Vector Control Technique Research Articles

Analysis of Optimization Algorithms Used in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Control According to Different Performance Indices

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) can be produced at lower costs with new developments in magnet technology and are widely used in many industrial areas due to their low energy consumption. The widespread use of PMSM brings with it the requirement for high accuracy control performance. In order to achieve high performance accuracy, vector control technique is generally preferred. However, the parameter values of the controllers used in this technique are very important for motor performance. Tuning these parameters by optimization techniques instead of classical methods has become a popular topic. Nowadays, modern control methods show more effective control behavior than classical control methods, which has made the use of modern control methods widespread and studies on modern control methods have intensified. In this study, the analysis of different optimization algorithms used in the control of an PMSM according to their performance indices is investigated in Matlab-Simulink environment. As a result of simulation with different optimization algorithms under the same conditions, the analysis of optimization algorithms using different performance indices such as integral of the absolute value of the error (IAE), integral of the square of the error (ISE), Integral of the Square of the Error Multiplied by Time (ITSE), and Integral of the Absolute Error Multiplied by Time (ITAE) is carried out.

Genotype distribution and allele frequency of thioester-containing protein 1(Tep1) and its effect on development of Plasmodium oocyst in populations of Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia.

Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) is a crucial component of mosquitoes' natural resistance to parasites. To effectively combat malaria, there is a need to better understand how TEP1 polymorphism affects phenotypic traits during infections. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the Tep1 genotype frequency in malaria vector populations from south-western Ethiopia and investigate its effect on Plasmodium oocyst development in Anopheles arabiensis populations. Using standard dippers, Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from aquatic habitats in Asendabo, Arjo Dedessa, and Gambella in 2019 and 2020. Collected larvae were reared to adults and identified morphologically. Female An. gambiae s.l. were allowed to feed on infected blood containing the same number of gametocytes obtained from P. falciparum and P. vivax gametocyte-positive individuals using indirect membrane feeding methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify An. gambiae s.l. sibling species. Three hundred thirty An. gambiae s.l. were genotyped using Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) PCR and sub samples were sequenced to validate the TEP1 genotyping. Among the 330 samples genotyped, two TEP1 alleles, TEP1*S1 (82% frequency) and TEP1*R1 (18% frequency), were identified. Three equivalent genotypes, TEP1*S1/S1, TEP1*R1/R1, and TEP1*S1/R1, had mean frequencies of 65.15%, 2.12%, and 32.73%, respectively. The nucleotide diversity was ranging from 0.36554 to 0. 46751 while haplotype diversity ranged from 0.48871 to 0.63161, across all loci. All sample sites had positive Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values. There was a significant difference in the TEP1 allele frequency and genotype frequency among mosquito populations (p < 0.05), except populations of Anopheles arabiensis from Asendabo and Gambella (p > 0.05). In addition, mosquitoes with the TEP1 *RR genotype were susceptible and produced fewer Plasmodium oocysts than mosquitoes with the TEP1 *SR and TEP1 *SS genotypes. The alleles identified in populations of An. arabiensis were TEP1*R1 and TEP1*S1. There was no significant variation in TEP1*R1 allele frequency between the high and low transmission areas. Furthermore, An. arabiensis carrying the TEP1*R1 allele was susceptible to Plasmodium infection. Further studies on vector-parasite interactions, particularly on the TEP1 gene, are required for vector control techniques.

The TIRS trial: Enrollment procedures and baseline characterization of a pediatric cohort to quantify the epidemiologic impact of targeted indoor residual spraying on Aedes-borne viruses in Merida, Mexico.

Aedes mosquito-borne viruses (ABVs) place a substantial strain on public health resources in the Americas. Vector control of Aedes mosquitoes is an important public health strategy to decrease or prevent spread of ABVs. The ongoing Targeted Indoor Residual Spraying (TIRS) trial is an NIH-sponsored clinical trial to study the efficacy of a novel, proactive vector control technique to prevent dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections in the endemic city of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. The primary outcome of the trial is laboratory-confirmed ABV infections in neighborhood clusters. Despite the difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, by early 2021 the TIRS trial completed enrollment of 4,792 children aged 2-15 years in 50 neighborhood clusters which were allocated to control or intervention arms via a covariate-constrained randomization algorithm. Here, we describe the makeup and ABV seroprevalence of participants and mosquito population characteristics in both arms before TIRS administration. Baseline surveys showed similar distribution of age, sex, and socio-economic factors between the arms. Serum samples from 1,399 children were tested by commercially available ELISAs for presence of anti-ABV antibodies. We found that 45.1% of children were seropositive for one or more flaviviruses and 24.0% were seropositive for CHIKV. Of the flavivirus-positive participants, most were positive for ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies by focus reduction neutralization testing which indicated a higher proportion of participants with previous ZIKV than DENV infections within the cohort. Both study arms had statistically similar seroprevalence for all viruses tested, similar socio-demographic compositions, similar levels of Ae. aegypti infestation, and similar observed mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. These findings describe a population with a high rate of previous exposure to ZIKV and lower titers of neutralizing antibodies against DENV serotypes, suggesting susceptibility to future outbreaks of flaviviruses is possible, but proactive vector control may mitigate these risks.

Assessment of sublethal effects of permethrin on adult life characteristics and resistance dynamics in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mosquitoes are regularly exposed to adverse effects of insecticides employed in field during vector control campaigns. Its primary goal is to eliminate the vector population; nevertheless, this practise typically ignores the residual impacts and long-term repercussions on the remaining population. Here, the current study analysed how sublethal exposure of insecticides alter the life qualities, genotypic and biochemical characteristics of mosquitoes. The resistance ratio value in Laboratory Resistant (Lab-R) larvae increased 10 times (0.010 mg/l to 0.108 mg/l) compared to Laboratory Susceptible (LabS) larvae. It also revealed that the surviving mosquitoes had 50% reduction in hatchability but had longer larval and pupal periods (15 days and 2 days), respectively. The survival rates decrease in female by 2 days but increase in male by 7 days which is of concern and necessitates additional study. Moreover, major role of monooxygenase was confirmed behind resistance development which was further supported by piperonyl butoxide assay where reduction in Tolerance Ratio (TR50) by 12-fold occurred and gene expression profile also showed high expression level of CYP6P12 gene. In resistant strain, cuticular thickness increased by 1.23 times and alteration at codon 1532 (ATC to TTC) on VGSC gene leads to mutation I1532F. The data gleaned from our work highlights the threat of sublethal insecticides on vector control techniques and offers ample evidence that the larval selection alters adult life qualities, metabolic properties and transgenerational features which contributes to the damage caused by resistance.

Impact of PLL and non-PLL vector current control techniques on grid connected inverter

In the micro-grids, all the Distributed Power Generation Systems (DPGS) and loads are interconnected across the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The stability and harmonics of the grid connected inverters are significantly impacted by uncertainties in the renewable energy sources based DPGS. The performance of these grid connected inverters across the PCC depends on the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) used to track the grid angle and power control structures used to control the power fed to grid. These power control structures can be either PLL based or PLL less systems. The PLL based Vector Current Control Direct Quadrature (VCC DQ) control and PLL less Non-PLL Vector Control (NPVC) techniques are compared along with their controller design and bode plots. Also, the small signal models of grid connected inverter with PLL are presented from which the converter impedance is derived to show the effect of PLL on the system using bode plots. The impact of the PLL based and PLL less control techniques on the grid connected inverter are presented with analytical equations along with simulation and hardware results. A 6 kW grid connected inverter simulation model and 150 W hardware prototype is developed using TI F28379D processor to compare the performance of both with and without PLL control techniques.

Using a Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion System as a Sustainable Technology to Produce Electricity in Iraq

This work looks into Iraq's best places for wind turbines, with an emphasis on economic factors. It studies wind energy conversion systems using mathematical models from Matlab and Simulink. This research aims to pinpoint areas where wind energy can produce power on its own, separate from the national grid, for a range of applications, including energy storage, water pumps, heating, and cooling. In addition, the project will use PMSG to investigate wind turbine efficiency and create vector control technique technology for permanent magnet synchronous generators. Two Iraqi cities were taken to make the calculations of wind speed and its effect on electrical generations (Nasiriyah and Basra), where wind speeds of a height of 20 and 50 m were taken at the hub level of the turbine. The mechanical, electrical, and performance characteristics of the turbine were computed during the test to achieve optimal operation cases. The development of the system was done by MATLAB SIMULINK, where the overall efficiency was enhanced to 88.22%.

Advancement of Dengue Virus Vaccine: Progress and Challenges

The dengue virus (DENV), which causes dengue, infects 100 to 300 million people globally each year [1]. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carry the Dengue virus, which causes dengue fever, which is still a serious global health risk, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas [2]. Since there are now no targeted antiviral therapies and due to difficulties with traditional vector control techniques, the focus has shifted to developing vaccines as the main preventive measure. In order to create a variety of vaccination forms, including live attenuated, recombinant subunit, inactivated virus, viral vectored, DNA, and mRNA vaccines, scientists have targeted E protein and NS1. An important advancement in the fight against Dengue fever has been the development of vaccinations that are able to neutralize all four serotypes. But there are obstacles such as lack of vaccine effectiveness against specific serotypes, side effects produced by vaccine in progeny and vaccine-induced immunological enhancement (ADE).Immunization can lessen the burden on healthcare systems, lower the number of hospitalizations caused by dengue, and help stop outbreaks. The development and implementation of dengue vaccine research are significantly accelerated by international cooperation, public-private partnerships, and regulatory cooperation. Effective programs show how crucial it is to work together to combat dengue fever on a worldwide scale. The difficulties involved in developing a dengue vaccine, ongoing funding, campaigning, and research are crucial. There are several viable approaches to increase the efficacy and accessibility of the Dengue vaccine, including cross-disciplinary cooperation, novel vaccination platforms, and emerging technology. In conclusion, overcoming obstacles unique to each serotype, embracing creative approaches to vaccine design, and negotiating scientific intricacies are all necessary steps on the path to developing successful Dengue virus vaccines. The convergence of state-of-the-art technologies, computational modeling, and cooperative research endeavors can potentially realize the objective of vaccination-based comprehensive dengue prevention.

Updates on traditional methods for combating malaria and emerging Wolbachia-based interventions.

The escalating challenge of malaria control necessitates innovative approaches that extend beyond traditional control strategies. This review explores the incorporation of traditional vector control techniques with emerging Wolbachia-based interventions. Wolbachia, a naturally occurring bacteria, offers a novel approach for combatting vector-borne diseases, including malaria, by reducing the mosquitoes' ability to transmit these diseases. The study explores the rationale for this integration, presenting various case studies and pilot projects that have exhibited significant success. Employing a multi-dimensional approach that includes community mobilization, environmental modifications, and new biological methods, the paper posits that integrated efforts could mark a turning point in the struggle against malaria. Our findings indicate that incorporating Wolbachia-based strategies into existing vector management programs not only is feasible but also heightens the efficacy of malaria control initiatives in different countries especially in Pakistan. The paper concludes that continued research and international collaboration are imperative for translating these promising methods from the laboratory to the field, thereby offering a more sustainable and effective malaria control strategy.

SCADA based common bus regenerative control of PMSM drive for industrial application

AbstractThe emerging trend in sustainable industrial processes focuses on energy‐efficient drives to enhance performance in both intermediate and continuous operating conditions. For decades, researchers have focused on permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) for industrial applications in order to retain consistency in performance and efficiency under wide speed ranges. Common bus regenerative control is an energy‐efficient method used in industrial systems to manage power flow between multiple devices on a shared DC bus. It captures and reuses excess energy generated during braking/deceleration, reducing waste and improving overall system efficiency. The experimental behavior of the drive scheme has been observed as per the standards of the laboratory. In this article, regenerative control of a PMSM drive is using the voltage vector control (VVC+) technique and the SCADA based condition monitoring for the PMSM drive system is integrated to supervise the parameters including current, voltage, power, speed, torque, and temperature under dynamic operating conditions. As a primary step of implementing the drive condition monitoring is carried out through Danfoss's motion control tool software. Further, the SCADA control system is interfaced to FC302 PMSM drive through RS485 Modbus communication to extract the necessary electrical attributes and monitor the same.

A rare case report on subcutaneous dirofilariasis in Kerala, South India

The genus includes vector-borne filarial nematodes, which usually infect carnivore hosts. This report aims to investigate various clinical manifestations of Human Dirofilariasis. A 44-year-old lady presented with a complaint of left neck pain of 2 weeks duration. On examination, a 2 x 2 cm swelling with tenderness was noted in the upper 1/3rd of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle. The patient was subjected to further investigations. The ultrasonography revealed a nodular lesion measuring 10.4 x 6.7 x 6.9 mm in the upper part of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle with alive moving dirofilarial worms. An excision Biopsy was performed and an HPE confirmed the diagnosis of intramuscular Dirofilariasis. In order to decrease the incidence of this disease through accurate diagnosis, and patient care, it is crucial to track the cases of human Dirofilariasis and increase awareness of these infections, diagnostic procedures, and vector control techniques.

Control Approach of Grid-Connected PV Inverter under Unbalanced Grid Conditions

In grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, power quality and voltage control are necessary, particularly under unbalanced grid conditions. These conditions frequently lead to double-line frequency power oscillations, which worsen Direct Current (DC)-link voltage ripples and stress DC-link capacitors. The well-known dq frame vector control technique, which is effective under normal conditions, struggles with oscillatory component management in unbalanced grid conditions. To address this issue, this paper presents an advanced control approach designed for grid-connected PV inverters. The proposed approach is effective at reducing oscillations in the DC-link voltage at double the grid frequency, thereby enhancing system stability and component longevity. This method introduces a feedback control method designed to regulate oscillatory components that appeared within the dq frame and suppress the DC-link voltage oscillations under imbalance conditions, including single line-to-ground (SLG) faults. Additionally, the control scheme incorporates a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller to optimize PV efficiency. Comprehensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in maintaining sinusoidal current injections and stabilizing DC-link voltage during unbalanced grid conditions. Simulation results show that the control scheme effectively stabilizes DC-link voltage, maintains balanced grid current, and ensures constant active power under various conditions, including SLG faults and solar irradiance changes.

Green synthesis of Malvastrum coromandelianum fabricated AgNPs: Anti-dengue and mosquitocidal studies

In the field of nanobiotechnology, tools from nanotechnology are created and used to investigate biological phenomena. Nanoparticles, for instance, can act as sensors, probes, or delivery systems for biomolecules in cellular systems. This study investigates the anti-dengue effectiveness of silver nanoparticles mediated by Malvastrum coromandelianum against the dengue virus and its vector, Aedes aegypti. The methanol extract of M. coromandelianum leaves contains various compounds, including proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. M. coromandelianum leaves were used as a reducing and capping agent for the creation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The LC50 values for M. coromandelianum leaf extract against Ae. aegypti larvae to pupa in mosquitocidal experiments ranged from 263.059 ppm (Larva I) to 530.291 ppm (pupa). AgNPs produced by M. coromandelianum had LC50 values between 22.268 ppm for larva I and 39.416 ppm for pupa. Adult Ae. aegypti rats exposed to M. coromandelianum leaf-based coils died at rates 63 and 67 % higher than the permethrin-based positive control. In ovicidal experiments, a treatment with 500 ppm of M. coromandelianum extract and 40 ppm of AgNPs resulted in a 100 % reduction in egg hatchability. The research suggests that M. coromandelianum may serve as a suitable replacement for developing bio-formulated mosquitocidal abilities against vector control techniques. In-vitro experiments show that AgNPs have an antiviral effect on vero cells infected with DEN-2. Molecular docking was used in in-silico studies to identify potential interactions between the bioactive components in M. coromandelianum leaf extract and the viral NS5 protein. Propiophenone was found to be the best ligand, displaying a high affinity for the NS5 protein and a binding energy of 4.38 kcal/mol.

A novel vector control strategy for sensorless 3φ induction machines under single‐phase fault

AbstractSafety and reliability are very important in machine driving systems for many industries. A novel rotor flux‐based Vector Control (VC) strategy for Y‐connected 3φ Induction Machines (IMs) without speed sensor under the Single‐Phase Fault (SPF) is proposed. The sensorless VC technique is based on using Asymmetrical Transformation Matrices (ATMs) for stator voltage and current components as well as an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for estimation of the speed and d‐q fluxes. Furthermore, a simple model‐based SPF detection mechanism based on the EKF is suggested. The performance of the proposed control scheme for a 1 HP sensorless Y‐connected 3φ IM prototype is validated by several experiments. According to the experimental results, the designed scheme during the SPF has several advantages of improved phase currents and low speed, flux, and torque ripples.

Fuzzy Based Supervision Approach in the Event of Rotational Speed Inversion in an Induction Motor

Abstract This article aims to implement the fuzzy control for an asynchronous motor after a general representation of the vector control. We develop MAMDANI type fuzzy algorithm for MAS speed regulation; it’s one purpose is to cancel static error, decrease overshoot, decrease response time, and rise time to obtain an adequate response of the process and regulation and to have a precise, fast, stable and robust system. This paper investigates the design of a fuzzy-based approach for monitoring the inversion of the rotational speed of an induction motor. We will indeed present a robust vector control technique ex-tended to blur in the event of a fault. Direct torque control is known to produce fast and robust response in the AC drive system. However, in a steady state, a rapid and unexpected change in speed can occur which could be dangerous. The performance of the conventional PID controller can be improved by implementing fuzzy logic techniques. The first step is the modelling of the whole system, including the capacitors, the induction generator and the loads. The model is obtained using the Park transformation. The results are thus compared with those of the standard PID control. This approach is applied to a three-phase asynchronous motor (LS90Lz). The presented study improves the transient response time and the precision of the servo system. An inversion of the reference speed of rotation is considered, and the results are very convincing.

Comprehensive Approach to Enhance the Output Power of DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems

This paper presents a method for measuring a wind turbine's MPP (Maximum Power Point) with a three-bladed VSWT that is driven by a DFIG (Double-Fed Induction Generator) (Variable Speed Wind Turbine). The rotor incorporates a DFIG with successive PWM voltage-source converters within its integrated rotor integrated circuit. Grid-side converters generate and establish sinusoidal currents while independently managing the active and reactive power drawn from the grid supply using vector control techniques. The rotor-side converter needs to be vector controlled in order for the speed range to function. The vector approach manages the permit circuit optimally to maximize the amount of wind energy gathered. The control needs of the permit circuit take this into account. Such a system is analyzed using MATLAB software

Modelling and design of grid voltage oriented vector control scheme for DC railway recuperating system

The braking energy harvested by a railway vehicle can be restored to the utility grid with a power recuperating system. A grid connected voltage source inverter (VSI) is commonly used as a grid-feeding converter in the recuperating system. This paper proposes to integrate grid voltage oriented vector control (GVOVC) and third harmonic voltage injection pulse width modulation (THVI-PWM) technique for the VSI to ensure grid voltage and frequency synchronization. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed control and modulation schemes using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the proposed controller may reach steady-state operating mode within 7 ms by producing good quality AC voltages and currents waveforms. With the independent control of voltage quantities in dq reference frame, the regulation of active and reactive power could be realized.

Vector Control Technology of Five‐Phase Induction Motor without Speed Sensor Based on Speed‐Adaptive Full‐Order Observer

The five‐phase induction motor, being the most elementary form of multiphase induction motors, boasts low noise, low torque fluctuations, and high load‐bearing capacity, and is hence suitably employed in domains where high power and reliability are required. In light of the susceptibility of the speed encoder to interference from external environments, this paper proposes a sensorless vector control technique for the five‐phase induction motor based on a speed‐adaptive full‐order observer. The proposed approach first employs the nearest four‐vector space vector pulse width modulation (NFV‐SVPWM) as the modulation technique for the five‐phase inverter, in order to provide a constant switching frequency and low harmonic losses. Subsequently, the expression for the speed‐adaptive full‐order observer is constructed based on the mathematical model of the fundamental space of the five‐phase induction motor, and the expression for the adaptive speed law is deduced using the Lyapunov function. Additionally, the bilinear transformation method is utilized as the discretization technique for the full‐order observer during the process of digital implementation, in order to achieve higher discrete accuracy. Finally, an experimental study involving a 4.5 kW five‐phase induction motor was conducted to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Analysis and Design of an Integrated Bidirectional Three-Phase AC–DC Resonant Converter

This paper proposes a novel isolated bidirectional AC-DC converter where the front end and primary side of DC-DC isolated converter are merged giving rise to 25&#x0025; fewer devices. Owing to the integrated topology the devices of the proposed converter are naturally soft switched and the size of the filtering components in the AC-DC stage is reduced compared to a low frequency hard switched AC-DC stage. A Space Vector Modulation (SVM) and control technique is proposed for generating switching pulses for DC link voltage control and bidirectional power transfer. A design optimization technique is proposed to mathematically determine the switching frequency of the converter and subsequently, the resonant tank parameters based on the operating conditions, topology, modulation, and the Wide Band Gap (WBG) Silicon Carbide (SiC) device characteristics. The proposed converter and its design approach are validated through prototyping for a scaled-down bidirectional charger for warehouse Electric Vehicles (EVs), and experimental results from two test cases, one with the actual grid with an input ac line (<i>i.e.,</i> 208&#x00A0;V) voltage and second with an AC power supply of input line (<i>i.e.,</i> 400&#x00A0;V) voltage. The former is tested for a peak power rating of 2.5&#x00A0;kW and the later is tested for a 5&#x00A0;kW output power. The switching frequency from the proposed optimization method is determined to be around 130&#x00A0;kHz for both cases. Peak efficiency of 95.3&#x0025; is achieved. The battery voltage varies from 350-600&#x00A0;V.

DEVELOPMENT OF A STATIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER FOR TECHNICAL OBJECTS

Speed control of an induction motor requires a 3-phase power supply that can vary both voltage and frequency. Such a power supply creates a variable-speed rotating field in the stator that allows the rotor to rotate at the required speed with low slip. A static frequency converter can efficiently provide full torque from zero speed to full speed, overspeed when necessary, and easily provide bidirectional operation of an induction motor by changing the phase rotation. Although the principles of static frequency converters are not new, advances in power semiconductors, control electronics, and microprocessors have increased their popularity. In addition, it includes vector control techniques that give capability and flexibility to the static frequency converter. Keywords: frequency, static, converter, capability.

A meta-heuristic search-based input vector control approach to co-optimize NBTI effect, PBTI effect, and leakage power simultaneously

As technology advances, Bias temperature instability (BTI) has become a severe aging challenge that affects the reliability of a device. Previously, NBTI was the most significant aging issue, but with the development of the high-k metal-gate technology, the impact of PBTI can no longer be overlooked. Similarly, in deep submicron technology, leakage power also remains a serious concern. So, minimizing the consequence of the BTI effect and leakage power is the key design goal in today’s technology. As the leakage power and the BTI effects have a strong dependency on the input patterns of the circuit, the input vector control (IVC) technique can be employed to mitigate both of these effects. Previously, IVC techniques have been used to co-optimize the NBTI degradation and the leakage power. In this work, the NBTI effect, PBTI effect, and leakage power are considered simultaneously. Here, a Genetic Algorithm-based (GA) multi-objective meta-heuristic approach is proposed to select the optimum input vector for simultaneous co-optimization of NBTI effect, PBTI effect, and standby leakage power. The proposed approach shows a maximum improvement of NBTI, PBTI, and leakage power by 39.89%, 40.62%, and 37.32%, respectively, with respect to the worst-case solutions of each effect.