Vector Snail Lymnaea Acuminata Research Articles

Molluscicidal Efficacy of Essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum Clove and Tachyspermum ammi Seeds against Lymnaea acuminata, a Vector Snail

In eastern Uttar Pradesh, fascioliasis, an endemic zoonotic disease, is quite prevalent. Essential oils that are produced from various plants are extremely important to human health. The current study found that the essential oils from Tachyspermum ammi seeds and Syzygium aromaticum cloves are effective herbal molluscicides against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. Syzygium aromaticum cloves and Tachyspermum ammi seeds are used to extract their essential oils using both conventional and unconventional techniques, such as solvent extraction (SE) and hydrodistillation (HD). The results section makes it evident that both of the essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum clove and Tachyspermum ammi seeds have a high level of molluscicidal activity (24-hour LC50 values are 3.01 and 2.35), particularly against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. The current investigation unequivocally showed that the exposed vector snails to the essential oils are extremely harmful. The aim of the present investigation is to establish the molluscicidal activity of the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum clove and Tachyspermum ammi seeds against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata.

Influence of Abiotic Factors and Umbelliferone Toxicity in Snail Attractant Pellets Against the Vector Snail <i>Lymnaea acuminata</i>

Background and Objective: Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease, which is transmitted by Lymnaea acuminata snails of the Lymnaidae family and causes the disease in human and herbivorous mammals in all over the world. One of the suitable approaches for the control of fasciolosis is the snail control. The snail control by snail attractant pellets is a new technique because there is no any side effect on other biota/human/natural environment. Material and Methods: The influence of various abiotic factors and umbelliferone toxicity in bait against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata was checked in different months of the years 2018-2019. Result: After 24h of molluscicide exposure, it was found that LC50 values 4.37, 4.22 and 5.66 % in SAP containing starch + umbelliferone and 4.02, 4.33, and 4.76 % in SAP containing proline + umbelliferone during May, June and July, respectively, were most effective treatments in killing the snails. While SAP containing starch + umbelliferone was 9.84% and proline + umbelliferone was 8.94% were minimum effective in January in 24h toxicity. Conclusion: This study indicates that various abiotic factors significantly changed the toxicity of umbelliferone; so, the snails can be controlled by snail attractant pellets containing umbelliferone will be applied in a particular month rather than the whole month of the year.

Efficacy of Essential Oils from Plant Origin Molluscicides against the Vector Snail Lymnaea acuminata

Efficacy of Essential Oils from Plant Origin Molluscicides against the Vector Snail Lymnaea acuminata

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase activity in Fasciola gigantica cercaria by phytoconstituents

Fasciolosis is an important cattle and human disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. One of the possible methods to control this problem is to interrupt the life cycle of Fasciola by killing its larva (redia and cercaria) in host snail. Molecular identification of cercaria larva of F. gigantica was done by comparing the nucleotide sequencing with adult F. gigantica. It was noted that nucleotide sequencing of cercaria larva and adult F. gigantica were 99% same. Every month during the year 2011–2012, in vivo treatment with 60% of 4h LC50 of phyto cercaricides citral, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, azadirachtin and allicin caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase activity in the treated cercaria larva of F. gigantica. Whereas, activity of both enzymes were not significantly altered in the nervous tissues of vector snail Lymnaea acuminata exposed to same treatments. Maximum reduction in AChE (1.35% of control in month of June) and cytochrome oxidase (3.71% of control in the month of July) activity were noted in the cercaria exposed to 60% of 4h LC50 of azadirachtin and allicin, respectively.

Anti-reproductive Activity of Tribulus Terrestris against Vector Snail Lymnaea Acuminata

Effect of sublethal (20% and 60% of 24h LC50) treatment of crude fruit powder, organic extracts of Tribulus terrestris and active molluscicidal components harmane and harmine were studied on the reproduction of Lymnaea acuminata. It was observed that the crude fruit powder of T. terrestris/ organic extracts and harmane and harmine significantly reduced the fecundity, hatchability and survival of young snail L.acuminata. Maximum reduction in fecundity (16.24% of control) and hatchability (22.88% of control) after 24h was noted in harmane treated snail. No survival was observed after 24h. Significant recovery in reproductive capacity of treated snails was noted in withdrawal group. Fecundity increased upto 75.94% of control after withdrawal from 72h treatment.

Toxicity of snail attractant pellets containing eugenol with respect to abiotic factors against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata

Every month during the year 2010–2011, the 24 to 96 h LC50 values of molluscicide eugenol, in snail attractant pellets (SAP), were determined against a snail Lymnaea acuminata, with concomitant determination of levels of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and electrical conductivity in test water. On the basis of a 24 h toxicity assay, it was noted that LC50 values 2.55, 2.68, and 2.91% in SAP containing starch+eugenol and 2.67, 2.54, and 2.85% in SAP containing proline+eugenol during May, June, and July, respectively, were most effective treatments in killing the snails, while SAP containing starch or proline+eugenol were least effective in January when the 24 h LC50 was 10.73% and 7.14% for starch and proline, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between LC50 of eugenol containing SAP and levels of dissolved O2 and pH of water in corresponding months. On the contrary, a negative correlation was observed between LC50 and dissolved CO2 and temperature of test water in the same months. A significant positive rank correlation occurred between AChE activities and the corresponding sublethal concentrations of eugenol in SAP. Moreover, there was a maximum inhibition of 58.96% of AChE in snails exposed to 80% of the 24 h LC50 of eugenol+starch in June.

Characterization of the molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops elengi plant extracts against the fasciola vector lymnaea acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata leaf and Mimusops elengi bark was studied against vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. The toxicity of both plants was time and concentration-dependent. Among organic extracts, ethanol extracts of both plants were more toxic. Toxicity of B. variegata leaf ethanolic extract (96h LC50- 14.4 mg/L) was more pronounced than M. elengi bark ethanolic extract (96h LC50-15.0 mg/L). The 24h LC50 of column purified fraction of B. variegata and M. elengi bark were 20.3 mg/L and 18.3 mg/L, respectively. Saponin and quercetin were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component. Co-migration of saponin (Rf 0.48) and quercetin (Rf 0.52) with column purified bark of M. elengi and leaf of B. variegata on thin layer chromatography demonstrate same Rf value i.e. 0.48 and 0.52, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the possibility of using M. elengi and/or B. variegata as potent molluscicide.

Inhibition kinetics of certain enzymes in the nervous tissue of vector snail Lymnaea acuminata by active molluscicidal components of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula

Effect of active molluscicidal components of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activity in the nervous tissue of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. In vivo and in vitro exposure of saponin (active component of S. mukorossi pericarp) and tannic acid (active component of T. chebula) significantly inhibited the AChE, ACP and ALP activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. The inhibition kinetics of these enzymes indicate that saponin and tannic acid caused competitive and competitive–non-competitive inhibition of AChE, respectively. Saponin also caused competitive and competitive–non-competitive inhibition of ACP and ALP, respectively, whereas tannic acid caused competitive–non-competitive inhibition of ACP and ALP. Thus the inhibition of AChE, ACP and ALP by saponin and tannic acid in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata may be the cause of molluscicidal activity of S. mukorossi and T. chebula.

Molluscicidal activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula against the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula fruit powder against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata was time and concentration dependent. The molluscicidal activity of T. chebula fruit powder (96 h LC 50:93.59 mg L −1) was more pronounced than that of S. mukorossi fruit powder (96 h LC 50:119.57 mg L −1). Ethanolic extracts of S. mukorossi and T. chebula fruit powder were more toxic than their other organic solvent extracts. The molluscicidal activity of ethanolic extract of S. mukorossi fruit powder (24 h LC 50:2.75 mg L −1) was more effective than the ethanolic extract of T. chebula fruit powder (24 h LC 50:124.06 mg L −1). The 96 h LC 50 of column-purified fraction of S. mukorossi fruit powder was 5.43 mg L −1 whereas those of T. chebula fruit powder was 7.49 mg L −1. Column, thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrates that the active molluscicidal component in S. mukorossi and T. chebula is saponin (96 h LC 50:1.31 mg L −1) and tannic acid (96 h LC 50:1.64 mg L −1), respectively. These plants may be used as potent source of molluscicides against the snail L. acuminata.

Molluscicidal Activity of Nutmeg and Mace (Myristica Fragrans Houtt.) Against the Vector Snail Lymnaea Acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of powdered nutmeg and mace (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata was evaluated. The toxicity of both the spices was time- and dose-dependent. The toxicity of mace powder (96 h LC50 = 28.61 mgL−1) was more pronounced than that of nutmeg powder (96 h LC50 = 36.95 mgL−1). Ethanolic extracts of nutmeg and mace were more toxic than their other organic solvent extracts. The ethanolic extract of mace (24 h LC50 = 13.33 mgL−1) was more effective than the ethanolic extract of nutmeg (24 h LC50 = 18.04 mgL−1) in killing the test animals. The 96 h LC50 of column purified fraction of mace was 2.77 mgL−1 whereas that of nutmeg was 3.98 mgL−1. Nutmeg and mace may be used as potent molluscicides.

Combinations of binary and tertiary toxic effects of extracts of Euphorbia pulcherima latex powder with other plant derived molluscicides against freshwater vector snails

Molluscicidal activity of different plant moieties in different combinations (binary or tertiary) were tested against freshwater vector snail Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus in earthen cemented ponds. These snails are belonging to the family Lymnaeidae are known to act as intermediate host of liver fluke Fasciola hepatica cause endemic fascioliasis in cattle and live stock. Binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) combinations of the rutin, ellagic acid, betulin and taraxerol with Euphorbia pulcherima latex powder were studied molluscicidal activity against freshwater snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus in earthen cemented pond. It was observed that the molluscicidal activity of E. pulcherima latex powder with other plant product in combinations of binary and tertiary against harmful snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus was time as well as dose dependent. There was a significant negative correlation between LC50 values and exposure periods thus increases in exposure time mixed in binary combination (1:1) of the E. pulcherima latex powder with rutin, ellagic acid and taraxerol the LC50 values decreased from 3.19 mg/L (24h)> to 1.82 mg/L (96h); 6.75 mg/L (24h)> to 3.65 mg/L (96h) and 10.33 mg/L (24h)> to 7.37 mg/L (96h) respectively against snail Lymnaea acuminata and E. pulcherima latex powder with rutin, ellagic acid and taraxerol the LC50 values is decreased from 5.91 mg/L (24h)> to 4.0 mg/L (96h); 8.12 mg/L (24h)> to 5.67 mg/L (96h) and 11.94 mg/L (24h)> to 9.48 mg/L (96h) against Indoplanorbis exustus. Same trend of the toxicity was also observed in the molluscicidal activity of E. pulcherima latex with rutin, ellagic acid, taraxerol and betulin in tertiary combinations (1:1:1) against the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus.

Molluscicidal activity of Carica papaya and Areca catechu against the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of seed and lyophilized latex powder of Carica papaya and seed powder of Areca catechu against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied. The toxicity of these plant products was time and dose dependent. The toxicity of C. papaya lyophilized latex powder (LC 50 at 96 h: 8.38 mg/l) was more pronounced than that of A. catechu seed powder (LC 50 at 96 h: 12.32 mg/l) and C. papaya seed powder (LC 50 at 96 h: 61.56 mg/l). Ethanolic extracts of C. papaya seed and A. catechu seed were more toxic than their other extracts. The ethanolic extract of A. catechu seed (LC 50 at 24 h: 17.21 mg/l) was more effective than the ethanolic extract of C. papaya seed (LC 50 at 24 h: 53.38 mg/l). The LC 50 of column-purified fraction of A. catechu seed at 96 h was 3.99 mg/l, whereas that of C. papaya seed was 7.06 mg/l. C. papaya and A. catechu may be used as potent molluscicides since the concentrations used to kill the snails were not toxic for the fish Colisa fasciatus which shares the same habitat with the snail L. acuminata.

Alterations in carbohydrates and the protein metabolism of the harmful freshwater vector snail Lymnaea acuminata induced by the Euphorbia tirucalli latex extract

To know the short- as well as long-term effect of aqueous latex extracts of Euphorbia tirucalli on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, the snail Lymnaea acuminata was exposed to sublethal doses of 0.37 and 0.55 mg/L for a 24-h and 0.20 and 0.31 mg/L for a 96-h exposure period. Significant ( P < 0.05 ) alterations in the glycogen, pyruvate, lactate, total protein, and free amino acid level, as well as in the activity of enzyme lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, protease, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase were observed in the nervous, hepatopancreatic, and ovotestis tissues of the freshwater vector snail L. acuminata exposed to sublethal doses of E. tirucalli latex extract. The alterations in all biochemical parameters were significantly ( P < 0.05 ) time and dose dependent. After the 7th day of the withdrawal of treatment, there was significant ( P < 0.05 ) recovery in glycogen, pyruvate, lactate, total protein, and the free amino acid level and in the activity of the lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, protease, aspartate aminotransaminase and alanine aminotransaminase enzymes in all three of the studied tissues of the snail, which supports the view that the plant product is safe for use as a molluscicide for the control of harmful freshwater vector snails in the aquatic environment.

Toxic effect of stem bark and leaf of Euphorbia hirta plant against freshwater vector snail Lymnaea acuminata

The aqueous stem bark and leaf extracts of plant Euphorbia hirta (family-Euphorbiaceae) have potent molluscicidal activity. Sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC 50) of aqueous stem bark and leaf extracts of this plant also significantly ( P < 0.05) alter the levels of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and the activity of enzyme protease and acid and alkaline phosphatase in various tissues of the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata in time and dose dependent manner. Euphorbia hirta (family-Euphorbiaceae) commonly known as Dudhi, is a common medicinal plant of India, which is used in variety of diseases i.e. cough, asthma, colic, dysentery, genito urinary diseases.