Vector Graphics Research Articles

The study of Severini’s wall paintings in Switzerland: how to manage heterogeneity of data and team members?

A data management system has been created for the 4-year research project to manage the results of the study of the wall paintings by Gino Severini in fve Swiss churches (https://www.stluc.ch/). The project involves art historical and scientifc research to investigate painting materials and techniques. The data produced by the multidisciplinary team is vast and varied and is archived in a database (Db) designed to act both as a fle repository and as an exchange platform. The documentation is based on a 3D survey carried out with stereo photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. The Db contains data sheets describing ‘entities’ which can be physical objects with cultural signifcance (e.g. a wall painting) or the structures containing them (e.g. the church). It is possible to establish hierarchical relationships between entities, e.g. the church, the apse, one of the paintings in the apse etc.. There are no limits to the number of sub-entities that can be created and nested one in the other recursively (as folders and sub-folders). In this way, the Db structure can register any type of activity involving the heritage by collecting all the documentation and data produced at all levels. Data includes vector drawings that are recorded as tables in the Db and can be visualized as maps. These allow the linking of any fle and data sheet, providing immediate access to information starting from the map. Data entry is carried out by the professionals creating it, i.e. the project team members. The system has a client-server architecture based on PostgreSQL with the PostGIS extension server side and is currently accessed by the team through a front-end application based on Access and a cartographic application based on QuantumGIS. The challenge and the innovation of this system is to allow professionals from the diferent disciplines within the research groups to safely enter and access data working with sophisticated profled privileges while the project is on-going. Once the project is completed, in an ‘Open science’ framework, data will be accessible to common users and to specialists. The Severini project is in its second year and currently two of the fve churches have been studied. The paper will discuss the challenges encountered, the solutions developed, and the potentiality and fexibility of the data model designed.

Source mask optimization using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy.

Source mask optimization (SMO) is one of the indispensable resolution enhancement techniques to guarantee the image fidelity and process robustness for the 2Xnm technology node and beyond. The optimization capacity and convergence efficiency of SMO are important, especially for full-chip SMO. An SMO method using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), together with a new source representation method, is proposed in this paper. Based on the forward vector imaging formulation, the encoding and decoding methods of the source and the mask, and the constructed merit function, the source and the mask are optimized using the CMA-ES algorithm. The solution search space and the search step size are adaptively updated during the optimization procedure. Considering the sparsity of the optimal source, the source is represented by a set of ideal point sources with unit intensity and adjustable positions. The advantageous spatial frequency components of the source for imaging performance improvement are identified through the aggregation of the point sources. Simulations and comparisons verify the superior optimization capacity and convergence efficiency of the proposed method.

Verimlilikte Yapay Zeka’nın Rolü: Şarap Kalitesinin Tahminine Yönelik Bir Vaka Çalışması

Artificial intelligence has been used in many areas in recent years and has achieved quite successful results. Like using artificial intelligence from healthcare to driverless vehicles, it also has often been used to increase productivity in the production sector. In this study, we tried to draw a framework for the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in a data set that is not normally distributed. Any artificial intelligence algorithm can be easily applied on normally distributed data sets, while data sets that do not normally distributed require a different operation to the data itself or it is necessary to revise the theoretical structure of the algorithm. In this regard, three different methodologies are applied in this study. Initially, Support Vector Machines, which are often used in the literature, is used. In addition, Weighted Support Vector Machines, which is the revised version of the Support Vector Machines to produce successful results in abnormal distributed data sets. Finally, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) is applied and the data set used was artificially converted to normal distribution. Three techniques are compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision, prevalence, F-1 score, and G-Mean evaluation criteria were compared. According to the results of the study, Weighted Support Vector Machines produced the most successful results according to the evaluation criteria used.

Evaluation of left ventricular myocardial movement in rats by velocity vector imaging.

AimTo use velocity vector imaging (VVI) technology to evaluate the correlation between the apical four-chamber view and short-axis myocardial movement in rats.MethodsWe used 25 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats to measure the myocardium peak systolic velocity (Vs; cm/s), peak diastolic velocity (Vd; cm/s), peak systolic strain (SR; %), peak systolic strain rate (SRs; 1/s), and peak diastolic strain rate (SRd; 1/s) from the apical four-chamber view of the left ventricle (LV) and the parasternal mitral valve (PMV)-level short-axis view, and to analyze the correlation between myocardial motion in corresponding views of the two sections.ResultsComparing the myocardial motion between the lateral wall’s basal segment in the apical four-chamber view of the LV and the lateral wall of the PMV-level short-axis view revealed that the Vd was positively correlated (r = 0.59, p<0.01), as was SRs (r = 0.68, p<0.05). Comparing the myocardial motion between the lateral wall’s middle segment in the apical four-chamber view of the LV and the lateral wall of the PMV-level short-axis view demonstrated that Vd, SRs, and SRd were positively correlated (r = 0.63, 0.82, 0.79, respectively, all p<0.01). Our comparison of myocardial motion between the posterior septum’s basal segment in the apical four-chamber view of the LV and the posterior septum of PMV-level short-axis view showed that Vd and SRs were positively correlated (r = 0.57, 0.68, respectively, both p<0.01). Comparing the myocardial motion between the posterior septum’s middle segment in the apical four-chamber view of the LV and the posterior septum of the PMV-level short-axis view revealed that Vs, Vd, SR, and SRd were positively correlated (r = 0.89, 0.63, 0.64, 0.6, respectively, all p<0.01), and the SRs also had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.53, p<0.05).ConclusionVVI technology could be a valuable tool for evaluating the myocardial walls motion of the apical four-chamber view of the rat LV.

Using computer graphics in design

In the modern world, with the development of technology, it becomes possible to create design art objects from the developed sketch to the implementation of the project in material using computer graphics. Thanks to vector graphics programs and the emergence of laser and milling equipment with numerical software (CNC), designers were able to transfer the drawing to the material using material cutting technology. The object of the study is vector graphics programs, laser and milling cutting technology. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that thanks to software products and the development of technologies and equipment, designers were able to simplify the process of making decorative products.

Corrigendum to: Towards a cancer mission in Horizon Europe: recommendations

Molecular OncologyVolume 14, Issue 10 p. 2697-2697 CorrigendumOpen Access Corrigendum to: Towards a cancer mission in Horizon Europe: recommendations This article corrects the following: Towards a cancer mission in Horizon Europe: recommendations Anton Berns, Ulrik Ringborg, Julio E. Celis, Manuel Heitor, Neil K. Aaronson, Nancy Abou-Zeid, Hans-Olov Adami, Kathi Apostolidis, Michael Baumann, Alberto Bardelli, René Bernards, Yvonne Brandberg, Carlos Caldas, Fabien Calvo, Caroline Dive, Angelika Eggert, Alexander Eggermont, Carolina Espina, Frederik Falkenburg, Jérôme Foucaud, Douglas Hanahan, Ulrike Helbig, Bengt Jönsson, Mette Kalager, Sakari Karjalainen, Miklós Kásler, Pamela Kearns, Klas Kärre, Denis Lacombe, Francesco Lorenzo, Françoise Meunier, Gerd Nettekoven, Simon Oberst, Péter Nagy, Thierry Philip, Richard Price, Joachim Schüz, Eric Solary, Peter Strang, Josep Tabernero, Emile Voest, Volume 14Issue 8Molecular Oncology pages: 1589-1615 First Published online: August 4, 2020 First published: 02 October 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12801AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat The authors of “Towards a cancer mission in Horizon Europe: recommendations” (Mol. Oncol. 2020 Aug; 14(8): 1589-1615. PMID: 32749074) [[1]], have decided to update Fig. 4 and the related legend, to clarify that it visualizes information about the distribution and numbers of ERN PaedCan network, using as vector image a product of artwork, and not a political map. This change does not affect any discussion, or conclusions made in the article. Fig. 4Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Distribution of members of the ERN PaedCan network for pediatric cancer. Information is visualized as an illustration and not as a political map. Reference 1Berns A, Ringborg U, Celis JE, Heitor M, Aaronson NK, Abou-Zeid N, Adami H-O, Apostolidis K, Baumann M, Bardelli A et al. (2020) Towards a cancer mission in Horizon Europe: recommendations. Mol Oncol 14, 1589– 1615. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12763. Volume14, Issue10October 2020Pages 2697-2697 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation

VP14.05: Evaluation of ventricular function in the fetal transposition of great arteries by velocity vector imaging

VP14.05: Evaluation of ventricular function in the fetal transposition of great arteries by velocity vector imaging

Discrete line integral on uniform grids: Probabilistic interpretation and applications

Following the methodology developed by (Comput. Math. Appl. 33 (1997) 81–104), we define a discrete version of gradient vector and associated line integral along arbitrary path connecting two nodes of uniform grid. An exponential representation of joint survival function of bivariate discrete non-negative integer-valued random variables in terms of discrete line integral is established. We apply it to generate a discrete analogue of the Sibuya-type aging property, incorporating many classical and new bivariate discrete models. Several characterizations and closure properties of this class of bivariate discrete distributions are presented.

Poisson Vector Graphics (PVG)-Guided Face Color Transfer in Videos.

This article presents a simple yet effective algorithm for automatically transferring face colors in portrait videos. We extract the facial features and vectorize the faces in the input video using Poisson vector graphics, which encodes the low-frequency colors as the boundary colors of diffusion curves, and the high-frequency colors as Poisson regions. Then, we transfer the face color of a reference image/video to the first frame of the input video by applying optimal mass transport between the boundary colors of diffusion curves. Next the boundary color of the first frame is transferred to the subsequent frames by matching the curves. Finally, with the original or modified Poisson regions, we render the video using an efficient random-access Poisson solver. Thanks to our efficient diffusion curve matching algorithm, transferring colors for the vectorized video takes less than 1 millisecond per frame. Our method is particularly desired for frequent transfer from multiple references due to its information reuse nature. The simple diffusion curve matching also greatly improves the performance of video vectorization, since we only need to solve an optimization problem for the first frame. Since our method does not require correspondence between the reference image/video and the input video, it is flexible and robust to handle faces with significantly different geometries and postures, which often pose challenges to the existing methods. Moreover, by manipulating Poisson regions, we can enhance or reduce the highlight and contrast so that the reference color can fit into the input video naturally. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on image-to-video transfer and color swap in videos.

Stokes polarimetry-based second harmonic generation microscopy for collagen and skeletal muscle fiber characterization

The complete polarization state of second harmonic (SH) light was measured and characterized by collagen type I and skeletal muscle fiber using a Stokes vector-based SHG microscope. The polarization states of the SH signal are analyzed in a pixel-by-pixel manner and displayed through two dimensional (2D) Stokes vector images. Various polarization parameters are reconstructed using Stokes values to quantify the polarization properties of SH light. Also, the measurements are extended for different input polarization states to investigate the molecular structure of second harmonic generation (SHG) active molecules such as collagen type I and myosin.

Velocity Vector Imaging to Assess Longitudinal Wall Motion of Adult Carotid Arteries.

We aimed to assess longitudinal wall motion of the common carotid artery (CCA) using velocity vector imaging (VVI). From October 2018 to July 2019, we prospectively performed VVI of 204 CCAs (102 adult volunteers, 57 men, 45 women) in young (n = 40, 20-44 y), mid-age (n = 30, 45-64 y), and senior (n = 32, ≥65 y) groups. VVI parameters of CCA included longitudinal motion pattern, motion parameters (strain, strain rate, displacement), and time-to-peak motion parameters (time-to-peak strain, time-to-peak strain rate, time-to-peak displacement). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA post-hoc testing to examine the difference in VVI parameters among the 3 age groups and in paired groups; unpaired t tests to examine the difference in VVI parameters between CCAs with and without atherosclerotic plaque, between hypertensive and normotensive subjects without atherosclerotic plaque; linear regression to analyze correlations of VVI parameters to age, carotid intima-media thickness; and intraclass correlation coefficient to test inter- and intra-observer reliability in performing VVI of the CCA. Differences in VVI parameters and patterns among the 3 age groups, between hypertensive and normotensive, and CCAs with and without plaque were significant (p < .01). CCA motion- and time-to-peak motion parameters were correlated to age (R2 = 0.63-0.56) and carotid intima-media thickness (R2 = 0.29-0.22). CCA wall motion dyssynchrony was remarkable in seniors. The repeatability and reproducibility for performing carotid artery VVI were good (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.85). VVI is feasible to assess changes in longitudinal CCA wall mechanical properties and synchrony with aging, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.

Attention-Net: An Ensemble Sketch Recognition Approach Using Vector Images

For the past few decades, machines have replaced humans in several disciplines. However, machine cognition still lags behind the human capabilities. We address the machines’ ability to recognize human drawn sketches in this work. Visual representations, such as sketches have long been a medium of communication for humans. For artificially intelligent systems to effectively immerse in interactive environments, it is required that machines understand such notations. The abstract nature and varied artistic styling of these sketches make automatic recognition of drawings more challenging than other areas of image classification. In this article, we use sketches represented as a sequence of strokes, i.e., as vector images, to effectively capture the long-term temporal dependencies in hand-drawn sketches. The proposed approach combines the self-attention capabilities of Transformers while effectively utilizing the long-term temporal dependencies through temporal convolution networks (TCNs) for sketch recognition. The confidence scores obtained from the two techniques are combined using triangular-norm (T-norm). Attention heat maps are plotted to isolate the discriminating parts of a sketch that contribute to sketch classification. The extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluation confirms that the proposed network performs favorably against state-of-the-art techniques.

THE METHOD FOR VISUALIZING SEMISTRUCTURED INFORMATION OF LARGE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

The process of operating large production systems is associated with the need to generate management decisions based on the analysis of the state of the system, represented by semistructured information. By semistructured information, within the framework of this work, we mean information in which a certain structure can be distinguished, however, this structure in advance is completely or partially unknown, or may change over time. The factographic data necessary for the generating of management decisions are represented by semistructured information located in various information resources such as electronic documents, databases, SCADA systems, etc. Thus, for the visualization of factual data in the processes of organizing the management of large production systems, the urgent tasks are: the implementation of incoming control for an array of factual data, their structuredness, implemented by means of a model, the possibility of their transformation, including convolution and aggregation, as well as various visualizations the same data on the according to requirements of a group of decision-makers. All of the above can be successfully implemented through the use of XML technologies, and SVG, which is a scalable vector graphics markup language, is suitable as a format for the resulting visualization. This format is intended for description of two-dimensional vector and mixed vector-raster graphics in XML format. A detailed description of the process of visualization of semistructured content, including four main stages, is considered, and a practical example of automated visualization of semistructured information of structural schemes of an APCS for a gas condensate field is given. As part of the work, the effectiveness of the proposed method for visualizing semistructured information was evaluated, which confirmed its effectiveness in the conditions of large production systems, when the number of uniform visualized structural elements can reach tens or more. The method of visualizing the semistructured content of large production systems makes it possible to automatically obtain its visual representation, which makes it possible to analyze expert information in the form of its graphical representation. The latter makes it possible to increase the speed of perception of factual data by 40…45 % and to minimize the time for updating the visualization when the factual data at the control object changes.

Research on Body Mass Estimation Method of Koi Broodstock Base on Feeding State Image Recognition Technology

Koi is graceful and colorful. In the process of breeding, monitoring the growth state and predicting the body mass of the broodstock are both important. The broodstock will surface on the water while being feed. At this time, the digital camera captures the feeding state image rapidly. The head and mouth of the broodstock show the semi-spindle shape and bright color significantly which have very high contrast with the water background in the image. Based on the method of OpenCV image visual, feature triangle was defined based on the extracted colorful semi-spindle shape automatically. The projection area of the triangle in the image was computed through the vector graphics calculation by computer. A great deal of measurement data was taken analysis on the correlation between the shape parameters and the body mass of the broodstock by MATLAB. A correlation analysis model was established between the projection area of the feature triangle and the body mass. Through this method, the body mass of the broodstock in the aquaculture pond was estimated automatically. The estimating error of the body mass was lower than 9 percent. This method will reduce the workload of collecting the growth state data during the breeding process of the broodstock greatly. And the method can also improve the accuracy of the body mass estimating effectively, which has important production and application value.

Extraction of Walsh Harmonics by Linear Combinations of Dyadic Shifts

We solve two problems of extracting any term from a signal in the form of a finite sum of the Fourier series with respect to the discrete Walsh functions (in the first case) and the Walsh functions (in the second case) by a linear combination of group shifts of the original signal. We propose a vector version of the discrete time- and frequencythinning wavelet Haar bases, which widely used in encoding and decoding algorithms for the discrete Haar transform. Bibliography: 10 titles.

Changing the Spanish arts curriculum for secondary school: the case for digital geometry and screencasting

The classroom curriculum for teaching geometry using digital technology needs to emphasise a radically different set of contents and skills when compared with the current paper and pencil standards in use in Spanish classrooms complying with the current official curriculum. This research examined possible applications of vector graphics and screencasting as the main tools to teach digital drawing and geometry in secondary school classrooms during the year 2018–19 within the limits set in the official curriculum, intending to find out how ready students are to use these digital tools. In collaboration with art teachers in Madrid, a screencasting set of seven lessons were made available to almost 250 students and feedback data were collected using an online survey. An analysis of the results revealed that no technological or cultural barrier to adoption existed on the part of the students to accept both online instruction methods, and digital geometry and drawing exercises with vector graphics. Based on these findings, contextual information is presented to advocate Spanish educational policy decision-makers to encourage the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in classrooms in a well-adapted, environmentally-conscious manner.

Компьютерная проверка решений задач начертательной геометрии для инженерно-графического образования

In this paper is formulated the relevance of computer tools creation for verification of descriptive geometry task solutions. Are analyzed the shortcomings of available methods and systems for such verification. A new verification method is proposed – the mode of superposition based on overlaying a student’s solution with a template and formal evaluation the overlaying results. To create templates for a wide range of descriptive geometry tasks, it is proposed to use a formal grammar of the correct solution, which is constructed using special nonterminal symbols – “and”, “or”, “transform” and “instance”. As the grammar’s terminal symbols are used geometric figures. Thus, the template consists of a graphic part (a set of figures) and a structural description (grammar). An implementation of this verification method is demonstrated as a software system for verifying of descriptive geometry task solutions in the form of DXF-files. A functional model of the verification system is given. The automatic formation of a template from a graphical model, which is created in a vector graphics editor and does not require a symbolic description, is considered, as well as processing procedure for a student’s solution, during which the verifiable model goes through phases of normalization, filtration, and extracting of higher-level elements. An example of checking for two solutions (the correct one and containing errors) of the task for constructing a perpendicular to a plane of general position is given. The work of a subsystem for verification result visualization is demonstrated too. The created system can be implemented in Internet-libraries of tasks, or in distance learning systems, and can be used for remote support of geometric-graphic courses. Conclusions about feasibility of introducing the proposed method as a tool in CAD-systems are made.

Polar stroking

Stroking and filling are the two basic rendering operations on paths in vector graphics. The theory of filling a path is well-understood in terms of contour integrals and winding numbers, but when path rendering standards specify stroking, they resort to the analogy of painting pixels with a brush that traces the outline of the path. This means important standards such as PDF, SVG, and PostScript lack a rigorous way to say what samples are inside or outside a stroked path. Our work fills this gap with a principled theory of stroking. Guided by our theory, we develop a novel polar stroking method to render stroked paths robustly with an intuitive way to bound the tessellation error without needing recursion. Because polar stroking guarantees small uniform steps in tangent angle, it provides an efficient way to accumulate arc length along a path for texturing or dashing. While this paper focuses on developing the theory of our polar stroking method, we have successfully implemented our methods on modern programmable GPUs.

Converting stroked primitives to filled primitives

Vector graphics formats offer support for both filled and stroked primitives. Filled primitives paint all points in the region bounded by a set of outlines. Stroked primitives paint all points covered by a line drawn over the outlines. Editors allow users to convert stroked primitives to the outlines of equivalent filled primitives for further editing. Likewise, renderers typically convert stroked primitives to equivalent filled primitives prior to rendering. This conversion problem is deceivingly difficult to solve. Surprisingly, it has received little to no attention in the literature. Existing implementations output too many segments, do not satisfy accuracy requirements, or fail under a variety of conditions, often spectacularly. In this paper, we present a solution to the stroke-to-fill conversion problem that addresses these issues. One of our key insights is to take into account the evolutes of input outlines, in addition to their offsets, in regions of high curvature. Furthermore, our approach strives to maintain continuity between the input and the set of painted points. Our implementation is available in open source.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Takotsubo Syndrome: Incremental Prognostic Value of Baseline Left Ventricular Systolic Function.

BackgroundWe sought to determine (1) long‐term outcomes in patients presenting with documented Takotsubo syndrome (TS), (2) whether left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV‐GLS) provides incremental prognostic value, and (3) prognostic cutoffs of LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV‐GLS during an acute TS episode.Methods and ResultsWe studied 650 patients with TS (aged 66±14 years, 88% women) who were diagnosed clinically and angiographically between 2006 and 2018. Baseline LVEF and LV‐GLS (using velocity vector imaging) were recorded. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality. TS triggers were unknown (34%), emotional (16%), physical (41%), and neurologic (10%). Mean LVEF and LV‐GLS were 36±10% and −11.6±0.4%; in addition, 94% patients had LVEF <52%, and 80% had apical ballooning. No patient had obstructive coronary artery disease. At a median of 2.2 years (interquartile range, 0.7–4.4), 175 (27%) had died (9% in‐hospital deaths). Multivariate Cox survival analysis revealed that higher age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35), male sex (HR, 1.75), lower baseline LVEF (HR, 1.02), worse LV‐GLS (HR, 1.04), neurologic trigger (HR, 2.66), and physical trigger (HR, 2.64) were associated with mortality, whereas aspirin (HR, 0.70) and β‐blockers (HR, 0.73) improved survival (all P<0.049). The addition of LVEF and LV‐GLS to clinical markers (age, sex, cardiogenic shock at presentation, and peak troponin I) significantly increased log‐likelihood ratios: clinical (−521.48), clinical plus LVEF (−511.32, P<0.001), and clinical plus LVEF and LV‐GLS (−500.68, P<0.001). On penalized spline analysis, LVEF of 38% and LV‐GLS of −10% were cutoffs below which survival was significantly worse.ConclusionsPatients with TS with a neurologic or physical trigger had significantly worse survival than those without such a trigger, with baseline LVEF and LV‐GLS providing incremental prognostic value.