Fungicides In Vegetables Research Articles

Effect of Fungicidal Methanol Extract of Kirinyuh Leaves (Eupatorium odoratum L.) and Noni Leaves (Morinda citrifolia L.) against MOLD Fusarium oxysporum on Tomatoes

Tomato plants are one of the leading horticultural commodities that are easily attacked by disease. Plant wilt disease is one of the diseases that often attacks tomato plants which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The use of chemical fungicides causes many losses, so there is a need for plant-based fungicides made from natural ingredients. Kirinyuh leaves and Noni leaves are natural ingredients that can be used as a vegetable fungicide to control fungi Fusarium oxysporum. The experiment was carried out alive and prepared using a Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 6 replications. Data obtained from observations will be analyzed using the Duncan test at the 5% level. The concentrations used by each extract were 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, negative control (Aquadest), positive control (dithane M-45). The results showed that the Noni leaf extract fungicide with a concentration of 60% had the most effective effect in inhibiting the fungal growth zone Fusarium oxysporum on tomatoes.

Evaluation Analysis of Agricultural Extension of Vegetable Fungicides for Rice Plants in Sidomojo Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency

The evaluation of extension practices pays close attention to the changing mindset in agriculture. This evaluation can strengthen understanding of the relationship between the use of plant-based fungicides and the concept of sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of vegetable fungicide extension for rice plants in Sidomojo Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency with a focus on evaluating extension results to improve understanding and practical application in local agriculture. The determination of the research area was carried out purposively, namely in Sidomojo Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency, for the reason that it is one of the rice plant centers in Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency. The sample was taken from 20 respondents who had participated in previous extension activities. The analysis method uses quantitative descriptive analysis with Likert scale. The evaluation of the extension program on the use of vegetable pesticides in Krian sub-district also shows that most farmers are satisfied with the extension materials and facilities, but there is still a need to improve the competence of extension workers. Overall, the extension program was rated as effective, with 60% of farmers responding effectively.

Booster Organik Tanaman Padi sebagai Program Ketahanan Pangan Kelompok Tani Margo Raharjo Desa Jatiluhur Kecamatan Karanganyar Kabupaten Kebumen

Educating the community by conducting counselling, training and mentoring to farmer groups, as a form of supporting the food security programme in Kebumen district. Together with the Margo Raharjo farmer group in Jatiluhur village, Karanganyar sub-district, making organic boosters for rice plants. Participants involved in the service were members of the Margo Raharjo farmer group, and KKN students from Ma'arif Nahdlatul Ulama University Kebumen. Training and counselling activities are carried out so that farmers are not dependent on inorganic fertilisers while providing education on the importance of using organic materials in agriculture. This activity seeks to help overcome the problems that exist in the community, especially in the knowledge of organic fertiliser for rice plants. The use of organic boosters is not only environmentally friendly but also reduces the cost of purchasing booster products on the market which cost up to 230 thousand rupiah. Inorganic booster products are certainly very expensive and less environmentally friendly. Booster is a liquid organic fertiliser whose nutrients play a role in stimulating the generative growth of flowers and fruits. Increasing farmers' awareness of the dangers of continuous use of inorganic fertilisers encourages farmers to switch to the use of environmentally friendly organic fertilisers. Organic booster made from fermented pineapple is one of the liquid organic fertilisers applied in the generative phase of plants, namely at the beginning of flowering and fruiting. After the practice of making organic booster, participants are expected to be able to independently or together with the group to follow up and apply the fertiliser to rice plants according to instructions and recommendations. Further testing and research is needed on organic boosters and making organic boosters from different materials and easily obtained in the surrounding environment. From the results of this activity, the following conclusions were obtained: This activity can improve skills and increase knowledge or insight into the community about organic fertiliser to support increased agricultural productivity, The use of organic booster as one of the solutions to reduce the use of inorganic fertilisers to increase the productivity and quality of products from rice cultivation. Keywords: Organic Fertiliser, Liquid Organic Fertiliser, Vegetable Fungicide, Organic Rice

Potensi Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata L.) sebagai Kandidat Fungisida Nabati Penghambat Pertumbuhan Cendawan Patogen Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides

The attack of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus causes losses to farmers. The prolonged use of synthetic fungicides to treat this fungus harms the environment and consumers. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) contain antioxidant compounds that act as antifeedants, contact poisons, and stomach poisons for plant pests and can potentially become a vegetable fungicide as a growth inhibitor for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in postharvest horticulture. This study used a multilevel extraction method with solvents of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 95% ethanol. Tests for the content of secondary metabolites of soursop leaf extract in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were carried out qualitatively and quantitatively using a UV-Vis Shimadzu 1800 spectrophotometer. The inhibition test of the extract against the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was carried out using disc paper soaked with soursop leaf extract for a certain time. The qualitative test results of soursop leaf extract showed that it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The fungal inhibition zone test showed the most optimal results on soursop leaf extract with a long extraction time of 144 hours and a content of 50%, indicated by the largest diameter of the inhibition zone against the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, namely 1.7 cm.

Rational design of Nd2O3 decorated functionalized carbon nanofiber composite for selective electrochemical detection of carbendazim fungicides in vegetables, water, and soil samples

Abuse of carbendazim (CBZ) leaves excessive pesticide residues on agricultural products, which endangers human health because of the residues' high concentrations. Hence, a composite consisting of functionalized carbon nanofibers (f-CNF) with neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) was fabricated to monitor CBZ at trace levels. The Nd2O3/f-CNF composite-modified electrode displays higher electro-oxidation ability towards CBZ than Nd2O3 and f-CNF-modified electrodes. The combined unique properties of Nd2O3 and f-CNF result in a substantial specific surface area, superior structural stability, and excellent electrocatalytic activity of the composite yielding enhanced sensitivity to detecting CBZ with a detection limit of 4.3nM. Also, the fabricated sensor electrode can detect CBZ in the linear concentration range of up to 243.0μM with high selectivity, appropriate reproducibility, and stability. A demonstration of the sensing capability of CBZ in vegetables, water, and soil samples was reported paving the way for its use in practical applications.

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Leaves, Rhizomes Oils and Fraction Wild Ginger Elettariopsis Slahmong Ck Lim Inhibit The Colony Growth of Sclerotium Rolfsii

This study aims to see the effectiveness of essential oils of leaves, rhizomes and fraction of wild ginger Ellettariopsis slahmong CK Lim against the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii which causes rot disease of the stem base of peanut plants an in vitro.The study consisted of two sub activities: (a) inhibited of colony diameter using Patato Dextrosa Agar (PDA) medium and (b) inhibited of colony biomass using Potato dextrose Broth (PDB) medium, the treatments tested were leaf essential oil and rhizome of wild ginger and fractions A1, B2, C3 and D4, with concentration levels (0, 100, 250 and 500 ppm). Experiments (a) and (b) were arranged in the form of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in factorial each with 4 replications. The results showed that the leaf essential oil and rhizome of wild ginger and its fractions had the potential to be used as a vegetable fungicide. The A1 fraction has the best antifungal effectiveness compared to the B2 fraction, leaf oil, rhizomes and other fractions, with the highest inhibition of diameter and biomass of S rolfsii colony the 49.47% and 51.46%. Essential oils of leaves and rhizome oil are not statistically significantly different, but in numerically leaf oil are better than rhizome oil. The C3 fraction showed the lowest colony diameter inhibition and biomass of 34.70% and 36.95%. The best concentration level in inhibition the growth of S rolfsii mushroom is 500 ppm, with inhibition of the diameter and biomass of the colony by 81.74% and 84.25%.

The distributions of three fungicides in vegetables and their potential health risks in Zhejiang, China: A 3-year study (2015–2017)

Fungicides have been extensively used around the world in agriculture due to their effectiveness of sterilization. Recent evidences have shown that fungicides would exert a negative effect on gut microbiota and result in gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolism disorder on non-target organisms and even humans. However, research on residues and potential health risks of fungicides in daily consumed vegetables has received less attention compared to insecticides. In this study, we studied three widely applied fungicides, procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin, in China. We collected 551 samples of 10 different vegetables in 11 cities from Zhejiang province during 2015-2017. Three fungicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average apparent recoveries of three fungicides ranged from 84.2% to 110% with the relative standard deviations lower than 10%. The LOD values of procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin was 2, 0.09, and 1 μg/kg, respectively. The levels of procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin in those vegetables ranged from ND-875, ND-238, and ND-76 μg/kg, respectively. The highest mean concentrations of procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin were found in eggplant (68 μg/kg), spinach (16.4 μg/kg), and kidney bean (4 μg/kg), respectively. Tomato (62.6% of samples), eggplant (44.3% of samples), and cucumber (41.6% of samples) were most frequently detected with fungicides. Solanaceous fruit vegetables have the highest detection rate than other vegetables, and fungicides were most frequently detected in winter. The mean concentrations of three fungicides in different vegetables were all below the maximum residue limits for the national food safety standards of China, and the health risks resulting from consuming those vegetables in adults and children were all within the safe ranges. The data provided here clarify the distributions of fungicides in commonly consumed vegetables and their potential health risks.

The Implementation of Mimosa Pudica Root Extract for Anthracnose Disease On Red Chili to Increase Productivity

Red chili is one of the important horticultural crops, both for domestic consumption and export commodity. Referring to the Indonesian agricultural information sistem (2016), the national consumption of red chili increases 2 % annually. Problems that occur in the cultivation of red chili plants in Indonesia is a disruption of pests and diseases. One of the diseases found in red chili plants is anthracnose disease caused by the fungi Colletotrichum sp marked spots. To control this disease, farmers usually use liquid chemical fungicide which is sprayed on red chili fruit continuously. A permanent use of the chemical fungicides can lead to pathogenic resistance, environmental damage and is harmful to consumers’ health. It means that we need to establish a sustainable agriculture of-which the developed products are not only renewable but also environment friendly. Therefore, in this research have a purpose to analyze the effect of Mimosa pudica root extract for anthracnose disease on red chili to increase farmers productivity. This research use method field study, which conducted on the chili land owned by farmer in Sukoharjo, Central Java. Which is done by giving Mimosa pudica root extract to the chili affected by anthracnose marked by spots, then compare after giving Mimosa pudica root extract. The study was conducted by spraying the extracts of Mimosa pudica root extract with concentration 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (repeated 3 times) to the chilies. These results showed that the concentration of 25% was best result, proven by the results average spotting size before being given Mimosa pudica root extract is 2 cm then after being given Mimosa pudica root extract reduced to 1.3 cm. So the conclusion is Mimosa pudica root extract with concentration 25% can be an alternative vegetable fungicide to control anthracnose disease in red chili to increase productivity.

Uji Kemampuan Ekstrak Daun Beberapa Jenis Sirih (Piper sp.) Untuk Mengendalikan Jamur Aspergillus sp. Pada Benih Kacang Tanah Secara In Vitro

Vegetable fungicides are fungicides made from natural ingredients that are widely available in nature. One of the plants that can be used as a vegetable fungicide include several species of betel plants such as forest betel (Piper aduncum L.), red betel (Piper crocatum L.) and green betel (Piper betle L.). The use of several betel extracts can be used as an effective and efficient alternative control. This study aims to obtain the type of betel extract which has the potential as a vegetable fungicide that is able to control the fungus Aspergillus sp. The stages of this study consisted of the isolation of Aspergillus sp., Extraction and inhibition test of several betel extracts against the fungus Aspergillus sp., Seed treatment test with extracts of several types of betel. Based on research results giving green betel leaf extract, forest betel and red betel can inhibit the growth of the fungus Aspergillus sp. With the percentage of inhibition of 32.08%, 37.53% and 33.03% respectively. Giving betel leaf extract green, betel forest and red betel also can reduce the percentage of Aspergillus sp. amounted to 19.60%, 19.20% and 18.80% when compared to controls without administration of betel leaf extract. Application of several types of betel leaf extract and without betel leaf extract both produce a high percentage of normal sprouts (> 80%).

Evaluation of sulfonic acid functionalized covalent triazine framework as a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance/cation-exchange mixed-mode sorbent for extraction of benzimidazole fungicides in vegetables, fruits and juices

The functionalization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) enhances chemical properties and expands future applications. Herein, a facile strategy for sulfoacid-functionalized COF is presented through post-modification of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) platform. The magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) material is obtained by anchoring in situ Ni particles on CTF support (Ni/CTF-SO3H) possessing a dual retention mechanism combining hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB) and cation-exchange interaction. We established the (Ni/CTF-SO3H)-MSPE method for selectively enriching carbendazim (CBZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ) from food samples and reducing matrix effect simultaneously. The method detection limit is 1.23-7.05µgkg-1 for CBZ and TBZ in vegetable, fruit and juice samples, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector. The recoveries of spiked CBZ and TBZ in the samples are 80.2-115.1% and RSDs 6.0-11.4%, depending on both analytes and samples. Our work provides a unique perspective in the development of functionalized COFs as a versatile HLB/cation-exchange mixed-mode SPE sorbent for extraction of basic analytes in complex matrix.

KAJIAN JENIS FUNGISIDA DAN INTERVAL APLIKASI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA PADA KEDELAI

Soybean is an important commodity after rice and corn. The attack of plant pest organisms in cultivation decreased soybean productivity. Anthracnose is a disease that can reduce soybean production to 95%. The use of excessive synthetic chemical fungicides causes resistance to plant disturbing organisms and leaves chemical residues. The solution to overcome this problem is pay attention using types of fungicide active ingredients and span application time. This study aims to determine the effect of several types of fungicides and span application time on the development of anthracnose and yields. This research was carried out from February to April 2018 on Agroteknopark Jubung land of Jember University. This study used a Factorial Randomized Group Design model with 9 combinations of treatments and 4 replications. The first factor of the type of fungicide consisted of three levels, namely Triadimefon, T. harzianum and betel leaf. The second factor is the span application time of 3.5 and 7 days. The research data were analyzed using variance analysis, if there were significant differences Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test was carried out at the level of 5%. Observation parameters included the disease incidence, diseases severity, rate of infection, and weight of pods. The results of the study showed that the combination treatment of PT3 (vegetable fungicide with betel leaves with span application time of 7 days) was the most efficient than the other treatments and gave the results of the rate of disease infection (0.84 units per day).Keywords: anthracnose, fungicide, infection rate, soybeans

Enantioseparation and determination of triazole fungicides in vegetables and fruits by aqueous two-phase extraction coupled with online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography

A novel method for determination of triazole fungicides and their enantiomers in foods was developed by aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). With an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of ethanol/K2HPO4 as biphasic extractant, the effects of the ATPS composition, extraction temperature and time on extraction yields of triazole fungicides were investigated. Optimum conditions were concluded as follows: ethanol concentration 31% (w/w) and K2HPO4 concentration 21% (w/w), extraction temperature 60 °C, extraction time 21 min. Based on reversed-phase separation systems, a 2D-LC was constructed by optimizing chromatographic conditions and online heart-cutting procedures. As a result, eight triazole fungicides and their enantiomers were separated respectively on C18 and cellulose-tris (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) stationary phases, revealing good linear relationship in the range of 0.1218-30.06 μg/mL (R2 ≥ 0.9984). The detection limits and recoveries were 0.03113-0.3525 μg/mL and 71.57-107.8%, respectively. The ATPE-2D-LC method was successfully applied to chiral analysis of triazole fungicides in fruits and vegetables.

Determination of eight novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in vegetables and fruits by modified QuEChERS

Determination of eight novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in vegetables and fruits by modified QuEChERS

Determination of six novel amide fungicides in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of mepanipyrim, silthiofam, boscalid, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, cyflufenamid in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analytes were extracted from the samples by acetonitrile and purified by Florisil SPE. The six novel amide fungicides were separated on a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column with the mobile phases of water and acetonitrile, and finally detected by MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, quantified by external standard method. Under the optimal analytical conditions, the correlation coefficients (r) of the six novel amide fungicides were not lower than 0. 999 0 in the concentration range from 0.5 to 100 microg/L. The limits of detection (S/N > or = 3) of the method were 0.15 microg/kg for boscalid, silthiofam, mandipropamid, cyflufenamid, 0.10 microg/kg for mepanipyrim and 0.17 microg/kg for fluopicolide. The recovery tests were performed for the 7 types of vegetables and the 3 types of fruits at the spiked levels of 0.5, 5 and 50 microg/kg, and the recoveries of the six analytes ranged from 65% to 124% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 5) of 1%-18%. The matrix effects in vegetables and fruits of the six amide fungicides were significantly reduced by the purification of Florisil SPE compared with the modified QuEChERS. The method is easy, fast, sensitive and accurate, and can meet the requirements of the determination of the six amide fungicide residues in vegetables and fruits.

Enantioselective determination of acylamino acid fungicides in vegetables and fruits by chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

An efficient and sensitive enantioselective method for simultaneous determination of three acylamino acid fungicides in vegetables and fruits was presented by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The three fungicides (benalaxyl, furalaxyl, and metalaxyl) residues in samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid and an aliquot was cleaned up with Si-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(2)-NH(2) and C(18) sorbent. Complete enantioseparation of three acylamino acid fungicides enantiomers was obtained under reversed-phase conditions on a cellulose tris (4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate) column at 25°C using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution (45:55, v/v) as a mobile phase. The elution orders of the eluted enantiomers were determined by a circular dichroism (CD) detector. The linearity, matrix effect, recovery, and precision were evaluated. Good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.5-250 μg/L for each enantiomer in the standard solution and sample matrix calibration curves. There was no significant matrix effect for three fungicides determination based on the method. The inter-day mean recoveries, intra-day repeatability, and inter-day reproducibility varied from 81.3 to 95.7%, 2.2 to 9.4%, and 2.3 to 9.6%, respectively. The method provided high selectivity and sensitivity, and limits of quantification for enantiomers of three fungicides in vegetables and fruits were both 1 μg/kg.

A natural fungicide for the control of Erysiphe betae and Erysiphe cichoracearum

This study examines the effects of a vegetable fungicide on sugar beet powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) and cucumber powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum). The formulations consisting of a dispersion of Brassicaceae meal in vegetable or mineral oils on infected leaves of sugar beet, reared in the greenhouse, and of musk melons cultivated under plastic tunnels, were tested in comparison to each oil taken separately. Both formulations containing Brassicaceae meals, caused 94% of conidia to be distorted while for the untreated group only 2% were distorted. Furthermore, the leaf area infected by E. betae was 56% for untreated plants and 2.7 and 9.9% respectively, for plants treated with meal containing mineral and vegetable oil. Vegetable oil considered separately or with Brassicaceae meals showed no phytotoxicity, while the formulations based on mineral oil showed a significantly lower fresh and dry weight on tomato plants. The low level or absence of phytotoxicity of plants treated with vegetable oil formulations suggests that to improve the efficacy of powdery mildew control, they could be used mixed with sulphur. The efficiency of the vegetable formulations in the powdery mildew control observed during these trials encourages further investigation on other parasitic fungi and foliar pathogens.

Matrix effect in gas chromatographic determination of insecticides and fungicides in vegetables

A study of the matrix-induced effect was performed for 16 common pesticides, most frequently found in monitoring studies in tomato, pepper and cucumber, using a simple multiresidue method with gas chromatography (GC) and electron-capture (ECD) or nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD) detection, without a previous cleanup step. Anomalously high gas chromatography responses and subsequently very high recoveries for several pesticides in the extracts were obtained by a conventional calibration with pesticide solution in ethyl acetate. Sample matrix enhancement varied from little to no effect for some pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, pirimicarb) to >200% in the case of certain susceptible pesticides (captan, procymidone, iprodione). Pronounced matrix effects were observed at low concentration levels of analyte for all the ECD-detected pesticides. The use of matrix-standards solutions was found to reduce the recoveries of most pesticides to the levels of 70–110% acceptable for residue analysis.

Development of Simultaneous Analysis for 8 kinds of Organonitrogen Fungicides in Vegetables and Fruits by FTD-GC

Development of a procedure for simultaneous analysis of triadimefon, triadimenol, triapentenol, pacrobutrazole, diniconazole, propiconazole, benalaxyl and bitertanol in vegetables and fruits is described. The pesticides were extracted from the sample and analyzed by FTD-GC. Recoveries of the pesticides spiked at 0.2ppm were 67.8-112.5% from 9 kinds of samples except pumpkin. The peaks detected in each sample were confirmed by GC/MS after clean-up by Florisil column chromatography. Triadimefon was eluted with 15% ethyl acetate/hexane and the others were eluted with 30% ethyl acetate/hexane from the Florisil column. Triadimefon (0.41-1.29ppm) and triadimenol (0.22-1.03ppm) were found in all of 6 pineapple skin parts and bitertanol (0.27-0.95ppm) was found in 5 banana skin parts (total 7 samples), but they were not detected in the edible parts of pineapple or banana. Detection limits of the 8 fungicides by the proposed method were 0.01ppm in the samples.