Vector Network Analyzer Research Articles

A study on the structural, magnetic, and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of NiFe2O4@MWCNTs nanocomposites

The present study managed to build, nanocomposites (NCs) containing nickel ferrite and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NiFe2O4@MWCNTs) with different weight to ratios absorb electromagnetic waves (EM) in the X and Ku bands. In addition, the structural and electromagnetic (EM) properties of the nanocomposites were characterized. In the first step, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NFNPs) were successfully synthesized via a citrate-nitrate (C–N) method. Subsequently, NFNPs and MWCNTs were blended at various weight ratios to form NF@MWCNTs nanocomposites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used for surface morphology and elemental analysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to describe the distribution of NFNPs on the MWCNTs surface. Infrared (IR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to examine the magnetic properties. The vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to examine the absorption properties of EM waves. The properties of NF@MWCNTs nanocomposites were examine at five different weight ratios. The S3 sample with a thickness of 2.00 mm exhibited the best loss in the X band, reaching −30.47 dB. Furthermore, the S2 sample with a thickness of 5.00 mm exhibited the lowest Ku-band loss, reaching a value of −17.39 dB.

Hybrid BOFDA/BOCDA system for distributed static and dynamic strain measurements.

We present a distributed optical fiber sensor based on a hybrid Brillouin optical frequency/correlation-domain analysis (BOFDA/BOCDA) configuration for both static and dynamic strain measurements. Distributed static strain (or temperature) measurements are realized using the conventional BOFDA method, i.e., acquiring the baseband transfer function of the fiber through a vector network analyzer (VNA). With little modifications, the same setup can perform dynamic, position-selective measurements synthesizing a correlation peak through a frequency modulation of the laser source while operating the VNA at a single modulation frequency. Experimental tests, carried out at a sampling frequency up to 40 Hz and a spatial resolution of ≈5 cm, demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

Superparamagnetic nanocubes of Co and Cu co-doped Mn-based ferrites as microwave absorbing material

The requirement in resolving electromagnetic (EM) problems in stealth warhead technologies are excellent absorption ability, lightweight, and thin dimensions. In this direction, this study provides a straightforward hydrothermal one-pot method to synthesize superparamagnetic Mn-based ferrite co-doped with Co and Cu (MCCF), and the article presents its microwave absorption properties. Using cutting-edge techniques, the MCCF nanocomposite phase structure, morphological, superparamagnetic, and microwave absorption properties were measured and analyzed. MCCF-822 ferrite shows superparamagnetic properties simultaneously with a high Ms value 71.4 emu/g. Vector network analysis of MCCF-822 with 70 wt% loading demonstrates an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.2 GHz with a maximum reflection loss (RLmax) of −19.2 dB at 2 mm thickness, and it spans almost 92.77 % frequency region (3.3–18 GHz range with RL < −10 dB) by varying thickness 1.7 mm–6 mm. At 60 wt% loading, it covers the whole X & Ku band with a thickness range from 2 to 9 mm with a good EAB of 4.3 GHz at 2.5 mm thickness with RLmax of −16 dB. The dual absorption bands are also present in MCCF-613, which increases the EAB with RLmax −52.99 dB at 9 mm, fulfilling the superparamagnetic properties. Thus, MCCF-822 is proposed as a cost-effective superior ferrite nanocomposite for microwave absorption applications.

Comprehensive Analysis of Xiaomi Mi 8 GNSS Antenna Performance.

The interest in precise point positioning techniques using smartphones increased with the launch of the world's first dual-frequency L1/L5 GNSS smartphone, Xiaomi Mi 8. The smartphone GNSS antenna is low-cost, sensitive to multipath, and limited by physical space and design. The main purpose of this work is to determine the mechanical location and antenna performance in terms of radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and robotic positioning platform by varying the elevation and azimuth angles between the transmitter and smartphone GNSS antennas; the power received and satellite visibility are developed in an outdoor scenario. The results show a Planar Inverted-F Antenna with an omnidirectional radiation pattern without gain. The L1/E1/B1 and L5/E5a/B2a GNSS antennas are physically located at the top face of the screen, with dimensions of 48 × 17 mm and 60 × 13 mm, respectively. With the screen with line-of-sight toward the sky, L5 satellites have a better signal-noise ratio (SNR), unlike the back side, which loses 99% of the data in the PPP solution. Under multipath scenarios, the L1 GNSS smartphone antenna works with 25% less power than the GPS user segment recommendation, showing high sensitivity to track weak signals.

Fractional-Order Electrical Modeling of Aluminum Coated via Plasma Electro-Oxidation and Thermal Spray Methods to Optimize Radiofrequency Medical Devices.

Active medical devices rely on a source of energy that is applied to the human body for specific purposes such as electrosurgery, ultrasounds for breaking up kidney stones (lithotripsy), laser irradiation, and other medical techniques and procedures that are extensively used. These systems must provide adequate working power with a commitment not to produce side effects on patients. Therefore, the materials used in these devices must effectively transmit energy, allow for security control, sense real-time variations in case of any issues, and ensure the implementation of closed-loop systems for control. This work extends to the experimental data adjustment of some different coating techniques based on plasma electro-oxidation (PEO) and thermal spray (TS) using fractional-order models. According to the physical structure of the coating in different coating techniques, Cole family models were selected. The experimental data were obtained by means of a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the frequency spectrum from 0.3 MHz to 5 MHz. The results show that some models from the Cole family (the single-dispersion model and inductive model) offered a goodness of fit to the experimental impedance in terms of RMSE error and a squared error R2 close to unity. The use of this type of fractional-order electrical model allows an adjustment with a very small number of elements compared to integer-order models, facilitating its use and a consequent reduction in instrumentation cost and the development of control devices that are more robust and easily miniaturized for embedded applications. Additionally, fractional-order models allow for more accurate assessment in industrial and medical applications.

Optimisation of asymmetries in mm-wave single-element fractal antenna for gain-bandwidth enhancement

ABSTRACT In this study, a low-loss substrate was used to create an Asymmetric Irregular Hexagonal Fractal (AIHF) mm-wave antenna. The antenna consists of an Asymmetric Defected Ground Structure (ADGS) attached to the bottom of a 0.55λ0 ×0.40λ0 ×0.032λ0 mm3 substrate and an Irregular Hexagonal Fractal (IHF) patch on top of the substrate. The proposed fractal technique is unique and based on fractal-slot 3-stage iterations. The IHF patch is created by etching seven fractals arranged symmetrically about the y-axis, one of which has a central 1/3rd (scaling) iteration factor and six hexagonal fractals that are 1/9th of the parent 0th order iteration. On the patch, these fractal slots are evenly spaced out. By etching an Asymmetric Cascaded Double Dumbbell (ACDD) slot on the ground plane, an ADGS is created. With this etching in the patch and ground, a gain of > 5.0 dBi for a −10 dB S11 bandwidth of 4.655 GHz (32.84–37.215 GHz), a recorded peak gain of 13.4 dBi is at 33.55 GHz and an average radiation efficiency of 87.75% is achieved. Using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), the width of ADGS, the position of ACDD on ADGS, and the dimensions of etched fractals are optimised through a pattern search parametric iterative technique. These results are validated using the Vector Network Analyser (VNA), and the Anechoic Chamber and it is revealed that they agree well with the simulated results. The designed AIHF antenna’s RLC electrical equivalent circuit modelling is presented along with evaluated R, L, and C values.

EVA copolymer loaded with PAni/CNT/GNP hybrids: A flexible and lightweight material with high microwave absorption

AbstractMicrowave‐absorbing materials are widely used for electromagnetic interference shielding and stealth technology. However, most existing materials are heavy, rigid, and expensive, limiting their practical applications. Therefore, there is a need to develop new materials that are flexible, lightweight, and cost effective. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize a novel ternary composite material based on polyaniline (PAni), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in an ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer matrix. PAni‐based ternary composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline in toluene dispersion of CNT/GNP hybrids and EVA. The microwave absorption properties were evaluated using a vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 8.2–18 GHz. The presence of as little as 0.8 wt% of CNT/GNP hybrid with appropriate mass ratio increased the conductivity by more than four orders of magnitude compared to the EVA@PAni blend. The minimum reflection loss corresponded to −40.55 dB at 16.31 GHz for the system containing CNT/GNP = 0.3:0.7, whereas those with CNT/GNP = 0.0:1.0 and 0.7:0.3 presented the widest effective absorption bandwidths (RL &lt; −10 dB), covering almost the entire Ku‐band. Due to the excellent flexibility, low weight, and high microwave absorption performance, these composites are potential candidates for microwave absorption applications.

Distributed Temperature Sensing through Network Analysis Frequency-Domain Reflectometry.

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a network analysis optical frequency domain reflectometer (NA-OFDR) for distributed temperature measurements at high spatial (down to ≈3 cm) and temperature resolution. The system makes use of a frequency-stepped, continuous-wave (cw) laser whose output light is modulated using a vector network analyzer. The latter is also used to demodulate the amplitude of the beat signal formed by coherently mixing the Rayleigh backscattered light with a local oscillator. The system is capable of attaining high measurand resolution (≈50 mK at 3-cm spatial resolution) thanks to the high sensitivity of coherent Rayleigh scattering to temperature. Furthermore, unlike the conventional optical-frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR), the proposed system does not rely on the use of a tunable laser and therefore is less prone to limitations related to the laser coherence or sweep nonlinearity. Two configurations are analyzed, both numerically and experimentally, based on either a double-sideband or single-sideband modulated probe light. The results confirm the validity of the proposed approach.

Design of new tuning circuit based reconfigurable microstrip antenna for S, C, X, and Ku bands applications

ABSTRACT A new reconfigurable microstrip has been designed, and manufactured via tuning and switching components. The antenna can swipe among various frequencies. Several operational modes have been tested, and measured via Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). A circular patch is considered complicated in design calculations. Therefore, the proposed antenna intended a reduction in scheming via an uncomplex structure. Tow-tuning capacitors have been added to function in multi-bands. Also, hybrid connections between capacitors and switching diodes have been used for the reconfiguration technique. A compressed size of 31 × 27 (mm), low-priced, straightforward structured antenna operates in various modes at the following frequency bands: S-band at 2, 2.09, 2.18, 2.27, and 2.4 GHz, C band at 4.9, 7.7, and 7.9 GHz, X band at 10.5, and 10.7 GHz, and Ku band at 13.3, 13.4, 14.9, 15.2, 15.5,15.6, 17.4, 17.5, and 17.6 GHz. The reconfigurable antenna offered a peak radiation efficiency of 79% and peak gain of 7.3 dB under all tested scenarios. The proposed reconfigurable microstrip antenna is appropriate to function in recent wireless communication technologies such as industrial scientific medical (ISM) bands (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiMAX, IoT, etc.), 5G applications, fixed wireless systems (FWS), 4G (LTE), and satellite communications.

Barium Ferrite/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites for Millimeter‐Wave Electromagnetic Shielding Enhanced by Ferromagnetic Resonance Absorption

In this work, a composite of barium ferrite (BaM) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a polymer matrix of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are reported for the purpose of suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI). Shielding is accomplished primarily through absorption, which arises from a combination of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) from the BaM and conductive losses from the CNTs. The composite is fabricated by mixing commercially available BaM nanoparticles and CNTs into PDMS, screen printing the mixture into molds, then curing at 80 °C in a DC magnetic field. Characterization involves placing the composite in the cross‐section of a rectangular waveguide, then using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to measure scattering (S) parameters from 33–50 GHz. Using the measured S parameters, power reflected and absorbed can be calculated and used to characterize the composite's shielding effectiveness (SE), and the complex permittivity and permeability can be determined. The resulting 2.4 mm thick composite shows a peak absorption of 26.9 dB at the FMR frequency of 47.4 GHz. When normalized for thickness, the composite, on average, absorbs 11.3 dB mm−1 and operates at a higher frequency than other shielding composites found in the literature.

Unobtrusive Sensors for Synchronous Monitoring of Different Breathing Parameters in Care Environments.

Respiratory problems are common amongst older people. The rapid increase in the ageing population has led to a need for developing technologies that can monitor such conditions unobtrusively. This paper presents a novel study that investigates Wi-Fi and ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna sensors to simultaneously monitor two different breathing parameters: respiratory rate, and exhaled breath. Experiments were carried out with two subjects undergoing three breathing cases in breaths per minute (BPM): (1) slow breathing (12 BPM), (2) moderate breathing (20 BPM), and (3) fast breathing (28 BPM). Respiratory rates were captured by Wi-Fi sensors, and the data were processed to extract the respiration rates and compared with a metronome that controlled the subjects' breathing. On the other hand, exhaled breath data were captured by a UWB antenna using a vector network analyser (VNA). Corresponding reflection coefficient data (S11) were obtained from the subjects at the time of exhalation and compared with S11 in free space. The exhaled breath data from the UWB antenna were compared with relative humidity, which was measured with a digital psychrometer during the breathing exercises to determine whether a correlation existed between the exhaled breath's water vapour content and recorded S11 data. Finally, captured respiratory rate and exhaled breath data from the antenna sensors were compared to determine whether a correlation existed between the two parameters. The results showed that the antenna sensors were capable of capturing both parameters simultaneously. However, it was found that the two parameters were uncorrelated and independent of one another.

Filtenna Designed with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for Ultra-wideband Applications

In microwave imaging applications, filter and antenna are the key components as front-end devices and function independently. Antenna radiates and receives signals to or from nearby scattered objects while filter is used to suppress unwanted signals noise before and after the required bandwidth. Current antennas suffer from high loss, bandwidth limitation and impedance mismatch and deteriorate their performance near the band-edges if connected as a stand-alone device. Due to the current trend towards simplicity and size reduction, researchers are focusing on integrating the filter and antenna into a single module called integrated filter-antenna (IFA) or filtering antenna (filtenna). These would improve the noise performance of the system and pre-filtering requirements such as complexity algorithm in inverse scattering techniques This paper introduces a novel contribution in the field of UWB antenna design by incorporating Defected Ground Structure (DGS) on both the antenna and filter. Thus, the main aim of this research is to conduct detail parametric studies of the proposed integrated filter-antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) to enhance the performance of imaging system. The proposed IFA will be analysed on Rogers RO4003C dielectric substrate by using EM tool, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and measured using R&amp;S Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) filter and UWB elliptical antenna are designed and examined in detail before combining the devices. Different types of DGS are designed and act as the ground layer of the proposed filtering antenna. The bandwidth of each design is then compared with and without the existence of DGS. The results show that the proposed IFA with DGS implementation achieve the targeted objective, with compact size, enhanced bandwidth and better performance compared to the conventional design of filter and antenna. By integrating filter and antenna into one subsystem, it can help to reduce the loss and enhancing the bandwidth of the system thus letting the antenna to operate at more different frequencies that fall within the range. Both simulated and measured results prove that by integrating filter and antenna into one module, a low loss and larger bandwidth can be accomplished. High performance compact IFA can act as microwave transceiver to improve the overall performance of the microwave imaging system, MIS.

Non-destructive microwave techniques for the quantification and elimination of moisture in cultural heritage monuments

In this paper, we present our experimental methodology, which was developed to assess and eliminate the excess moisture levels in the masonry of a Roman archeological monument, namely the Mensa Ponderaria of Tivoli, which is an important landmark dating back to the first century A.D. The need to keep interventions to a minimum were crucial factors for choosing microwave techniques as a non-destructive method for removal and moisture infiltration measurements in the walls. We used a microwave generator connected to a horn antenna to increase the temperature locally at the point of treatment and achieve the elimination of moisture. Additionally, to quantify the amount of eliminated water, we used a free space transmission measurement by two patch micro-strip fed antennas with a resonance at 2.62 GHz connected to a vector network analyser (VNA). S-parameters were measured at a frequency range 2–3 GHz. The phase shift method was used to extract the effective dielectric permittivity by the phase of the transmission S21 parameter. In the final step, we derived the volumetric water content of the wall θ (%) based on the dielectric permittivity of the wall material (tuff). Measurements were performed at several points of the masonry, which were previously treated with microwaves or remained without treatment for comparison. We report an average of 139 gr in water extraction from the treated areas of the masonry with the mild treatment protocol we used, with the possibility of further increase with longer or higher-power drying cycles.

Determination of the Optimum Test Conditions for Measurement of Glucose Level in Liquids

Diabetes is a disease that affects more than 400 million people worldwide and currently lacks a cure. Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial in minimizing the effects of this disease and protecting against its complications. Invasive and minimally invasive methods are commonly used traditional approaches for detecting and monitoring blood sugar levels. However, these methods bring along psychological and infectious risks. Currently, efforts are being made to develop a non-invasive method for determining blood sugar levels. Microwaves offer the possibility of non-invasive glucose measurement as they do not cause any harmful effects on human tissue. Furthermore, the complex permeability of blood is sensitive to glucose concentration in the microwave band. In literature, most of the studies are done with vector network analyzers (VNA) to detect blood sugar level noninvasively. In this study, an expensive and bulky VNA is replaced by an affordable microwave source and RMS power detector. The influence of the type and diameter of the test tube material used for non-invasive determination of sugar levels is examined with this setup. Additionally, the effect of the distance between the Vivaldi antennas used during measurements and the test tube is investigated. The results indicate that measurements performed using plastic test tubes yield better results compared to glass test tubes. Moreover, reducing the diameter of the test tube leads to improved outcomes. It has been observed that accurate results cannot be obtained if the antennas and the test tube are too close (4.5cm) from each other.

Effect of glass powder on mechanical properties and electromagnetic transmission properties of high alumina cement paste

The mechanical properties and electromagnetic transmission properties of high alumina cement (HAC) paste with different glass powder (GP) contents were investigated in this paper. The effects of hydration phase, unhydrated phase, GP phase and pore phase on the dielectric properties of HAC paste were quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the strength, fluidity and setting time of HAC paste decrease with the increase of GP replacement rate. The real part, imaginary part and loss angle tangent of dielectric constant decrease. The addition of GP leads to a reduction in reflectivity and absorptivity of electromagnetic waves in the paste, while increasing transmittivity.Furthermore, the real part of the dielectric constant of each phase in the HAC paste follows the order: hydration product phase > unhydrated phase > GP phase > pore phase. With an increase in GP content, the real part of the dielectric constant of the hydration product phase increases. Finally, based on the results of vector network analysis (VNA), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the reasons for the changes of mechanical properties and electromagnetic properties of HAC paste under different GP replacement rates were analyzed from the aspects of phase composition, pore distribution and microstructure.

A Complete LTspice Simulation Model for SAW Devices

A complete circuit model of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices with straight interdigital transducers is presented. This equivalent circuit can be implemented in LTspice and contains variable design characteristics that can be easily changed to see their effect on the electrical response of the final SAW device design. Later a two port Surface Acoustic Wave device with 13-finger-IDT electrodes is fabricated and its electrical characterization is examined using a vector network analyzer. The test results are then compared with the equivalent circuits’ simulation output results for the verification. The results show an acceptable agreement between the experimental and simulation results for a wide frequency range. This paper offers an easy method to create an equivalent LTSpice model to determine the electrical response of a SAW device before fabrication. The model can also be used to simulate the behaviour of the circuits containing SAW devices using LTSPICE tool.

Highly precise FBG wavelength demodulation method with strong multiplexing ability and positioning function based on time-domain detection.

Based on the theory of the microwave photonic filter (MPF), to our knowledge, a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) wavelength demodulation method based on time-domain detection is proposed. The method uses VNA (vector network analyzer) to measure the S21 parameter of the sensor system, and converts them to the time-domain through inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT), The wavelength demodulation and positioning of FBG can be realized by measuring the amplitude and position of the time-domain peak. In order to improve the number of FBG multiplexes, a method is proposed to eliminate the effect of spectrum overlap by normalization in the case of two FBGs and three FBGs. The experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity is 0.00503 RAC/°C, the positioning resolution of the system is 1.25 cm, and the limit of the wavelength difference between two FBGs allowed by the system is 0.25 nm. This method has the advantages of high demodulation precision, strong multiplexing ability and high precision positioning, and has broad application prospects.

Effect of divalent metal ions substitution on the magnetic properties of Ba3Co2-xMexFe24O41 (Me = Zn2+, Ni2+) hexagonal ferrites

With the high-frequency development of communication technology, traditional communication materials have been difficult to meet the application requirements. Z-type hexagonal ferrite materials are widely used as good magnetic dielectric materials in high-frequency communication applications due to their high cut-off frequency and magnetodielectric properties. However, the high-frequency magnetodielectric properties need to be further improved, so the magnetic properties of the divalent metal ion-substituted Co2Z hexagonal ferrite materials are studied, and the anisotropy is calculated according to its static magnetic properties in this paper. A series of the ferrites Ba3Co2-xMexFe24O41(Me = Zn2+, Ni2+, where x = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0) were prepared by high-energy ball milling and sintering at 1260℃ for 3 h. The structural and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, and vector network analyzer. The studies indicated that the magnetic Ni2+ ions substitution increases the cutoff frequency, and the nonmagnetic Zn2+ ions substitution plays a positive role in increasing the magnetic permeability. Particularly, the Ba3Co1.6Ni0.4Fe24O41 and Ba3Co1.2Zn0.8Fe24O41 both have equal permeability and permittivity about 9 and 12, and their cutoff frequency exceed 2 GHz and 1 GHz, respectively. At the same time, these isomagnetic dielectric materials also have low loss, which will have great application potential in microstrip antennas.

Fabrication of highly conductive polyester fabrics using single-wall carbon nanotubes inks for EMI shielding

Abstract We have fabricated single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-coated electrically conductive polyester fabric using a low-temperature (LT) dip-and-dry method. Polyester fibers are suitable for industrial applications because of their higher heat resistance. We focused on the surface modification of polyester fibers using N,N-dimethyl-formamide solvent and then improved the adhesion of the SWCNT to polyester fibers. The low sheet resistance of 4.3 ± 0.3 Ω sq−1 was achieved while maintaining the intrinsic flexibility and durability of polyester fabrics by using the LT dip-and-dry method. Moreover, we demonstrated the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding using the fabricated electrically conductive polyester fabric. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) was measured in the frequency ranges of 8–12 GHz using waveguides and a vector network analyzer. The measured SE of the fabricated electrically conductive polyester fabric was about −34 dB and fulfilled the requirement for practical EMI shielding.

On the Development of Inkjet-Printed Band Pass Filters Based on the Microstrip Hairpin Structure

In recent years, inkjet printing has emerged as a promising advanced fabrication technology in the field of electronics, offering remarkable advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, design flexibility, and rapid prototyping. For these reasons, inkjet printing technology has been widely adopted in various applications, including printed circuit board fabrication, sensor development (e.g., temperature, humidity, and pressure sensing), and antenna and filter production, up to the microwave frequency range. The present paper is focused on the investigation of a methodology based on Monte Carlo simulations for quantitatively assessing the influence of fabrication tolerances on the performance of inkjet-printed microwave devices. In particular, the proposed methodology is applied to an inkjet-printed hairpin band pass filter specifically tailored for operation in the L band (i.e., from 1 GHz to 2 GHz). The initial design phase involved the use of computer aided design (CAD) software to optimize the geometric dimensions of the designed filter to closely match the desired performance specifications in terms of bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss. Later, a Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to evaluate the propagation of tolerances in the fabrication process throughout the design and to estimate their effects on device performance. The fabrication process exploited the advanced capabilities of the Voltera inkjet printer, which was used to deposit a silver-based conductive ink on a commercial Rogers substrate. The device’s performance was evaluated by comparing the simulated scattering parameters with those measured on the developed filter using a vector network analyzer (VNA), thus ensuring accurate validation of real-world performance.