting on specific pathogenic mechanisms. Overweigh, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and altered cholesterol homeostasis have been linked to increased gallstone occurrence, and several studies point to a number of specific nutrients as risk- or protective factors with respect to gallstone formation in humans. There is a rising interest in the identification of common and modifiable dietetic factors that put the patients at risk of gallstones or that are able to prevent gallstone formation and growth. In particular, dietary models characterized by increased energy intake with highly refined sugars and sweet foods, high fructose intake, low fiber contents, high fat, consumption of fast food and low vitamin C intake increase the risk of gallstone formation. On the other hand, high intake of monounsaturated fats and fiber, olive oil and fish (ω-3 fatty acids) consumption, vegetable protein intake, fruit, coffee, moderate alcohol consumption and vitamin C supplementation exert a protective role. The effect of some confounding factors (e.g., physical activity) cannot be ruled out, but general recommendations about the multiple beneficial effects of diet on cholesterol gallstones must be kept in mind, in particular in groups at high risk of gallstone formation.

Changes in Dietary Intake of Animal and Vegetable Protein and Unhealthy Aging

BackgroundAnimal and vegetable-based proteins differ on their effect on many health outcomes, but their relationship with unhealthy aging is uncertain. Thus, we examined the association between changes in animal and vegetable protein intake and unhealthy aging in older adults. MethodsData came from 1951 individuals aged ≥60 years recruited in the Seniors-ENRICA cohort in 2008-2010 (wave 0) and followed-up in 2012 (wave 1), 2015 (wave 2), and 2017 (wave 3). Dietary protein intake was measured with a validated diet history at waves 0 and 1, and unhealthy aging was measured with a 52-item health deficit accumulation index at each wave. ResultsCompared with participants with a >2% decrease in energy intake from vegetable protein from wave 0 to wave 1, those with a >2% increase showed less deficit accumulation over 3.2 years (multivariable β [95% confidence interval (CI)]: -1.05 [-2.03, -0.06]), 6 years (-1.28 [-2.51, -0.03]), and 8.2 years of follow-up (-1.68 [-3.27, -0.09]). No associations were found for animal protein. Less deficit accumulation over 8.2 years was observed when substituting 1% of energy from vegetable protein for an equal amount of carbohydrate or fat (-0.50 [-0.93, -0.07]), animal protein (-0.44 [-0.81, -0.07]), dairy protein (-0.51 [-0.91, -0.12]), or meat protein (-0.44 [-0.84, -0.04]). ConclusionsIncreasing dietary intake of vegetable protein may delay unhealthy aging when replacing carbohydrates, fats, or animal protein, especially from meat and dairy.

Prospective Associations of Diet Quality With Incident Frailty in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study.

OBJECTIVETo examine associations of diet quality indicators with 4‐year incidence of frailty in community‐dwelling older adults.DESIGNProspective cohort study.SETTINGHealth, Aging, and Body Composition Study, United States.PARTICIPANTSCommunity‐dwelling men and women, aged 70 to 81 years in 1998 to 1999 (first follow‐up, present study's baseline; n = 2154).MEASUREMENTSAt first follow‐up, dietary intake over the preceding year was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Indicators of diet quality include the Healthy Eating Index (categorized as poor, medium, and good), energy intake, and protein intake (a priori adjusted for energy intake using the nutrient residual model). Frailty status was determined using Fried's five‐component frailty phenotype and categorized into “robust” (0 components present), “pre‐frailty” (1 ‐ 2 components present), or “frail” (3‐5 components present). Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to examine associations of the diet quality indicators with 4‐year incidence of (1) frailty and (2) pre‐frailty or frailty. Competing risk analysis was used to examine associations with frailty by accounting for competing risks of death.RESULTSDuring the 4‐year follow‐up, 277 of the 2154 participants, robust or pre‐frail at baseline, developed frailty, and 629 of the 1020 participants, robust at baseline, developed pre‐frailty or frailty. Among the robust and pre‐frail, after adjustment for confounders including energy intake, those consuming poor‐ and medium‐quality diets had a higher frailty incidence than those consuming good‐quality diets (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.92 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 1.17‐3.17] and HR = 1.40 [95% CI = 0.99‐1.98], respectively). No associations for energy or protein intake were observed. Competing risk analyses yielded similar results. Among the robust, those with lower vegetable protein intake had a higher “pre‐frailty or frailty” incidence (per −10 g/d: HR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.04‐1.39). No other associations were observed.CONCLUSIONPoorer overall diet quality and lower vegetable protein intake may increase the risk of becoming frail in old age. We found no association for intakes of energy, total protein, or animal protein. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1835–1842, 2019

Implant-supported fixed prosthesis improves nutrient intake in patients with partial edentulous posterior regions

PurposeThis study investigated changes in food and nutrient intake after implant-supported fixed prosthesis treatment in patients with partial edentulous posterior regions. MethodsThis study included 30 patients who received implant treatment with fixed prostheses in the posterior region. Food and nutrient intake was evaluated using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire at baseline and post-implant treatment, and the results were statistically analyzed. ResultsTreatment with implant-supported fixed prostheses in patients with posterior edentulous conditions tended to increase the amounts of soy products and vegetables consumed: in particular, intake of carrot and squash was significantly increased. The total energy, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate intakes were comparable between baseline and post-implant treatment. On the other hand, the vegetable protein, α-carotene, daidzein, and genistein intakes were significantly increased, and dietary fiber and β-carotene intakes tended to be increased in patients with implant-supported fixed prostheses. ConclusionsImplant-supported fixed prostheses in patients with posterior edentulous conditions affected food intake, resulting in improved nutrient intake.

Dietary protein sources and disease severity, malnutrition and anthropometric measurements in cirrhotic patients.

To evaluate the association between dietary protein sources with disease severity, malnutrition and anthropometric measurements in cirrhotic patients. Although the beneficial effects of protein and some amino-acids have been shown previously, no study has evaluated the effects of different dietary sources of proteins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. In this cross-sectional study, dietary intakes of patients with hepatic cirrhosis were assessed using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The association between different dietary sources of proteins and nutritional status, anthropometric measurements, and disease severity were evaluated. Muscle strength (MS) increased significantly in highest tertile of dairy and vegetable protein sources compared with the lowest one (p=0.045). Dietary dairy and vegetable protein intakes had a positive significant correlation with body weight, MS, visceral fat percentage (VFP), and triceps skin-fold thickness (TST), and negative significant correlation with malnutrition stage. Our results indicate that consumption of proteins from dairy and vegetable sources is associated with improvement in nutritional and anthropometric status of patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Dietary protein intake is not associated with 5-y change in mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area by computed tomography in older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study

ABSTRACTBackgroundA higher protein intake is suggested to preserve muscle mass during aging and may therefore reduce the risk of sarcopenia.ObjectivesWe explored whether the amount and type (animal or vegetable) of protein intake were associated with 5-y change in mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in older adults (n = 1561).MethodsProtein intake was assessed at year 2 by a Block food-frequency questionnaire in participants (aged 70–79 y) of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, a prospective cohort study. At year 1 and year 6 mid-thigh muscle CSA in square centimeters was measured by computed tomography. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between energy-adjusted protein residuals in grams per day (total, animal, and vegetable protein) and muscle CSA at year 6, adjusted for muscle CSA at year 1 and potential confounders including prevalent health conditions, physical activity, and 5-y change in fat mass.ResultsMean (95% CI) protein intake was 0.90 (0.88, 0.92) g · kg–1 · d–1 and mean (95% CI) 5-y change in muscle CSA was −9.8 (−10.6, −8.9) cm2. No association was observed between energy-adjusted total (β = −0.00; 95% CI: −0.06, 0.06 cm2; P = 0.982), animal (β = −0.00; 95% CI: −0.06, 0.05 cm2; P = 0.923), or plant (β = +0.07; 95% CI: −0.06, 0.21 cm2; P = 0.276) protein intake and muscle CSA at year 6, adjusted for baseline mid-thigh muscle CSA and potential confounders.ConclusionsThis study suggests that a higher total, animal, or vegetable protein intake is not associated with 5-y change in mid-thigh muscle CSA in older adults. This conclusion contradicts some, but not all, previous research. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR6930.

High Dietary Intake of Vegetable Protein Is Associated With Lower Prevalence of Renal Function Impairment: Results of the Dutch DIALECT-1 Cohort

IntroductionDietary protein intake may influence development of renal function impairment in diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). We assessed the association between sources of protein and prevalence of renal function impairment.MethodsCross-sectional analyses were performed in baseline data of 420 patients of the DIAbetes and LifEstyle Cohort Twente-1 (DIALECT-1) study. Protein intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, modified for accurate assessment of protein intake, including types and sources of protein. Renal function impairment was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula).ResultsAmong 420 patients with T2DM, 99 renal function impairment cases were identified. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used and adjusted for the main lifestyle and dietary factors. The prevalence ratios in the fully adjusted model were 1 (reference), 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44–1.27; P = 0.28) and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.23–0.98; P = 0.04) according to increasing tertiles of vegetable protein intake. For animal protein intake the prevalence ratios were 1 (reference), 1.10 (95% CI: 0.64–1.88; P = 0.74) and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.56–1.99; P = 0.87) according to increasing tertiles of intake. Theoretical replacement models showed that replacing 3 energy percent from animal protein by vegetable protein lowered the prevalence ratio for the association with renal function impairment to 0.20 (95% CI: 0.06–0.63; P = 0.01).ConclusionIn conclusion, we found that higher intake of vegetable protein was associated with a lower prevalence of renal function impairment, and theoretical replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein was inversely associated with renal function impairment among patients with T2DM.

Associations of nutrient intakes with obesity and diabetes mellitus in the longitudinal medical surveys of Japanese Americans.

Aims/IntroductionOur previous survey of two Japanese populations, with different lifestyles but identical genetic dispositions, showed that Japanese Americans had different dietary intakes and higher prevalences of obesity and diabetes mellitus, compared with the native Japanese population. The present study examined whether Westernized dietary habits could affect the development of obesity or diabetes.Materials and methodsThis study included 765 individuals with normal glucose tolerance at baseline medical examinations (1986 or 1989 in Los Angeles and in 1988 or 1992 in Hawaii) who subsequently completed follow‐up medical examinations several years later. The participants were categorized at baseline as “lean” (576 individuals, body mass index of <25 kg/m2) or “obese” (189 individuals, body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2). Nutrient intakes were analyzed for associations with the development of obesity or diabetes using Cox's proportional hazard model.ResultsA total of 41 lean participants developed diabetes, which was not associated with any nutrient intakes (mean follow up 10.8 ± 6.6 years). A total of 36 obese participants developed diabetes, which was positively associated with intakes of animal protein, animal fat and saturated fatty acid (mean follow up 10.7 ± 6.3 years). A total of 85 lean participants became obese, which was positively associated with intakes of simple carbohydrates, sugar and fructose, as well as inversely associated with intakes of vegetable protein and complex carbohydrates (mean follow up 10.4 ± 6.5 years).ConclusionsIn the Japanese Americans, different nutrient intakes affected the development of obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, the associations of nutrient intakes with diabetes development varied according to the presence or absence of obesity.

Insulin resistance is associated with subclinical vascular disease in humans.

Insulin resistance is associated with subclinical vascular disease that is not justified by conventional cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking or hypercholesterolemia. Vascular injury associated to insulin resistance involves functional and structural damage to the arterial wall that includes impaired vasodilation in response to chemical mediators, reduced distensibility of the arterial wall (arterial stiffness), vascular calcification, and increased thickness of the arterial wall. Vascular dysfunction associated to insulin resistance is present in asymptomatic subjects and predisposes to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Structural and functional vascular disease associated to insulin resistance is highly predictive of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenic mechanisms remain undefined. Prospective studies have demonstrated that animal protein consumption increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and predisposes to type 2 diabetes (T2D) whereas vegetable protein intake has the opposite effect. Vascular disease linked to insulin resistance begins to occur early in life. Children and adolescents with insulin resistance show an injured arterial system compared with youth free of insulin resistance, suggesting that insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the development of initial vascular damage. Prevention of the vascular dysfunction related to insulin resistance should begin early in life. Before the clinical onset of T2D, asymptomatic subjects endure a long period of time characterized by insulin resistance. Latent vascular dysfunction begins to develop during this phase, so that patients with T2D are at increased cardiovascular risk long before the diagnosis of the disease.