Vedic Research Articles

CHATHUSKA METHODOLOGY: NECTAR OF CHARAKA SAMHITA SUTRASTHANA

Objective: To assess the fundamental concept of Ayurveda explained in Charaka Samhita by the learning methods of Chathushka. Review Methods: Literary review methods were followed throughout the study. Mainly focussed on Charaka Samhita and its Commentaries, Articles related to Chatushka Methodology. Result and Conclusion: Ayurveda is the Upaveda of Atharva Veda and consists of Brihatrayees and Laghutrayess. They have their own textual version that follows a particular style of writing as suited to the subject. The term “Samhita'' denotes complete collection of specific valuable knowledge unavoidable for the improvement of various aspects of life. Since the Vedic literature, the word Samhita is in use. Similarly the main aim of Ayurveda is to protect all aspects of life, so got the name Samhita. Among the Samhitas, Charaka Samhita is divided into eight Sthana and embodiments of knowledge to promote positive health. In Charaka Samhita, Acharya ratified various techniques like Thantrayukti, Vadamarga etc., by adopting a unique methodology known as Chathushka Methodology. Sutra Sthana consists of thirty chapters partitioned into seven quadrants. Each quadrant deals with specific subjects. This paper highlights the influence of Chathushka methodology in identifying the pedagogy of Charaka Samhita to understand the fundamentals of Ayurveda. Data Source: This is a review article and main source of the article is Charaka Samhitha and its commentaries which were available. The main source of Charaka Samhita is the online e - Samhitha of National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage.

Konsep Dasar Literasi Dalam Teks Upaniṣad Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Hindu

<p>Literacy is the soul of education In Hindu civilization. The Upanisad is an integral part of Vedic literature. It provides the basic concepts of education and literacy patterns. According to the Upanisad, education is about giving educated degrees to students and building excellent human character. Likewise, literacy is essential in Hindu Education. This article will explain the basic concepts of education and literacy patterns in the Upanisad, which are the basis for human resource development, as stated in ancient texts. This study uses Vedic hermeneutics to explain and construct the superiority of the concepts contained in the Upanishads.</p>

The Dimensions of Language and Thought in the Vedic Literature

The present article explores the interrelationships between language and thought in the literature of the Vedic Canon. Whether language shapes thoughts or vice versa has remained a topic pregnant with perpetual discussions, interpretations, and explanations since the beginning of human civilization. Throughout the multiple crossroads of the development in the intellectual tradition, the dimensions of language and thought attracted many scholars and linguists. However, linguists like Edward Sapir and Benjamin L. Whorf in the twentieth century have systematically interpreted and analyzed the language-thought dimensions. Whorf postulated that language shapes thoughts while Sapir projected that language is in the grip of thought. The literature of the Vedic Canon has also logically and systematically projected the multiple dimensional, but agglutinative relationships between language and thought. The hymns of the Rig Veda, myths from Brahmanas, and the lore from Upanishads unravel, interpret, and enrich the language-thought interconnection in such a way that the Vedic literature remains as the classical version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis written in Sanskrit. In this regard, the Vedic literature and Sapir-Whorf hypothesis play the same tune of music in different lyres. The present paper attempts to reveal this point of unity in diversity between the two seemingly diverse schools of thoughts—classical Vedic literature and modern linguistic theory of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Being the qualitative research, this paper explores, interprets, and correlates the theoretical concepts, ideas, and phenomena from the Vedic literature and Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Chandra Gayatri And Mind : Perspective from Indian Scriptures

Gayatri mantra is one of the most sacred chants to be found in Hindu lore, where an entire philosophy of Indian culture is compressed into these few syllables. Gayatri is the considered as supreme source with infinite divine forces. One of them is ‘Chandra Gayatri’. Chandra (moon) has a strong relation in Indian Scripture. The aim of this perspective is to understand the importance of Chandra Gayatri Mantra in Vedic texts for reaching mental peace and stability.

Decoding the Elements of Human Rights from the Verses of Ancient Vedic Literature and Dharmaśāstras: An Exegetical Study

This manuscript aims to provide a nuanced study of the idea of rights and duties prevalent in ancient Vedic society through Vedic literature and Dharmaśāstras . This manuscript delves into the exegesis of the Vedas and Dharmaśāstras to accomplish this. The archaic Vedic literature and Dharmaśāstra texts are the origin and backbone of Sanskrit literature. They have a plethora of ideas that, if accepted, could be quite useful for the protection of any person's human rights. In Vedas and Dharmaśāstras, rights and duties complement each other, and rights are integrated by duties. According to these texts, rights and duties are correlated and the relationship between rights and duties leads to the core concept of dharma (constitutional laws). Dharma is a systematic Sanskrit concept that includes traditions, obligation, morals, laws, order, and justice. It was a unique concept of dharma that kept checks and balances on sovereign officials and prevented them from becoming autocratic and anarchist. It also provided the common man with a protective shield against the dictatorship of sovereign officials. Ordinary citizens had more privileges and fewer responsibilities relative to the state's highest officials. The greater the authority, the less his privileges were, and the more extensive his responsibilities became. This research is an exegetical analysis of ancient Indian Vedic and later Vedic literature and is primarily aimed at deciphering some of the essential ideas of the rights found in these texts, which are akin to contemporary human rights. It endeavours to discern and explain the tenets of human rights obnubilated in the pristine mantras of Antediluvian Vedic and Smṛti texts of India. The essay further attempts to add a much needed non-western perspective to the historiography of human rights.

Mythical Women and Journey towards destined Roles -Comparison between the Contemporary Characters in the Novels: The thousand Faces of Night and the Vine of Desire

India is a land of culture and tradition. Indian mythology has carved its niche om the world of Mythology. Indian Mythology is rich in scriptures and Vedas. The Hindu mythology has its roots in the religion. The rituals and tradition area part of the Hindu Mythology. The present paper focuses on the Hindu Mythology with special reference to the Panchakanyas from the Vedic Scriptures. These Panchakanyas were revered in the scriptures and their names were chanted during the sermons and rituals as they are believed to be the Pativratas. This paper focus on the mythical figures from the fiction of Sudha Murthy “The Daughter from a wishing tree” these women carved their own destiny. This paper gives a comparative study of the characters ‘ Devi’, from “Thousand Faces Of Night” and ‘Sudha’ from “The vine Of Desire” with that of the mythical characters .These people from the novels carved their own destinies .Along with these mythical women the writer talks about many women and their tales were of importance to mention.

Ancient Indian Alcoholic Drink Called Surā: Vedic Evidence


 
 
 A drink called surā is the alcoholic drink mentioned in our oldest Indian text, the Ṛg Veda, and people continued to make a drink called surā for millennia . This article uses the methodology of the comparative study of fermentation methods in order to make sense of the earliest descriptions of surā brewing processes . Surā was brewed in a semi-solid state, using malts for saccharification, perhaps also with a complex microbial ferment starter as one sees elsewhere in Asia today . Surā was not distilled. Understanding this has philological value: if surā was brewed with this process, we can better understand certain words associated with surā in Vedic texts, e .g ., the drink called parisrut (“fluid[-grain mixture]”), certain material objects (the kārotara filter-structure), and certain processes (surā, ety- mologically as squeezing or pressing). Although brewing instructions are varied and may reflect several modes of brewing, and although the process in surviving descriptions may have been ritually inflected to highlight resemblances with soma pressing, I argue we can still get a sense of the basic method of brewing . These are some of the earliest detailed descriptions of brewing a grain drink that, con- sidered in the long term, has similarities with both Mesopotamian brewing and East Asian methods .
 
 

Истоки учения о Шри (Лакшми) в вишишта-адвайта-веданте

The doctrine of Śrī-tattva (ontology of the goddess Lakṣmī) in the philosophy of viśiṣṭādvaita-vedānta is one of the most disputable. It raises a number of ques­tions within the tradition and from other philosophical schools. The Supreme Re­ality (Brahman) has its personified form, represented as Viṣṇu with his spouse Śrī. However, it is not always clear whether the goddess acts autonomously, or she is completely subordinate to God. Whether it is the potency of God, the metaphysical principle, or she is the Supreme deity along with Viṣṇu. This doc­trine became one of the most disputable between the Tengalai and Vadagalai śrī­vaiṣṇava schools of the South India in the 13th – 14th centuries. The ācāryas criticized various theories about Lakṣmī in the debates and in their works, as to her being the means of liberation (mokṣa), as to her being Paramātmā or just a part of Brahman, as to her being infinite etc. Viśiṣṭādvaita’s philosophers quote the Vedic texts and Pāñcarātra samhitas as the most authoritative sources of knowledge when they explain this doctrine. This article discusses references in these texts to Śrī-Lakṣmī, its nature, attributes and functions, as well as its sta­tus in relation to Nārāyaṇa and the Universe.

A Novel Study on Physico Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Water During Rise of Agastya Nakshatra (Canopus Star) in Autumn Season

Background In ayurvedic and vedic literature concept of Hamsodak was explained i.e during sharadrutu due to the influence of Agastya nakshatra Canopus water gets purified.Objective To revalidate this principle the present research work was carried out for two years to conduct physico chemical and microbiological analysis of water during rise of Canopus star in autumn season in different water reservoirs.Methodology In 2015 two litres of water was collected in sterilized glass bottles from water reservoirs Rakkaskoppa and Fort Lake. In 2016 water samples were collected from Jamboti water. Physico chemical and microbiological analysis were done at three different periods like before 15 days of rise of Canopus star during rise of Canopus star and after 15 days of rise of Canopus star.Results The physico chemical analysis of water during Canopus star showed that the values of pH total alkalinity CaCO3 sulphates chlorides biological oxygen demand level were decreased. A reduction in microbiological bacterial count was observed but no changes were noted with fungal count. From these results we can interpret that there was a positive effect of Canopus star on the purification of water.Conclusion On analyzing the results of physico chemical and microbiological parameters the effect of Canopus star Agastya nakshatra was evident in the present scenario. However results may depend on the level of contamination and environmental conditions.nbsp

Relationship between Vedic personality traits (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas) with life satisfaction and perceived stress in healthy university students: A cross-sectional study.

Trigunas are three basic mental attributes of a personality according to Indian Vedic literature that explains the relationship between mental attributes and human behavior. The three attributes are Tamas (tendency toward lethargy and rigidity), Rajas (tendency toward ambition and activity) and Sattva (tendency toward selfless service), respectively. Satisfaction with life and perceived stress are the important determinants of one's quality of life. A cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between Trigunas, life satisfaction and perceived stress. The study recruited 121 willing healthy university students (75 females) with general health questionnaire scores ≤3. All participants were assessed using standardized psychometric tools. Spearman two-tailed correlation test revealed Sattva to have positive correlation with life satisfaction (r = 0.503) and negative correlation with perceived stress (r = -0.302) and other two Gunas (Tamas: R = -0.77; Rajas: R = -0.75), respectively. On the other hand, both Rajas and Tamas correlated positively with perceived stress (Rajas: R = 0.183; Tamas: R = 0.321) and negatively with life satisfaction (Rajas: R = -0.40; Tamas: R = -0.36). This cross-sectional study on university students in India suggests an association of Vedic personality traits (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas Gunas) with life satisfaction, and perceived stress.

Influences of Eastern Philosophy in Emerson's Writings

The paper explores and critically examines how the Vedic thought with specific reference to Brahma, the Bhagavad Gita, and the laws of Karma have influenced Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose works. The project shows an analysis of Emerson's works in relation to the Vedic philosophy. Therefore, criticisms and readings on his essays build up the background to illustrate the claim. The paper also demonstrates that there has been an impetus of Eastern philosophy on western writers including Ralph Waldo Emerson. The amalgam of Eastern philosophy and western vision beautifies the texture of this article. The readers will benefit from the knowledge of American transcendentalism.

Rest after War: yóga in the R̥gveda and Its Scholarly Und

From a longue durée perspective, the term yoga has been scholarly understood as a philosophical system or a religious phenomenon. Such an approach, however, does not take into account the uses of the word yóga in the early Vedic texts, mainly the R̥gveda, where this term is linked with the art of war. This article suggests that the term yóga should be understood in the social and political context of the mobility and warfare of the semi nomadic communities of ancient India. It also addresses the question of historiography of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It is suggested that the scholarly understanding of the word yóga in the early Vedic literature has been impacted by many attempts to search for an original, pure or essential yoga. For the purposes of this articles, the invention of the Ur-Yoga will be discussed to show how they contributed to forge ideologies in the course of the twentieth century.

Ancient Vedic Literature and Human Rights: Resonances and Dissonances

The Vedic literature constitutes the fulcrum of Sanskrit literature and is repositories of some fundamental concepts of human rights. This manuscript endeavors to decode the tenets of human rights ...

A critical Study on Roga marga in Ayurveda with Special Reference to Madhyama Roga marga

According to Ayurveda health is having an inseparable relation between tridoshas, sapta dhatus, trimalasmalas srotases and agnis. The normalcy of these components is essential for a healthy life and any alteration or change in the equilibrium of these components will give raise to vyaadi or disease. In our body we have got so many dosha gatis like vriddhikshaya bheda, ashayapakarsha bheda urdhvadhar, tiryak bheda koshta shakha, Marathi sandhi bheda avarna bheda. So because of this we need to study the roga marga in detail for understanding the rogas in a better way so a study have been put forth with the heading “A Study On Roga marga W.S.R. To Madhyama Roga marga” with its role in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment formed the objectives. In this study we have done the Collection, compilation sorting and analysis of various documentations right from Vedic scriptures to the latest dissertations, journals and websites on trividha roga marga were done. After screening through all the literatures collected on the matter we came to a conclusion that there exists lot of similarity between roga marga and srotas. But they seem to be different. Roga marga are the place where roga exists. Khavaigunya when takes place in srotas disease manifests. Different diseases have been included in different roga marga according to the samprapti and the udbhava sthana of the disease. Roga marga is the place where khavaigunya does occur and acts as the point of ignition and directs the samprapti to propagate in a definite manner. So we have concluded the study as the Roga marga plays an important role in the sub clinical and clinical stages of raj samprathi.

Classifying and Defining Deities in the Late Vedic Age: A Study and an Annotated Translation of Yāska's Nirukta Chapter 7

AbstractYāska's Nirukta (ca. fifth-third century bce), the seminal text of the Sanskritic discipline of nirvacana or ‘etymology’, is one of the most important yet least studied late Vedic texts. Particularly little attention has been paid to Nirukta Chapter 7. This chapter outlines Yāska's views on Vedic deities and articulates the hermeneutic principles whereby they are classified and defined. It plays a crucial, yet underappreciated, role in the history of ancient India's theological and hermeneutical speculations. The absence of an accessible English translation, which tackles the text's many conceptual and linguistic complexities, is the main reason why Nirukta Chapter 7 has not received the attention it deserves. We offer the first complete annotated English translation in a century. A comprehensive introduction clarifies the structure and rationale of Chapter 7 and elucidates the salient features of Yāska's theology.

Ancient Vedic Literature and Human Rights: Resonances and Dissonances

The Vedic literature constitutes the fulcrum of Sanskrit literature and is repositories of some fundamental concepts of human rights. This manuscript endeavors to decode the tenets of human rights concealed in the Vedic texts. It further endeavors to view a connection between archaic Vedic literature and human rights and approaches the subject of human rights from the perspectives of Vedic texts. As an articulated concept, human rights have distinct western inception though the elements that constitute the concept postulate different cultural forms and are found in sundry civilizations of which one is Vedic civilization. The Vedic rights are certainly not akin to modern-day human rights but then it would not be feasible to expect much from the texts that are approximately 3500 to 4000 years old. Though the Vedic literature vividly resonates with some rudimentary conceptions of human rights, the relationship between Vedic literature and human rights is not entirely smooth and tension free. This manuscript withal fixates on the incongruities subsisting between Vedic literature and human rights.

Towards a ‘Vedic Feminine Renaissance’

The sense of justice and equity towards women is considered among the best indicators that reflect the socio-cultural development of a civilisation. The position and status of women, as reflected in literature naturally serves as a test to gauge the sensibilities and cultivation of each associated age. It is matter of general agreement that the feminine ideals of womanhood during the early Vedic age remain exalted and exemplary. The Vedic narratives elevate the ephemeral spirit of womanhood, which progressively lost its sheen in successive stages.
 While the contemporary feminine polemics consistently unravel unhackneyed theories, generic in nature, we are lacking in such an orientation which targets specifics of local, regional and traditional culture. Feminists in India are no exception, and have largely adopted the theories of Feminism emanating from the discourse of the West. The Indian Vedic repository contains instances which testify the epitome of womanhood at its best. However, the Indian ethos of feminism imbedded firmly in the Vedic roots remain largely inaccessible in the contemporary feministic theory. The need for adapting ‘global feminism’ to the ‘classical Indian taste’ remains an unobserved concern.
 This paper explores the possibilities inherent in the study of classical mythic literature and their potential for stimulating ‘local theories’ of feminism in India through a study of selected feminine ideals present in the early Vedic narratives. Can study of ancient Vedic literature inspire a reawakening in Indian feminism, just as the study of classical Greek literature did for the West during Renaissance in Europe - is a question, this paper seeks to address.

Review on Ayurvedic Anatomical Concept of Eye i.e. Netra Sharir

Ayurveda is ancient science of health.. It deals with treatment of diseases with medicines as well as Surgical procedures. Ashtang Ayurveda has Kaya (Medicine), Shalya (Surgery), Shalakya (E. N. T. and Ophthalmology) etc. eight branches of Ayurveda. Shalakya (E. N. T. and Ophthalmology) branch has described various Urdhva Jatrugat Vikar and their management with surgery and medicine. Eye i.e. Netra has its own importance in Panch Dnyaneneindriyas. The description of anatomy of eye can be traced in Vedic literature. The divine Vaidya Ashwinidwaya used to perform eye surgeries with thorough knowledge of anatomy. Vedas are mankind’s source of knowledge. Ayurved is derived from one of the Vedic Samhita called Atharv-ved. One of the eight branches of the Ayurveda is shalakyatantra which deals with diseases of urdhvajatrugatarogas and treatment including surgical one. Father of surgery Sushrutacharya has described eye anatomy in detail in Sushrut Samhita.

Pragmalinguistic Aspect of Interrogative Speech Acts in Discourse of “Rig Veda”

The interrogative speech acts presented in the linguistic material of the “Rig Veda” — one of the most ancient and culturally significant works that were a manifestation of ritual and mythological discourse, are researched. The language of Vedic texts is considered from the standpoint of the functional approach as a pragmatic system for which such communicative characteristics as intentions and illocutionary power of utterances are relevant. The system of norms and ideas that govern speech activity in the Vedic ritual interaction is taken into account. It has been proven that interrogative speech acts are one of the most important pragmatic elements of this type of discourse. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that all the interrogative structures of the monument extracted as a result of a continuous sampling are studied for the first time from the point of view of pragmatics, taking into account communicative intentions. Various types of questions are described and analyzed, including interrogative constants, interrogative directives, including questions with secondary illocution, as well as proper interrogative sentences. The author comes to the conclusion that, in addition to non-specific pragmatics for a given linguistic material, interrogative sentences in the text of the Rig Veda contribute to the realization of the magic-incantatory function of speech. The results are valuable both for studying the named type of discourse and for clarifying the understanding of the text of the monument and Vedic culture as a whole.

Принцип шестерицы в древнеиндийской и древнекитайской философии

The paper discusses the role of the principle of the number six in the Vedic corps of ancient Indian philosophy and in the philosophy of ancient China. It is shown that number, counting, numerology in the culture of Ancient India and Ancient China played an important, metaphysical role. It justifies why in ancient Indian philosophy there could be exactly six darshanas, since they exhausted the body of Vedic philosophy (astics). The rest of the schools of ancient Indian philosophy, therefore, could not claim the status of darshan. The special significance of the number six for Chinese philosophy is also associated with the presence of six schools and with the Yin symbolism. Since the link «yin» – «yang» is important for the ancient Chinese culture, the number «nine» (the symbol «yang») also acquires special significance for the ancient Chinese culture. It is assumed that together the numbers «nine» and «six» in Chinese culture mean «the number of the Sage».