VCR Engine Research Articles

Experimental investigation of emission characteristics of compression ignition engines using dairy scum biodiesel

The present study investigates the utilization of diary waste scum for production of biodiesel and its impact on emissions of different compression ignition engines. Experiments conducted with single-cylinder 4-stroke conventional and VCR diesel engines show that dairy scum biodiesel having 20% diary scum methyl ester is an optimal fuel composition from performance and emission point of view. The VCR engine exhibited 40 ppm of hydrocarbon and 0.26% of carbon monoxide emissions while the conventional diesel engine with same fuel exhibited 39 ppm of hydrocarbon and 0.26% of carbon monoxide for optimal concentration of biodiesel. The nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions increased by 7 and 9% for VCR engine while same increased by 6.2 and 10% for conventional diesel engine in case of optimal dairy scum biodiesel compared to pure diesel. Thus, optimally blended dairy scum biodiesel can suitably replace pure diesel from hazardous emission point of view.

Analysis of Performance, Emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder VCR engine when run on blends of 1-octanol and Diesel

Phenomenal Changes are taking place in the world. The energy consumption of the country has grown many folds over the past few years, thereby putting pressure on the fossil fuel reserves. Though, recently due to COVID-19, the price of crude oil has fallen since few months but it would again rise which would lead to heavy expenditure over imports of crude petroleum. Also the fossil fuels increase the problem of global warming and carbon emissions. Alternate fuel such as alcohols poses a sustainable alternative solution of the problem. In the present investigation, Blends of 1-octanol are formed with neat diesel i.e. OC-5, OC-10, OC-15 & OC-20 and analyzed for efficiency, fuel economy and effluents of the single cylinder variable compression ratio engine. It was perceived that there was increment in viscosity of the blends containing n-octanol while the heating value lowered by increasing the absorption of 1-octanol. The peak BTE and lowest fuel consumption was found to be with blend containing 20% 1-octanol. Lower CO and UBHC emissions were reported with the addition of 1-octanol in the different blends formed.

Experimental study of VCR engine performance analysis using python module

Petroleum is non-renewable supply of energy and also the diminution of natural fuel resources, leads to explore for various fuels for cars. The critical search for various fuels for compression ignition engines has been paying interest on fuels obtained from hydrogen and linseed oil plays a significant role in alternate fuel for C.I Engines. The aim of this research effort is to appraise the property of Linseed oil and Hydrogen as dual blend recital on a variable Compression ratio diesel engine. This really provides the discharge individualism of linseed oil amalgamated with gas and its blends with diesel and are taken up for study. Vertical, 4-stroke, water cooled VCR engine with Linseed oil blends for a extensive series of engine load conditions such as Diesel, B10, B20, B40 along with 5lpm, 10lpm and 15lpm of hydrogen were performed. The brake thermal competence of B20 is found nearly closer to diesel fuel with minimum vibrations and less emissions of CO, hydro carbons HC and slight increase in NOx when compared to fossil fuels. During the experiments, vibrations, performance uniqueness of the test engine was analysed and compared with the precise VCR diesel vibrations, fuel performance. The results obtained by using Python module and the best suited code is derived and found that the combined increase of compression ratio and injecting timing increases the brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption. This module helps and reduces each load variations and performances compared tp experimental. Diesel (25%) saved, will greatly meet the demand of fuel in automobiles.

Performance assessment of multiple biodiesel blended diesel engine and NOx modeling using ANN

This paper discusses the effect of dual blends of multiple biodiesels on characteristics of DICI engine in conjunction with NOx modeling using ANN. Six sets of dual biodiesel/diesel blends are prepared on a volume basis (10% and 90%) by using four different biodiesels such as Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, and Neem. The experimentations are performed on a single-cylinder VCR engine with full throttle condition and constant compression ratio (CR) of 17.5:1. The physicochemical and thermal properties are analysed to assess the suitability and compatibility of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. The physicochemical properties are found within the permissible limits as prescribed by ASTM. Mass loss study and functional groups are analysed through TGA and FTIR analysis and maximum weight loss is observed in pyrolytic zone (Zone-II). Reduction in performance characteristics of BTE, AFRηMech., ηVol. varies from −0.77% to −5.60%. Variations are observed in BSEC (8.91%) and EGT (11.95%). Combustion characteristics (CP, MGT, MFB, NHR, and RPR) of biodiesel blends are similar to neat diesel. Overall reduction in CO (34.05%) and increment in CO2 (42.54%) are observed for all the blends at the penalty of HC and NOx. An attempt has been made to predict NOx emission through physicochemical properties.

Performance Testing of VCR Engine using Plastic Oil Produced by Pyrolysis Method

Recycling is the retrieval, reclamation, reprocessing or refining process of waste to produce new products. Recycling has always been a top priority in waste management since it enables us not only to maintain the health of the environment, but also to reuse garbage profitably. Many techniques are utilised to transform plastic waste into articles that are not present in virgin plastic with distinctive features. Polymers undergo molecular and structural changes in this process leading to simpler basic materials with superior thermal properties than original plastics. While gasification and pyrolysis processes break plastics down, fluid and semi-liquid products are also generated.

Emission Characteristics of Third Grade Oil Converted Sesame Biodiesel

The demand and usage of fossil fuels has been increasing drastically, leading us to search for alternate fuels. The sesame seed is selected as an alternate fuel source, as a focus for this research paper. The sesame biodiesel is a type of fuel that has been obtained through the transesterification process from sesame oil using base catalyst transesterification. The sesame biodiesel was blended with four different ratios B10, B20, B30 and B40, among which B20 resulted with better stability, tested in the Kirloskar 240PE VCR engine at a compression ratio of 17.5:1 and 18:1 in various loads. The FTIR test was performed on sesame biodiesel, and it has shown that ester content was present in the test sample confirming its usage as the biodiesel. The fuel properties were found for all the three: sesame oil, sesame biodiesel(B20), diesel and it was found to be within the permissible limit. The result reveals that B20 is the best possible blend that has given good results in emission characteristics. The smoke emission testing was done on AVL emission analyser. It has been noted and observed that there is good reduction in CO, CO2, and HC than with standard diesel rate at all loads. An increased amount of NOx is observed as the load increases. It was also noted among the two compression ratios, 18:1 depicted best results considering the emission levels. It is observed that the sesame biodiesel can be used in IC diesel engines with a better outcome than the standard diesel rate. Hence, the work established the need for conversion of sesame seed oil to biodiesel and also suggests that sesame oil could be effectively used as feedstock for biodiesel production.

Preparation of Biodiesel from Castor Oil and Performance Evaluation in VCR Engine

Biodiesel can be used as Alternative fuel and acts as Renewable energy source. Rapid growth in industrialization of developing countries is resulting in increasing demand for new and eco-friendly energy sources. In this present research biodiesel was prepared from Castor oil by esterification and Transesterification process. The castor oil biodiesel produced was blended with diesel to obtain B10.Performance evaluation was carried out in VCR engine and emission testing was done by Gas analyzer to know the percentage of CO,HC, NOX and comparison study was done with diesel and biodiesel blend. In this study it was found that NOx emission rate of biodiesel blend increases while percentage of CO, HC increases. Also various performance indicators such as break mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption; break thermal efficiency was plotted with respect to variation of load by using VCR engine.

Optimization of injection parameters for ethanol blends of plastic oil in VCR engine using RSM and ANN

Purpose The present work aims at improving the performance of the engine using optimized fuel injection strategies and operating parameters for plastic oil ethanol blends. To optimize and predict the engine injection and operational parameters, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are used respectively. Design/methodology/approach The engine operating parameters such as load, compression ratio, injection timing and the injection pressure are taken as inputs whereas brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions are treated as outputs. The experiments are designed according to the design of experiments, and optimization is carried out to find the optimum operational and injection parameters for plastic oil ethanol blends in the engine. Findings Optimum operational parameters of the engine when fuelled with plastic oil and ethanol blends are obtained at 8 kg of load, injection pressure of 257 bar, injection timing of 17° before top dead center and blend of 15%. The engine performance parameters obtained at optimum engine running conditions are BTHE 32.5%, BSFC 0.24 kg/kW.h, CO 0.057%, HC 10 ppm, NOx 324.13 ppm and smoke 79.1%. The values predicted from ANN are found to be more close to experimental values when compared with the values of RSM. Originality/value In the present work, a comparative analysis is carried out on the prediction capabilities of ANN and RSM for variable compression ratio engine fuelled with ethanol blends of plastic oil. The error of prediction for ANN is less than 5% for all the responses such as BTHE, BSFC, CO and NOx except for HC emission which is 12.8%.

Comparison of performance and combustion analysis of a VCR SI engine using audio transducers

The world today mostly relies on four-stroke gas engines as its primary mover for automotive applications and specifically prefers gasoline engine as it provides more comfort, ease of starting. Some of the most common combustion parameters responsible for the loss of efficiency in an SI engine is Knock, fluctuations load, misfiring, cycle by cycle fluctuations etc. In this experiment, an effort has been made to sense engine combustion with help of audio technology, microphone sensor, and a few android software combined together to capture the fine the behaviour of engine combustion with petrol fuel. Earlier researchers have made the same efforts using engine pressure sensors located inside the engine cylinder head which is also an effective method to sense pressure variations however complicated in practical engines and a poor lifetime of sensors.In this work an SI engine is retrofit in order to increase its compression ratio by modifying the engine head & gasket. The retrofitting is done in such a way that the highest compression ratio induces a forced knock in the cylinder. The performance parameters of this VCR engine have been studied for five different loadings both with petrol as the fuel and combustion analysis has been done by using audio technology. For identifying and measurement of knock, a novel arrangement using Audio transducers were made and fixed on the engine cylinder, many different audio transducers were experimented such as round piezo, straight piezo and the electret of which the electret condenser-based condenser showed better performance. The signals are modified & interpreted by the intermediate software’s which have been analysed for various compression ratios, it was found that the Audio technology can efficiently pick up engine sounds which can be processed by interfaces for identification of Knock.

Effect of Soybean biodiesel and Copper coated Zinc oxide Nanoparticles on Enhancement of Diesel Engine Characteristics

ABSTRACT In the present research, the influence of metallic copper-coated zinc oxide (Cu-ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and soybean biodiesel on the improvement in efficiency and emission characteristics of a VCR engine are examined. The soybean methyl ester (SBME) was produced utilizing the transesterification reaction. Several characterization experiments were performed to determine the shape, scale, and contents of the synthesized Cu-ZnO NPs. The Cu-ZnO NPs and SDBS surfactant were steadily distributed utilizing the ultrasonic vibration in SBME25-diesel at three stages (25, 50, and 75 ppm). The prepared physicochemical properties of fuels are comparable with ASTM requirements. In comparison to SBME25, nanofuel mixtures displayed better fuel properties. A compression ratio of 21.5 was used and a comparison was made with the SBME25. The SBME25Cu-ZnO50 combination and the CR 21.5 have illustrated an increase in overall engine characteristics. For the SBME25Cu-ZnO50 mixture, BTE and HRR raised by 16.1% and 19.2%, BSFC and ID dropped by 18.9% and 14.6%, and hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emissions lowered by 24.1%, 34.5%, and 16.8%. In all nanofuel blends, the oxide of nitrogen raised owing to a higher oxygen supply to the CC.

Performance and emissions on VCR diesel engine with turbocharger setup running using tomato seed oil

In this study, the turbocharger is used to investigate the effect of the performance and the emission characteristics, by utilizing the tomato seed oil has a biodiesel. Initially the performance is measured using neat diesel; subsequently the turbocharger setup is installed and measures the performance of brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption for neat diesel. The emission was measured in terms of brake power for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide for neat diesel. For increasing the performance and reduction of emission characteristics the neat tomato seed oil is used has a biodiesel and it is noted the emission is increasing particular in nitrogen oxide. The turbocharger system installed in the VCR engine, the test repeated for neat tomato seed oil. It is observed the efficiency is increased compare to the neat diesel, and also the emission characteristics is decreased in CO and HC emission, but the NOx emission as increased. It is noticed that the NOx emission is decreased when the turbocharger is installed in the engine.

Performance Analysis of VCR Engine Fuelled with Diesel Blended with Jatropha and Animal Fat Bio Diesel

Performance Analysis of VCR Engine Fuelled with Diesel Blended with Jatropha and Animal Fat Bio Diesel

Assessment of performance and exhaust emission quality of different compression ratio engine using two biodiesel mixture: Artificial neural network approach

In this work, the thermal performance characteristics and emissions of VCR, one cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with a mixture of two biodiesel in a blend with diesel has been assessed by using artificial neural network (ANN). Further, the two biodiesel considered are Pongamia and Jatropha mixed in different volume ratio, i.e. 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 these mixtures are called M1, M2, and M3. The mixtures are used to prepare the various blends operated with dieselfuel, whichare utilized in the experimentation. The engine experimental data required for the training and validation of ANN model are obtained through the VCR engine operated with pure diesel and blends of two biodiesel mixture as a fuel at different load and compression ratio. To train the ANN model, mixture ratio, blend ratio, load and compression ratio (CR), are selected as the inputs and output variables are brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke density. Different architectures of ANN are trained by varying the number of hidden neurons in the hidden layer and corresponds tothe minimum mean square error(MSE) for validation data for selecting the optimum architecture to estimate the parameters. The thermal performance and emissions of VCR engine estimated by using proposed ANN model are found to be quite close to experimental values with reasonable accuracy as the correlation coefficient is ranging from 0.97 to 0.99.

RSM based Modeling and Investigation of Emission Characteristics on Cotton-Seed Oil Biodiesel

The biodiesel is the most promising fuel for IC engines as they have the higher calorific value and lower emission quantities. The use of biodiesel in the existing and new engines will increase the performance and reliability of the engine. Once the biodiesel is synthesised and produced in a bulk, it will minimize the cost of biodiesel and it will be lesser than the cost of regular diesel. The use of biofuel with diesel will be prominent as they can produce good performance when combined. In this research work, biodiesel from cotton seed is extracted and transestrified into usable and combustible fuel (COME). To test and improve performance of the COME it has been combined with the diesel in different proportions and prepared as biodiesel (COME-Diesel blends). The blends are tested and compared for various properties to identify the combustion characteristics. The blends are used and tested on the VCR engine to determine the performance and emission characteristics. To develop an empirical model for the emission characteristics, response surface methodology (RSM) design matrix is developed such that the blend, compression ratio, load and speed are the variables and NO and HC are the response functions. The RSM design matrix is experimented and to determine the empirical models, results are verified through the experimental results.

Experimental and numerical findings on VCR engine performance analysis on high FFA RSO biodiesel as fuel using RSM approach

Optimum engine operating parameters on VCR engine performance and emission analysis is a challenging scenario towards the stringent emission control policies adopted by the globe. The engine operating parameters such as compression ratio (CR), fuel blends and fuel injection pressure (FIP) were implemented on VCR engine to improve its performance and to control its gaseous emissions. The input variable were chosen as FIP (185 bar,205 bar &225 bar), CR (18:1,19:1,20:1,21:1 & 22:1) and fuel blends (B20 & diesel) as parameters for designing the experiments using DoE. The predicted mathematical model was recognized by p-test and R2 value using RSM approach to find optimum CR and FIP of biodiesel blend in comparison with standard diesel. The responses such as maximum rise in in-cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature, HRR, BTE, SFC and various gas emissions of CO, HC, CO2 and NOx on VCR engine analysis were predicted. The optimized engine characteristics such as combustion and emissions were improved with CR21, FIP 225 bar of 20% biodiesel blends in comprehend with neat diesel in detailed experimental investigation at a load of 0.46 MPa of BMEP with a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The superior BTE with lower SFC was attained through a FIP of 225 bar and on CR 21 compared with that of diesel and other fuel injection pressures. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission were reduced substantially at 225 bar injection pressure and on CR 21. The acceptable limits CO2 and NOx emission are observed and compared with neat diesel with a FIP of 225 bar and on CR 21.

Effect of variation in injector nozzle holes on the performance of preheated Spirulina methyl ester used in VCR engine

The good replacement of diesel is found to be biodiesel which is a renewable source and the existing engine can run with the biodiesel without doing any modifications. The various emission technologies have been constantly being tested by the researchers to lower the value of exhaust emission by diesel. Owing to this different organics blends along with the mixing of additives are keep on being tested to reduce the emission and to bring slight increase in the performance level. In our diversity the biodiesel is found to be more abundantly available. The methyl ester that is tested here is the Spirulina methyl ester which can grow in fresh water and also in the salt water. The Spirulina physically appears to swirl and it is in the form of helix and so it is named as Spirulina. Likewise the Jatropha and rapeseed oil, the extraction and preparing the biodiesel from the Spirulina also has the same method. The experiment was carried out in a single hole and 3 hole nozzle by using the Spirulina B20 blend and neat diesel in order to find out the good spray characteristics and also the internal flow pattern. Preheating of the Spirulina B20 blend was also done and the test was carried out in the single hole and 3 hole nozzle. The results showed that the Spirulina B20 with 3hole nozzle and preheated at 60° C gave the performance value nearer to diesel and also the emission characteristics were lowered to a considerable level.

The effect of nanoparticles dispersed in waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on thermal performance characteristics of VCR engine

Abstract The work presented in this paper aims to study the effect of nanoparticles dispersed in waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on the thermal performance characteristics of VCR, one cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The naoparticles considered are Cerium Oxide (CeO2) and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) is mixed with the different biodiesel-diesel blends of 20%, 40% and 60% of WCO (B20, B40, B60) using ultrasonicator. The thermal performance characteristics are investigated by conducting test at 1500 rpm constant speed and load varying from 25% to 100% load of engine with an interval of 25% load. The experimental test results reveals that the improvement in performance characteristics of VCR engine due to the addition of Cerium Oxide (CeO2) and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles to different blends of WCO biodiesel compared to that of neat diesel.

Taguchi-Grey method optimization of VCR engine performance and heat losses by using Shorea robusta biodiesel fuel

In the current investigation, biodiesel was produced via a single-stage transesterification method, from Shorea robusta seed oil and using KOH as a catalyst. Diesel based Shorea robusta biodiesel blends of SRME10, SRME20, SRME30, and SRME 40 were prepared, and its effect on the performance characteristics, emission attributes, and heat losses for the VCR engine were investigated. Experiments were designed using the Taguchi method with L16 orthogonal array, and the compression ratio, load, and % blends of fuel with four levels of each were taken as control parameters. Also, Grey analysis has been performed to obtain the combination of control parameters to optimize the response characteristics, i.e., brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), volumetric efficiency (ɳv), water heat loss (HJW), exhaust gas heat loss (HJGAS), NOx, HC and CO emissions. Experimental investigation and optimization analysis revealed that a compression ratio of 17, a load of 10 kg, and fuel blend of SRME30 were the optimum results for the performance and heat losses of the VCR engine. However, the comparative analysis, revealed that BTHE, BSFC, HGAS, and NOx emission enhances 9.4%, 10.71%, 14.16%, and 6.5% respectively, and HJW, HC and CO emission reduces 1.3%, 16.76%, and 21.2% respectively, for an optimum condition with respect to diesel fuel. The predicted GRG at an optimum setting (A3B4C3) and the experimental GRG value are 0.6896 and 0.7100, respectively, with an error of 0.0203. The experimental investigation confirmed that SRME30 could be used as an alternative to diesel fuel for the VCR engine.

Performance and emission characteristics of algae oil in diesel engine

This paper aims to reduce the air pollution in diesel engine by various blending Biodiesel. The algae blooms collected from the lake and pond. The algae oil products extract from the algae bloom by an extraction process, then the algae oil mixed with the diesel at the range of B5, B15, B25. Blending oil performance is compared with the diesel aid of VCR engine. The mechanical efficiency and thermal efficiency analyzed on Biodiesel using engine setup. The emission characteristics like CO emission and CO2 emission of Biodiesel investigated in the VCR engine at various testing conditions. Based on the results can able to justify the blended Biodiesel can reduce the environmental pollution and also provide better efficiency compared with the diesel product.

Experimental investigation to identify the effect of nanoparticles based diesel fuel in VCR engine

ABSTRACT Rapid modernization increases the demand and modern technological advancements of alternative fuels in the automobile sector. Currently, fossil fuel depletion and ecological degradation are the two emergencies faced by the world. Nowadays, in diesel engines, the sustainability of biodiesel is the key factor for using it as a fuel. In the existing works, the contribution of nanoparticles in diesel is limited when compared to the utilization of biodiesel. This experiment is concentrated on nanoparticles contained diesel blend with the help of a 4-stroke, normally suctioned, Kirloskar engine. Four different nanoparticles, such as oxides of Aluminum, Magnesium, Cerium, and cobalt, are contributed in this research work with different combinations. Experimentation is done in the engine for different nano-based diesel blend under the conditions of 0 to 15 kg load and 15, 16, and 17 of compression ratios. A well-trained linear regression – artificial neural network is utilized as a prediction model to decide the performance and emission from the engine, and which is executed on the Mat Lab platform and its performance results are compared with experimented results, respectively. When using the oxides of Aluminum and cobalt to the diesel fuel, the optimal engine performances and emission characteristics are obtained at the rate of 78.5% of Brake thermal efficiency, 0.02% of CO emission, 2.94% of CO2 and 275 ppm of NOx. Thus the research concludes that the proposed nanoparticle blends of biodiesel fuels perform better than conventional diesel under variable compression ratios and loading conditions, respectively.