Vegetable Oil-based Polyols Research Articles

Recent Advances in Polyurethane Coatings and Adhesives Derived from Vegetable Oil-Based Polyols

Recent Advances in Polyurethane Coatings and Adhesives Derived from Vegetable Oil-Based Polyols

Study on Castor Oil-based Cationic Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Application

The raw material for polyurethane synthesis is mainly polyols, while traditional polyols come from fossil resources. With the decrease of fossil resources, the synthesis of polyurethane by vegetable oil-based polyols has gradually gained more attention. Castor oil is a kind of plant oil-based polyols, which are the most suitable plant oil polyols because of its non-toxic, biodegradable and trihydroxy structure. Polyurethane synthesized with castor oil as a polyol has many special properties, such as good antibacterial properties, anti-UV properties, good biocompatibility and biodegradable properties. This paper explores the performance and application of castor oil-based cationic waterbased polyurethane (CWPU), which is helpful to promote its performance research and wider application.

Polyurethane foams from vegetable oil-based polyols: a review.

Polyurethane is a versatile material that can be converted into various forms according to applications. PU foams or PUFs are the most commonly used polyurethanes. These are materials of low density and low thermal conductivity that make them highly suitable for thermal insulating applications. Most of the synthesis of PUFs is still based on the petrochemical industry. There are issues associated with the oil industry, such as environmental pollution, sustainability, and market instability. More recently, we have experienced the COVID-19 pandemic which has destroyed the global supply chain of raw materials. Such sudden disruption of the supply chain affects the global economy. To eliminate the reliance on special ingredients, it is important to find and produce alternate and domestic raw materials. Vegetable oils are organic, cost-effective, and economically viable and present in abundant amounts. The oil consists of triglycerides. It can be functionalized to provide polyol for PU foam synthesis. Herein, we review the literature on factors influencing the properties of PUFs depending on polyols from vegetable oil as well as present a glimpse of the conversion of vegetable oils into polyols for PUF synthesis.

Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions

Abstract With the advances of green chemistry and nanoscience, the synthesis of green, homogenous bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high performance have gained great attention. The presented chapter deals with the recent synthesis of waterborne polyurethane with the biomass, especially the vegetable oils including castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, jatropha oil, and palm oil, etc. Meanwhile, the other biomasses, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, chitosan, etc., have also been illustrated with the significant application in preparing polyurethane dispersions. The idea was to highlight the main vegetable oil-based polyols, and the isocyanate, diols as chain extenders, which have supplied a class of raw materials in WPU. The conversion of biomasses into active chemical agents, which can be used in synthesis of WPU, has been discussed in detail. The main mechanisms and methods are also presented. It is suggested that the epoxide ring opening method is still the main route to transform vegetable oils to polyols. Furthermore, the nonisocyanate WPU may be one of the main trends for development of WPU using biomasses, especially the abundant vegetable oils.

Production of Biodegradable Palm Oil-Based Polyurethane as Potential Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications.

Being biodegradable and biocompatible are crucial characteristics for biomaterial used for medical and biomedical applications. Vegetable oil-based polyols are known to contribute both the biodegradability and biocompatibility of polyurethanes; however, petrochemical-based polyols were often incorporated to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethane. In this work, palm oil-based polyester polyol (PPP) derived from epoxidized palm olein and glutaric acid was reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to produce an aliphatic polyurethane, without the incorporation of any commercial petrochemical-based polyol. The effects of water content and isocyanate index were investigated. The polyurethanes produced consisted of > 90% porosity with interconnected micropores and macropores (37–1700 µm) and PU 1.0 possessed tensile strength and compression stress of 111 kPa and 64 kPa. The polyurethanes with comparable thermal stability, yet susceptible to enzymatic degradation with 7–59% of mass loss after 4 weeks of treatment. The polyurethanes demonstrated superior water uptake (up to 450%) and did not induce significant changes in pH of the medium. The chemical changes of the polyurethanes after enzymatic degradation were evaluated by FTIR and TGA analyses. The polyurethanes showed cell viability of 53.43% and 80.37% after 1 and 10 day(s) of cytotoxicity test; and cell adhesion and proliferation in cell adhesion test. The polyurethanes produced demonstrated its potential as biomaterial for soft tissue engineering applications.

Production of Polyurethanes from Used Vegetable Oil-based Polyols

One problem in different cities around the world is the production of waste cooking oil. The principal application of this waste is a raw material for biodiesel production. Other possibility is the production of polyurethane. In this paper, it is presented the experimental research carried out in order to obtain polyols as intermediate for production of polyurethane. We used castor oil as control for the polyurethane production. Relations were defined for the synthesis by weight to weight (w / w), where 4 products are obtained from polyols from castor oil and used respectively, in this case the identification of the products is made according to their relationship in weight used to be castor oil: polyols (60: 100) and (40: 100) applying the same experimental design for the used oil polyols. They were characterized to determine their basic properties in terms of resistance to chemical attack, stress-strain, the results were analyzed according to the bibliography that allowed the experimental design and in the same way comparing it with the commercial rigid polyurethane. It is concluded that a rigid polymer was obtained that has similar behavior to commercial polyurethanes where it allows to continue carrying out research that allows finding a model to obtain the product that generates less environmental impact, less consumption of crude and better quality of life.

Polyurethane-coated urea using fully vegetable oil-based polyols: Design, nutrient release and degradation

Fully vegetable oil-based polyols with a low hydroxyl value and viscosity were designed and prepared using epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and oleic acid as raw materials, which were also used to prepare polyurethane films 1-5 with different isocyanate indices. Their structures were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The GPC data indicated that the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the polyols was 3331 and the distribution index was 1.578. The effects of the isocyanate index on the morphology, DMA, mechanical properties, water absorption, water contact angle, TGA and soil degradation of PU films were investigated. When the isocyanate index increased from 1.13 to 2.65, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crosslinking density (νe) of polyurethane increased from −4.5 °C to 74.7 °C and from 630 mol/m3 to 2000 mol/m3, respectively. By 180 days, the degradation percentages of the five PU films (1-5) were 10.23%, 20.01%, 21.85%, 26.78% and 29.63%, respectively. Two coated ureas (Oil-PCUs) were successfully prepared containing 70% vegetable oil. The 80% cumulative release of Oil-PCUs-6% (isocyanate index: 1.58) took more than 70 days, indicating that the prepared Oil-PCUs have great potential for use in agriculture, forestry and grasslands.

The Production of Polyurethane from Waste Vegetable Oil-Based Polyols and Modelling of Rheological Properties

Polyols in polyurethane production is of great importance. The future will increase the production of polyols from renewable sources. The result of the reduction of fossil fuels will be important in the use of renewable resources. Especially important alternative which will expand polyols production from vegetable oils. Polyols derived from vegetable oil will be produced by epoxidation, hydroxylation and purification. In this study, some vegetable-oil based polyols were produced from the different wastes vegetables oils with the catalysts. The produced polyols compared with commercial polyols with rheological properties as viscosity, temperature, shear stress, shear rate. The rheological properties of the polyols were modelling with general equations based on experimental data. Polyurethane produced from waste vegetable oil-based polyols and investigated density and effective thermal conductivity.

Investigation on the Chemical and Physical Properties of Vegetable Oil-Based Polyols for their Potential Application as Asphalt Rejuvenators

Up to date, no extravagant attempts have been made to use the vegetable oil-based polyols as rejuvenator agents for aged asphalts. In this context, the nature and composition of these biodegradable products need to be identified and physicochemical properties of different nature of compounds need to be measured. Three different vegetable oil-based polyols designed as castor oil polyol, soybean flexible polyol, and soybean rigid polyol were characterized by FT-IR, TLC-FID, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR and by the determination of some usual characteristics such as acid value, hydroxyl value, iodine value, and viscosity. It is speculated that the soybean flexible polyol may serve as a potential rejuvenator for aged asphalts.

Preparation of vegetable oil-based polyols with controlled hydroxyl functionalities for thermoplastic polyurethane

Growing concerns over long-term environmental and waste management issues direct the use of renewable resources for sustainable polymers in the polymer industry. In this study, controlled preparations of vegetable oil-based polyols with predetermined primary hydroxyl functionalities ranging from 2 to 4 were attempted using a one-step thiol-ene click reaction between soybean oil (SO) and 2-mercaptoethanol (ME). The numbers of the primary hydroxyl functionalities in the SO-based polyols could be easily controlled by terminating the thiol-ene reaction at a particular reaction time and conversion of the carbon-carbon double bonds of SOs. The SO-based polyols were a mixture of SO molecules with different numbers of ME units, where the SO molecules with three and four ME units afforded thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with hyperbranched architectures. The TPUs exhibited increased glass transition temperature, moduli and tensile strength values, demonstrating that they were hard and tough elastomers. Relatively low tension set values, along with high elongation at break and low hysteresis values demonstrated the good elastomeric characteristics of the TPUs. The TPUs also exhibited excellent shape memory properties and film transparencies because of their hyperbranched architectures. This study demonstrates an efficient and controlled synthetic pathway for the preparation of unique polyols and polymers from renewable resources, enabling new applications of eco-friendly materials in high value-added technologies.

Vegetable oil-based polyols for sustainable polyurethanes

Vegetable oils (VOs) are one of the most important bio-renewable resources in the chemical industry due to their biodegradability, universal availability and low price. Using VO-based polyols to substitute petroleum-based polyols is considered a prime and novel route towards preparing sustainable polyurethane (PU). In this context, recent progress on preparing VO-based polyols and PUs is briefly summarized in this article. Especially, thiol-ene reactions allow for the synthesis of VO-based polyols with different functionalities in keeping with efficient click chemistry principles. The studies indicated that VO-based polyols and the resulting PUs can be eco-friendly families of industrially important polymers with a low environmental footprint. Open image in new window

Polyols Prepared from Ring-Opening Epoxidized Soybean Oil by a Castor Oil-Based Fatty Diol

Several biorenewable vegetable oil-based polyols with different molecular weights and various hydroxyl functionalities were successfully prepared by ring-opening epoxidized soybean oil with a castor oil-based fatty diol. It was found that several factors, including reaction time, reaction temperature, and molar ratios between epoxidized soybean oil and castor oil diol, affect structures and rheology behaviors of the final polyols. Proton NMR, FT-IR, GPC, and rheometry results revealed that the hydroxyl functionalities, molecular weight, and viscosity of the polyols could be tailored by controlling the above-mentioned factors. Besides, the role of solvents in the epoxy ring-opening process was investigated as well.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Polyols from Rapeseed Oil and Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams

The application of raw materials derived from renewable feedstock has given rise to growing interest recently, as it can be exploited for the production of bio-based materials from vegetable oils. Their availability, biodegradability and low prices have been taken into account. In this work, vegetable oil-based polyols as a prospective replacement for petroleum polyols were investigated. A two-stage method for polyol preparation by incomplete epoxidation of natural oils and subsequent complete oxirane ring opening under microwave irradiation is presented. The course of epoxidation and oxirane ring-opening process was determined analytically by an evaluation of iodine, epoxy and hydroxyl values. The samples of oils and their derivatives were also analyzed by FT-IR and characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in order to calculate their functionalities. Finally, polyols with two different hydroxyl values were obtained and used for the synthesis of flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams. The scope of this research includes the determination of the relationship between the rapeseed oil-based polyol content and the properties of the resulting materials. It was found that applying bio-based polyols in conjunction with petroleum-based polyols for PUR foams formulations resulted in materials with good mechanical properties and a higher number of cells with smaller dimensions.

Preparation of high hydroxyl equivalent weight polyols from vegetable oils

Multiple novel vegetable oil-based polyols were synthesized from the reaction-addition to epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) by a series of acid acyl moieties derived from vegetable oils. The acid acyl moieties were linoleic acid (LA), ricinoleic acid (RC), ricinoleic acid estolide (RC estolide) and hydrolyzed bodied soybean oil (HBSBO). LA and RC were commercially available but RC estolide and HBSBO were synthesized by enzymatic catalytic reactions. In the reaction-addition, ESBO was heated with the acid acyl moieties at 170 °C, atmospheric pressure without any catalyst and solvent. The synthesized vegetable oil-based polyols had acid numbers less than 10 (mg KOH/g), hydroxy numbers of 82–152 (mg KOH/g), and hydroxyl equivalent weights of 370–680. The polyols made from RC estolide and HBSBO had improved numbers of OH equivalent weight comparing to the numbers from alkoxyl hydroxyl soybean oil which is widely used commercial soy-based polyols.