Vegetable Oils Research Articles

Biobased Polyurethane Adhesives Derived from Vegetable Oil and Rosin for Flexible Packaging Applications

Biobased Polyurethane Adhesives Derived from Vegetable Oil and Rosin for Flexible Packaging Applications

A vegetable fat-based diet delays psychomotor and cognitive development compared with maternal dairy fat intake in infant gray mouse lemurs

Dairy fat has a unique lipid profile; it is rich in short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids that induce ketone production and has a balanced ω6/ω3 ratio that promotes cognitive development in early life. Moreover, the high consumption of vegetable oils in pregnant and lactating women raises concerns regarding the quality of lipids provided to offspring. Here, we investigate maternal dairy fat intake during gestation and lactation in a highly valuable primate model for infant nutritional studies, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Two experimental diets are provided to gestant mouse lemurs: a dairy fat-based (DF) or vegetable fat-based diet (VF). The psychomotor performance of neonates is tested during their first 30 days. Across all tasks, we observe more successful neonates born to mothers fed a DF diet. A greater rate of falls is observed in 8-day-old VF neonates, which is associated with delayed psychomotor development. Our findings suggest the potential benefits of lipids originating from a lactovegetarian diet compared with those originating from a vegan diet for the psychomotor development of neonates.

Mechanical Characterization of Recyclable and Non-Recyclable Bio-Epoxy Resins for Aerospace Applications

The use of composites in the aerospace industry has been increasing exponentially. However, conventional epoxy resins, derived from petroleum sources, are not sustainable, making them non-degradable and environmentally harmful. In order to foster a sustainable environment, replacing conventional thermoset epoxies with bio-sourced carbon epoxies is imperative. With the enhancement in technology, it is possible to combine vegetable oils or bio-based copolymers with resins to make it recyclable in nature. Hence, it is necessary to study bio-based epoxies and carry out material characterization and see how they behave differently from conventional epoxies. This study examines the mechanical properties of different types of epoxy resins, which includes conventional, recyclable, and non-recyclable bio-epoxies. Tensile, bending, fracture toughness, and compression tests are performed in accordance with ASTM and ISO standards. The results show that the recyclable bio-epoxy exhibits comparable or superior properties when compared with conventional and non-recyclable bio-epoxies, particularly in terms of impact resistance. Recyclable epoxy, examined in the current study, shows a 73% higher strain energy release rate as compared to conventional epoxy. These results suggest that bio-epoxies could serve as a viable alternative to conventional epoxy.

Impact of nutritional risk factors on the development of multiple sclerosis

The literature review considers the data on the assessment of the influence of alimentary factors on the development of a severe neurological disease - multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a polyetiologic disease, the risk of development of which is influenced by both infectious (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, etc.) and noninfectious factors (genetic predisposition, smoking, geographic region of residence, etc.). MS is a progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to neurodegeneration accompanied by a variety of clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of MS is characterized by immune-mediated damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, which is manifested by inflammation, neurosynaptic damage, and destruction of white matter, axons, and blood vessels. Rapid non-evolutionary dietary and lifestyle changes, which are driven by urbanization, industrialization and globalization of the food market, are leading to an increase in most chronic non-communicable diseases, including MS. The effects induced by alimentary factors are due to changes in the microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), immune cell function, enzyme systems functioning, etc. The aim of the work is to study the influence of micro/macronutrients, as well as the nature of the diet on the risk of MS development, to assess the role of nutrition in the primary prevention of MS. It has been shown that a diet characterized by a high content of animal fats and trans-isomers of fatty acids (TFA), increased consumption of meat products, but low content of vegetables, fruits and whole-grain products is associated with a higher risk of MS development. Regular inclusion in the diet of sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, marine fish) and vitamin D (fatty fish, caviar, butter, egg yolk) leads to lower relapse rates and less new brain lesions among MS patients. The literature review was conducted using open sources posted in electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, World Bank publications, WHO, eLibrary, Cyberleninka, Web of Science.

A Review of Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils and Their Applications

In order to cope with the shortage of non-renewable energy and the increasingly environmental pollution, sustainable vegetable oils, as competitive alternatives, have widely been held in the good graces of the researchers. Vegetable oils are suitable for a wide range of applications such as biofuels and biodiesel. However, the development of vegetable oils is limited due to the characteristics of unsatisfactory oxidation stability and poor cold-flow properties. Chemical modification is considered as an effective solution to enhance the performance. The research progress of the chemical modification methods and applications of vegetable oils in recent years are summarized in this review. Reducing the content of carbon–carbon double bonds and increasing the degree of saturation are the keys to improve the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. The prospects for the development direction and challenges of vegetable oils are proposed. Future research may focus on the use of multifunctional catalysts to optimize reaction conditions or to introduce active groups with lubricating properties in epoxidation reactions and explore the combination of chemical and auxiliary methods.

Bio-hydrogen production from crude glycerol: Optimisation through response surface methodology and artificial neural network approach

Crude glycerol (CG) is the main by-product of biodiesel production from the transesterification of vegetable or animal oils. The CG's high energy content makes it an effective carbon source for bio-hydrogen production. However, the purity of CG derived from the transesterification process may vary due to impurities such as methanol, soap, salt, etc., which influence the hydrogen production yield. The present study investigated the impacts of initial glycerol, methanol, and soap concentration of CG on the hydrogen production by dark fermentation, and the effect of various factors was evaluated and optimised with the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) approach to maximise the yield of hydrogen production. Both the results of these approaches showed good fitting. The correlation coefficient between actual and predicted values from RSM and ANN models is closer to ∼1, and the lower error shows the applicability of these models. A maximum of 17.67 mmol/L of hydrogen production was obtained via RSM with optimum methanol, soap and glycerol concentrations of 2.75 g/L, 6.07 g/L, and 20.45 g/L, respectively. Besides, the 3-D response surface graphs illustrated the suppressive impact of increased initial concentration of methanol and soap, along with higher initial concentrations of glycerol, on hydrogen production. Further, the outcome of the controlled experiment shows that the presence of impurities (methanol and soap) in glycerol reduces the cumulative hydrogen production by 5 %–17 % compared to the control for over five days.

Genome-wide identification of GH28 family and insight into its contributions to pod shattering resistance in Brassica napus L.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), accounts for nearly 16% of vegetable oil, is the world's second produced oilseed. However, pod shattering has caused significant yield loses in rapeseed production, particularly during mechanical harvesting. The GH28 genes can promote pod shattering by changing the structure of the pod cell wall in Arabidopsis. However, the role of the GH28 gene family in rapeseed was largely unknown. Therefore, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis was conducted to classify the role ofGH28 gene family on rapeseed pod shattering. A total of 37 BnaGH28 genes in the rapeseed genome were identified. These BnaGH28s can be divided into five groups (Group A-E), based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis. Protein property, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting element, and gene expression profile of BnaGH28 genes in the same group were similar. Specially, the expression level of genes in group A-D was gradually decreased, but increased in group E with the development of silique. Among eleven higher expressed genes in group E, two BnaGH28 genes (BnaA07T0199500ZS and BnaC06T0206500ZS) were significantly regulated by IAA or GA treatment. And the significant effects of BnaA07T0199500ZS variation on pod shattering resistance were also demonstrated in present study. These results could open a new window for insight into the role of BnaGH28 genes on pod shattering resistance in rapeseed.

The effect of fixed and rotary roasting methods on the oxidative stability of pistachio oil

Today, the demand for vegetable oils has increased. Unsaturated fatty acids in pistachio oil are an important component in promoting the health of the human diet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oxidative properties of roasted pistachio oil in two fixed and rotary roasters at 160 °C for 15 min during 0, 3, and 6 months of storage. The heat used has led to the destruction of the oil in the roasted pistachios, and with the increase in the storage time, the peroxide value of the samples increased from 0.06 to 0.57 meq/kg in the fixed method and from 0.03 to 0.07 meq/kg in the rotating method, respectively. Free fatty acids and acid value increased from 0.34 to 1.34 % and 0.69 to 2.68 mg KOH/g in the fixed method and from 0.3 to 1.11 % and 0.6 to 2.20 mg KOH/g in the rotating method as a result of storage time for 6 months and lipolysis reactions. Under the effect of roasting heat, the Maillard reaction products played an important role in the thermal stability of the oil (P<0.05). The roasted samples at zero storage time have the highest inhibitory percentage of DPPH and the lowest IC50 (3.66 % in the fixed method and 6.9 % in the rotary method). In spite of the fact that the changes made during 6 months of storage in both roasting methods are within the standard range, but due to the fact that in the samples of roasted pistachios in the fixed method, the peroxide value increased and the oxidative stability decreased significantly, it is suggested to use the rotary method in roasting of pistachios.

Chronic administration of hydrolysed pine nut oil to mice improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and increases energy expenditure via a free fatty acid receptor 4-dependent mechanism.

A healthy diet is at the forefront of measures to prevent type 2 diabetes. Certain vegetable and fish oils, such as pine nut oil (PNO), have been demonstrated to ameliorate the adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. The present study study investigates the involvement of the free fatty acid receptors 1 (FFAR1) and 4 (FFAR4) in the chronic activity of hydrolysed PNO (hPNO) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Male C57BL/6J wild-type, FFAR1 knockout (-/-) and FFAR4-/- mice were placed on 60% high-fat diet for 3 months. Mice were then dosed hPNO for 24 days, during which time body composition, energy intake and expenditure, glucose tolerance and fasting plasma insulin, leptin and adiponectin were measured. hPNO improved glucose tolerance and decreased plasma insulin in the wild-type and FFAR1-/- mice, but not the FFAR4-/- mice. hPNO also decreased high-fat diet-induced bodyweight gain and fat mass, whilst increasing energy expenditure and plasma adiponectin. None of these effects on energy balance were statistically significant in FFAR4-/- mice but it was not shown that they were significantly less than in wild-type mice. In conclusion, chronic hPNO supplementation reduces the metabolically detrimental effects of high-fat diet on obesity and insulin resistance in a manner that is dependent on the presence of FFAR4.

Determination of radiocarbon content in liquid fuel blends by accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting in the gliwice radiocarbon and mass spectrometry laboratory

Abstract The increase in biobased material usage requires the methods of verification to investigate the actual content of biocarbon in such materials, including liquid fuels. The determination of biocarbon in liquid samples using 14C required adaptation of existing sample preparation methods. In this study, both accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) methods were used to determine the content of 14C in six different liquid fuel blends produced from purely bio-based hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a 14C-free petrodiesel sample (ON/UF-BC). The results obtained for pure petrodiesel provide background values. The results indicate a good agreement between LSC and AMS, and a linear correlation between the 14C measurement results for blended samples and HVO content affirmed the reproducibility between the two methods. The repeatability of AMS results was tested on 10 aliquots of one of the blends, and the results were deemed reproducible.

Flame-retardant vegetable oil-based rigid polyurethane foam constructed with Mxene@HNT and hydrogel via layer-by-layer coating

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) meets the demand for green environmental protection by utilizing vegetable oil as polyol. However, enhancing its flame retardancy is essential to address safety concerns for its widespread application across various commercial sectors. In this work, we successfully prepared Mxene@HNT, and then employed a layer-by-layer coating to immobilize Mxene@HNT onto RPUF surfaces using dual hydrogel (DH), thus creating the RPUF/M@H/DH flame retardant system. Comparative analysis against standard RPUF demonstrates significant enhancements in flame retardancy, achieving a ``V-0'' rating in the UL-94 vertical combustion test, with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.5 %. Notably, in cone calorimetry test (CCT), peak heat release rates (pHRR) and peak smoke production rates (pSPR) were reduced by 29.34 % and 14.95 % respectively for RPUF/M@H-3/DH, while experiencing a 151.5 % increase in carbonization yield (CY) compared to standard RPUF. Importantly, the mechanical properties of RPUF maintained well upon surface modification to obtain flame retardant RPUF/M@H/DH. Thus, this study offers a novel perspective on addressing both environmental concerns and flame retardancy requirements for RPUF.

Epoxidation of Camelina sativa oil methyl esters as a second-generation biofuel with thermodynamic calculations

The epoxidation of methyl esters found in Camelina sativa (CS) non-edible oil — largely containing unsaturated fatty acids — was performed. Epoxides are known to be used in biopolymer formation and CO2 capture. This study distinctively demonstrates epoxidation process through a combination of statistical methods and quantum chemical thermodynamic calculations. Esters produced along with glycerol during transesterification of vegetable oils can be used efficiently through epoxidation. Epoxidation products synthesized at various reaction conditions (including oil refinement) were analyzed through gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. According to the statistical analysis, the reaction time and temperature had the highest effect on the composition of products and oil refining is unnecessary. Moreover, iodine values (ester conversion) were determined without the use of chemicals through Raman spectroscopy. The study findings indicate CS epoxidation to be an environment-friendly process.

Influence of Soil Additives (Gypsum and Dolomite) on Peanuts Productivity and Soil Properties: A Review

Although India is steadily progressing in oilseeds production, but the average yields of most of the oilseeds like groundnut are still extremely low when compared to those prevailing in other countries of the world. This is because oilseeds are cultivated mostly in marginal and sub-marginal land of semi-arid areas with very less management, hence remain vulnerable to vagaries of nature. Among oilseed crops groundnut is an important source of vegetable oil and protein. Lack of appropriate management practices leads to decreased yields of the crop. Applications of amendments like gypsum and dolomite based on soil pH is necessary to provide a better environment for roots and plant growth.

Association of cooking oil and incident of frailty in older adults: a cohort study

BackgroundStudies examining the potential association between cooking oil and frailty risk in older adults have produced conflicting outcomes. Therefore, our objective was to explore the relationship between cooking oil (vegetable and animal fat oils), changes in oil usage, and the risk of frailty in older adults.MethodsWe included 4,838 participants aged ≥ 65 years without frailty (frailty index < 0.25) from the 2011 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Follow-up occurred in the 2014 and 2018 waves. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the association between cooking oil and frailty. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of switching cooking oil on frailty during the follow-up period.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 3.0 (2.8–6.9) years, 1,348 individuals (27.9%) developed frailty. Compared to those using vegetable oil, users of animal fat oil had a lower risk of frailty (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61–0.85). Participants who switched from vegetable oil to animal fat oil, as well as those consistently using animal fat oil, had lower risks of frailty with HRs of 0.70 (0.52–0.95) and 0.63 (0.51–0.77) respectively, compared to those who consistently used vegetable oil. Conversely, individuals who switched from animal fat oil to vegetable oil experienced an increased risk of frailty (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01–1.97).ConclusionsThe utilization of animal fat oil in cooking exhibited a reduced frailty risk among older adults. Conversely, transitioning from animal fat oil to vegetable oil may elevate the risk. These findings propose that substituting vegetable oil with animal fat oil in the diet may safeguard against frailty.

Fish oil replacement with different vegetable oils in Onychostoma macrolepis: Effects on fatty acid metabolism based on whole-body fatty acid balance method and genes expression.

To evaluate the fatty acid (FA) metabolism status and possibility as a DHA source of farmed Onychostoma macrolepis, a total of 168 fish (2.03 ± 0.23 g) were fed four diets supplemented with fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), and a mixture of LO and SO oil (MO), respectively, for 70 days. Body FA compositions were modified reflecting dietary FAs. Comparing liver and intestine fatty acids with fish fed four diets, the content of ARA in fish fed SO was significantly higher than others (P < 0.05), but showed no difference in muscle. The tissue FA profile showed that the FO-fed group successfully deposited DHA, while the LO-fed group converted ALA to DHA effectively, as well as the liver and intestine EPA was notably highest in the FO group, whereas no difference between the FO and LO group in the muscle. The FA results showed that the DHA contents in the muscle of Onychostoma macrolepis are at a medium-high level compared with several other fish species with the highest aquaculture yield. Correspondingly, in the fish fed diet with LO, SO, and MO, the genes of most FA biosynthesis, transportation, and transcriptional regulation factors were increased in the liver and muscle, but no significant difference was observed in the gene expression of Elovl4b, FATP1, and FABP10 in the muscle. In addition, the enzyme activity involved in PUFA metabolism was higher in fish fed vegetable oil-based diets, corroborating the results of the gene expression. Increased in vivo elongase and desaturase (Δ5, Δ6, and Δ9) activities were recorded in fish fed fish oil-devoid diets, which resulted in the appearance of products associated with elongase and desaturase activities in fish. Besides, as the specific n-3 PUFA synthesis substrate, the dietary supplementation of ALA not only retains most of the nutrition value but also ensures the muscular texture, such as fiber diameter and density. It is concluded that farmed O. macrolepis owns strong n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic capacity and high DHA contents so it can be a good DHA source for the population.

Способ производства пшенично-ячменного зернового хлеба из шелушенного зерна

The purpose of research is to develop technology and equipment for the production of grain bread. The possibilities of using hulled bioactivated grains of wheat and barley in a 1 : 1 ratio as raw materials in the production of grain bread are considered. The work operation of peeling wheat and barley grain allows for 100 % purification of the grain from dust and mineral impurities, as well as removing the seed and fruit shells, which consist of pure silicon, which has no nutritional value for the human body. To develop new equipment for peeling wheat and barley grain, patent research was carried out, scientific and technical documentation was developed and a patent for the invention was received. To bioactivate wheat and barley grain, it was kept in a 1.8 % aqueous-alcoholic extract of reindeer antler powder at a temperature of 23.5–24.5 °C, which allows the grain mixture to swell and germinate within 14–16 hours to a sprout size of 0.5–0.6 mm. Grinding of the bioactivated grain mixture must be carried out to a diameter of crushed grain particles of 2–3 mm. In the process of developing the technological process for the production of grain bread, the quantitative composition of the recipe components was selected: drinking water, a solution of table salt, vegetable oil, crushed grain mass, a suspension of pressed baker's yeast and first-grade wheat flour. The developed technological process for the production of wheat and barley grain bread involves the preparation of raw materials and loading into the bowl of a dough mixing machine, where the components of the recipe are mixed and the dough is kneaded, then the kneaded dough is sent for fermentation, divi-ding into pieces, molding, proofing and baking. Based on research, technology and equipment for the production of wheat and barley grain bread were developed, inventions of the Russian Federation were obtained for a method of producing grain bread and technological equipment for peeling grain.

Vegetable omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids differentially modulate the antiviral and antibacterial immune responses of Atlantic salmon

The immunomodulatory effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are a crucial subject of investigation for sustainable fish aquaculture, as fish oil is increasingly replaced by terrestrial vegetable oils in aquafeeds. Unlike previous research focusing on fish oil replacement with vegetable alternatives, our study explored how the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in low-fish oil aquafeeds influences Atlantic salmon's antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. Atlantic salmon were fed aquafeeds rich in soy oil (high in omega-6) or linseed oil (high in omega-3) for 12 weeks and then challenged with bacterial (formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida) or viral-like (polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid) antigens. The head kidneys of salmon fed high dietary omega-3 levels exhibited a more anti-inflammatory fatty acid profile and a restrained induction of pro-inflammatory and neutrophil-related genes during the immune challenges. The high-omega-3 diet also promoted a higher expression of genes associated with the interferon-mediated signaling pathway, potentially enhancing antiviral immunity. This research highlights the capacity of vegetable oils with different omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA ratios to modulate specific components of fish immune responses, offering insights for future research on the intricate lipid nutrition-immunity interplay and the development of novel sustainable low-fish oil clinical aquaculture feeds.

The influence of pectinase treatments on the characteristics of pre‐treated and lyophilised sunflower meal‐whey blends

SummaryWhey and sunflower meals are primary by‐products of dairy cheese and vegetable oil production, respectively. Due to their widespread abundance, their valorisation could enable the generation of various value‐added food ingredients or products. In this study, an effort was made to utilise enzymatic pectinolysis along with other pre‐treatments to generate mixtures from whey and sunflower meal (SFM). The increasing presence of SFM increased the critical denaturation temperature of the mixtures and induced less protein structural changes. In addition, the presence of complex carbohydrates in SFM enhanced water and oil holding capacities. In general, pectinase and ultrasonication led to enhanced foaming of the mixtures, although the foams were relatively short‐lived. SFM inclusion limited foaming and emulsification capacities of the blends. In most cases, increasing the ratio of SFM to protein resulted in lower total reducing sugars (TRS), suggesting a more limited enzymatic activity. On the other hand, heating temperature or ultrasonication improved the extent of pectinolysis. Pre‐treatments and pectinolysis improved the functional properties of SFM and whey protein concentrate blends and are promising as an alternative protein source in new product applications.

Naproxen recovery by green emulsion liquid membranes based on soybean oil

Drugs are chemical substances that come from either natural occurrence or synthetic sources. These compounds are designed to have some pharmacological effects, give some benefits to society, and remain through time. Their bioaccumulation or their interactions with other chemicals has been considered as a health risk because they can cause adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. The Emulsion Liquid Membranes (ELM) technique is proposed as a useful and simple methodology in the drug elimination from sewage water. In recent years, some green methods integrated by vegetable oils have been reported; nevertheless, toxic carriers continue to be used. Soybean oil has been reported in stability studies and formulation improvement of cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical emulsions, but not in emulsions for drugs recovery. Thus, a methodology totally environmentally friendly was developed in this work, without carriers and using only soybean oil. The ELM was integrated by soybean oil + Abil EM 90® 0.25 wt% as organic phase; NaHCO3 0.1 mol⋅L−1 as internal aqueous phase and all these emulsified at 19000 rpm for 10 minutes and a VIAP/VOP ratio equal to 1:1 respectively. It was able to extract 81% of naproxen and subsequent 67% recovery in 5 minutes of stirring. It can be inferred that soybean oil is an effective and green option because it can act as a carrier and as a diluent in ELMs for drugs recovery.

Optimum eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid levels for farmed Atlantic salmon: closing the gap between science and commercial practice

The shift from fish oil to vegetable oil (VO) sources has lowered eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in salmon aquafeeds. VOs are high in omega-6 and low in omega-3 essential fatty acids like EPA and DHA, crucial for fish metabolism and immunity. Algal oil (AO), with high EPA + DHA and lower omega-6 levels supports fish health and growth, but transferring lab-controlled conditions to real-world commercial farming remains a challenge. This study explored the benefits of high dietary EPA + DHA levels through a commercial farm (CF) study in Chile and a Big Data (BD) study in Norway. The CF study, involving 625,000 Atlantic salmon, compared standard feed with AO-supplemented feed. The latter resulted in improved health responses and better fillet quality. The BD study analyzed real data from 232.6 million fish, revealing that EPA + DHA levels &amp;gt; 8% reduce mortality variability by 21%, improve economic feed conversion ratio by 11%, and increase the likelihood of superior harvests by 27%, demonstrating productivity benefits. Both studies emphasize the advantages of feeds with EPA + DHA levels above typical industry practices, enhancing growth, health, and nutritional quality. Importantly, the BD study complements the CF study, bridging the gap between science and aquafarms, and providing evidence that diets with EPA + DHA &amp;gt; 8% offer biological performance benefits for farmers, regardless of farming environments.