VCR Engine Research Articles

Enhancing the Performance and Emission characteristics of Butanol-Diesel Blend with Ethanol

—In this experimental work diesel is blended with 12% v/v ethanol(E12D88), 12% v/v butanol (B12D88), 20%v/v butanol (B20D88) separately) and a fourth blend with 12% and 8% v/v of butanol and ethanol in diesel (B12E08D88) are prepared. These blends are experimentally investigation on a VCR engine at different loadings. Their performance and emission (PE) characteristics are compared with pure diesel in order to have optimum blending ratio. From the investigation it is found that B12D88 is having better brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is better than all the blends at all loading condition. This is due to lower density, Cetane number and Calorific value (CV) of the alcohol as compared to pure diesel, CV of butanol is 23% more than ethanol. Emission characteristics of E12D88 is observed better than all the fuels. oxygenated fuels have lower emission. On investigating the data, it is observed that B12E08D80 blend is having better CO and HC emission than E12D88, Nox emission is larger than E12D88 but better than butanol blend and performance is close to B12D88

Effect of Piston Geometry on Performance Characteristics of VCR Engine with and without EGR when Fueled with Blends of Methyl Ester

The growing population and exhaustion of fossil fuels necessitate our search for new sources of energy. The study for this research encompasses an amalgamation of interest in alternative fuels, advanced engine technology such as variable compression ratio VCR, engine component modification, and a methodical approach to testing for assessing the effects on key performance of the engine. A 3.5 kW compression ignition (CI) engine was fueled with blends of behada, chicken fat, and turmeric oil methyl ester. Engine operating parameters, such as the compression ratio (CR), rate of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and piston top geometry, are optimized to maximize engine performance. CI engine was modified by changing the piston head (square and tangential groove top) for methyl ester diesel blend operations. In the study, diesel fuel is designated as B00 and methyl ester as B20. The influence of compression ratio (CR16 and CR18) with exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR 0% and EGR 10%) was evaluated. The key performance indicators: brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) are investigated. Results indicate that an increase in BTE accompanies an increase in load, suggesting enhanced thermal efficiency with increased power output. The consequence of VCR is also investigated, and it is determined that a higher CR results in a higher BTE due to an increase in compression pressure and temperature, thereby enhancing combustion. Due to the re-combustion of unburned hydrocarbons with the addition of EGR at a 10% rate, BTE increases further. Utilizing a piston geometry with tangential grooves and methyl ester blends also contributes to increased BTE. BSEC increases with increasing load, with an important rise observed when operating at maximum capacity. However,at CR 18, BSEC decreases as a result of enhanced combustion efficiency. EGR has different effects on BSEC depending on the geometry of the piston and the kind of fuel used. Enhanced air-fuel blending and re-combustion of unburned hydrocarbons reduce the BSEC of the engine. The tangential groove top piston operates with 10% EGR. Similar to BSEC, BSFC decreases with increasing CR and improves with the use of a piston with a tangential groove and 10% EGR operation. AFR decreases as the consumption of fuel increases to meet the power demand, and higher CR values result in a lower AFR. EGT rises with load, and CR18 has a lower EGT than CR16 as a result of a higher compressing temperature and pressure. 10% EGR operation reduces EGT by decreasing the concentration of oxygen in the combustible area.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fueled with TYRE Oil and Cotton Seed Oil Blends

Performance and Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fueled with TYRE Oil and Cotton Seed Oil Blends

Thermodynamic and exhaust emission studies of CI engine powered by neem oil methyl ester blends doped with nickel oxide nano additives

AbstractAssessment of alternate fuel is categorized on thermophysical aspects and performance—emission derived due to its combustion. Data derived from such analysis is short as the energy expenditure to available chemical exergy of fuel is rarely studied. The study of energy derived from fuel energy gives a detailed picture of fuel efficiency and broadens the field of fuel search criteria. The current article aims to find the thermodynamic effects in terms of energy and exergy utilization of neem biodiesel blends and nickel oxide nano additive dosed neem biodiesel blends. Neem biodiesel was transesterified using standard procedures and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Later, neem biodiesel was blended with diesel in three volumetric proportions, that is, NB25, NB50, NB75, and pure Neem Oil Methyl ester was investigated as an engine fuel, and later synthesized nickel oxide nano additives of 25 mg/L was added to all the above fuels and further studied for energy, exergy utilization on a TV‐1 VCR engine test rig under varying engine CR. Nickel oxide additives were manufactured using homogenous addition method and were thoroughly studied for formation and presence of constituents using XRD, FE‐SEM, and EDS methods. The usage of nano additives does prove reduction in exergy destruction and entropy generation for NB25 base blend with 25 mg/L NiO leading to a reduction of 8.2% and 9.7% when compared to base blends. Also, the emission found for hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide for all base fuel blends reduced by an average of 16.8% and 7.35%.

Artificial intelligent-based analysis of VCR engine with biodiesel blends and modelling using uncertainty techniques

Artificial intelligent-based analysis of VCR engine with biodiesel blends and modelling using uncertainty techniques

Evaluation of Performance of a CI Engine Fueled With Biodiesel Produced from Unused Algae

Abundant availability and easy culture process of algae make it a better resource than other vegetable crops for biodiesel production. The oil (with 21% FFA content) extracted from the unused, mixed culture of algae in this experiment was used to produce biodiesel by an' acid esterification followed by alkaline esterification' procedure. After confirming the properties of the biodiesel to be within the limit of ASTM standard, three biodiesel blends (B10, B20 and B30) were used in an internal combustion engine (Four stroke single cylinder VCR engine) and the performance of the engine was observed at different engine loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 80%, 100%, 120%). The little higher brake specific fuel consumption (0.22kg/KWh, 0.25 kg/KWh, 0.26kg/KWh and 0.21kg/KWh respectively for B10, B20, B30 and petro-diesel at overload condition), lower brake power (3.41 kW, 3.37 kW, 3.25 kW, 3.39 kW for diesel, B10, B20 and B30 respectively for B10, B20, B30 and petro-diesel) and mechanical efficiency (63.34, 51.43%, 52.06% and 51.43% for petro-diesel, B10, B20 and B30 respectively) for biodiesel blends took place which might be the results of lower calorific value (40800 kJ/kg), higher density (875.27kg/m3) and viscosity (3.14 mm2/s) of the algal biodiesel than diesel.

Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics on VCR Engine Utilizing Varied Injection Timing and Compression Ratio of Microalgae Biodiesel Blend

Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics on VCR Engine Utilizing Varied Injection Timing and Compression Ratio of Microalgae Biodiesel Blend

Application of response surface methodology to optimize the emissions and performance of a dual fuel engine using diesel and dimethyl ether

AbstractIn this study, the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a single‐cylinder, water‐cooled, four‐stroke VCR engine at a fixed CR were evaluated using DME and diesel with timed manifold injections of 2, 3, 4, and 5 ms for DME and conventional diesel settings. The investigational trials showed that DME has the capability to reduce NOx and OP while used in an optimized range and to have clean combustion characteristics. Induction of DME under low to medium load conditions resulted in a reduction in NOx, OP, and BTE with an increase in HC, whereas at higher load settings, NOx increased with an increase in diesel energy share. The dual fuel combustion was characterized by a short ignition delay, an early start of combustion, and increased in‐cylinder pressure due to the increased compression work input during the cycle. The absence of carbon–carbon bonds in DME molecules caused low soot emissions during dual fuel combustion. After experimentation, RSM was applied to the results for parametric optimization and found to be a useful tool for reducing the error as well as minimizing the number of trials. The optimum settings were achieved at 2 kW load and 4 ms duration, where the desirability function reached a value of 0.94189. The regression equations developed by the model were validated by 9 random experiments, and the error is found to be acceptable. The engine should be operated at medium load to control NOx, and the DME energy share should be low and near 50%.

Energy and exergy analysis of VCR engine fueled with rubber-seed oil methyl ester using response surface methodology

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermodynamic performance of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with rubber-seed oil methyl ester blended with diesel. The objective is to evaluate the energy and exergy characteristics according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics for various compression ratios and supercharging pressures. A 3.5 kW engine with compression ratios values ranging from 18:1 to 22:1 and SC pressures of 0, 0.25, and 0.5 bar (g) at 80% load was considered. The inlet manifold pressure was controlled using a centrifugal-type blower (1.5 m3/min, 350 W, 240 V AC) with an adjustable valve. Key fuel energy parameters including shaft energy, cylinder pressure, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency, heat release rate, absorbed energy by cooling water, exhaust gas temperature, exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, exhaust energy, and emissions were analyzed. Results showed significant improvements in shaft energy (35.51%), thermal efficiency (35.37%), and heat release rate (25.17 J/°CA) for compression ratios 20 and supercharging pressure of 0.25 bar, with a reduction in brake specific energy consumption of 2.912 kJ/s kW. The second law efficiency and irreversibility were observed to be 60.31% and 0.0118 kW/K, respectively. Experimental findings demonstrated a reduction in carbon monoxide (25.12%) and hydrocarbon (40%) under the aforementioned conditions. Response surface methodology was employed to predict optimal operating conditions, and the equations were validated using analysis of variance and p-test. The D-optimality test facilitated the determination of optimal operating parameters for different responses through multi-objective optimization techniques. Individual desirability values were combined to obtain a composite desirability of 0.9054. The study identified compression ratios 18 with a supercharging pressure of 1.78 bar as the optimum operating condition for 20% fuel blends in a low-speed agricultural diesel engine, resulting in a remarkable improvement of 41.24% in energy efficiency and 68.45% in exergy efficiency, with minimal emissions.

Examining How the Addition of AL2O3 and CEO2 Nanoparticles to Used Cooking Oil May Affect Engine Operation, Combustion, and Emissions

Abstract: The objective of this study is to compare the combustion, emissions, and engine performance of two different modified fuels. The oxygenated nanoparticles (CeO2 and Al2O3) were homogeneously mixed into B20 with an ultra sonicator at a specific ratio of 50,100 ppm to explore the potential of nanoparticles as a flexible booster in physiochemical properties of biodiesel. The generated nanoparticle fuel samples are then put to the CRDI VCR engine at various loads (3,6,9,12 kg): B20+50 Al2O3, B20+100 Al2O3, B20+50 CeO2, B20+100 CeO2. The different nano fuel's engine capabilities, combustion, and emissions are then contrasted with biodiesel, diesel, and one another. Performance-wise, BTE was 11.39% higher and SFC was 13.74% lower than B20 for B20+ 50 Al2O3 at high load. The cylinder pressure and heat release rate for B20+50 Al2O3 are respectively 16.77% and 21.48% greater at full load than for B20. In terms of hazardous emissions, B20+50 Al2O3 reduced CO emissions by 15.06% compared to B20, while B20+50 CeO2 reduced HC emissions by 50% compared to diesel at peak load. Additionally, at engine peak loads, B20+50 CeO2 Reduces NOx by 18.29% compared to B20. The findings suggest using nano fuel as a diesel oil replacement fuel.

Application of response surface approach to optimize CI engine parameters fuelled by newly developed waste cooking biodiesel infused with Al2O3 nanoparticle

AbstractIn the present study, newly developed waste cooking biodiesel (B20) with nanoparticles (Al2O3) was tested to optimize the response of a CRDI single‐cylinder four‐stroke VCR engine at various input parameters. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the impact of various input parameters, such as injection pressure (IP), load, compression ratio (CR), and nanoparticle concentration as fuel additives on engine responses, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), carbon dioxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxide of nitrogen (NOX) emissions. The RSM found the best suitable value of all input parameters at which the engine produced maximum performance and minimum emissions. Accordingly, the optimal setting of all input parameters was identified as a nano biofuel blend ratio of 1.10, IP of 656 bar, CR of 18.50, and a load of 7.10 kg. At this combination of input parameters, the optimal BTE, SFC, CO, HC, and NOx are 23.6%, 0.3461 kg/kWh, 0.0281%, 25.3756 ppm, and 536.41 ppm respectively. The predicted optimum value from RSM is compared with the experimental value for validity and found a fair agreement.

Investigation Of Waste Cooking Oil-Diesel Blend With Copper Oxide Additives As Fuel For Diesel Engine Under Variations In Fuel Injection Pressure

Fuel Injection is a significant factor when biodiesel-diesel blends are fired in diesel engines as they have very diverse property when related to diesel. The current work describes unusual experimental study of CI engine fuelled with Waste cooking methyl ester with copper oxide nano additives at varying fuel injection pressures. The Copper oxide nano additives were manufactured using homogenous addition method and were subjected to studies such as XRD and SEM characterization. These synthesized nanoparticles were later added in waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (WCO20) with levels of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, and 40ppm. The results were noted from a DI-CI VCR engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer. The addition of CuO particles reduces the ignition delay of WCO20 and raises the thermal efficiency of the engine by an average of 3.9% and limits HC emission by 15.6%.

RSM approach for optimising engine operating parameters of VCR engine fuelled with Xanthium strumarium L. seed oil biodiesel blends

With the depletion of fossil fuels, the demands for fuel prices led by OPEC are increasing so possible fuel power for the current-day diesel engine is the need of today. Biodiesel is a significant alternative fuel; however, engine parameters need to be optimised on the basis of best performance and least exhaust discharges. In this work, experimentation was carried out fuelling blends of Xanthium strumarium L. seed oil biodiesel with diesel in volumetric proportions of 10%, 20% and 30% on a VCR diesel engine under engine fluctuations of engine’s volumetric ratio, fuel injection pressure and the start of fuel injection timing. Response surface methodology was employed and modelled output responses of the engine were quadratic and observed to be statistically fit with good confidence levels. Based on the RSM optimiser, the predictions made were marked as IT 24.57580bTDC, IP-180 bar, CR-16.5657 and blend levels 29.1919%v/v with a composite desirability score of 0.6824.

Techno‐economic studies on the variable compression ratio dual fuel diesel‐producer gas CI engine utilizing different biomass feedstocks

AbstractIn this study, a techno‐economic analysis for a 3.75 kW biomass gasification power generation system (BMPGS) was conducted by exploiting available biomass resources such as rice husk, coconut shell, and rubber shell as feedstock. Payback time (PBT), net present value (NPV), and life cycle cost are the economic criteria that are delivered by an economic model for a BMPGS. Experimental results obtained on the technical parameters of a BMPGS, show that the rubber shell operated BMPGS has the highest overall efficiency (15.5%), maximum diesel savings (48%), and least biomass consumption (3.3 kg/h). Even though the capital cost of the producer gas driven dual fuel CI engine is higher than the standalone diesel genset power production system, it has the lowest running cost and cost savings per year, making it an excellent choice for power generation in remote locations. The rubber shell operated BMPGS system show a minimum PBT of 2.9 years which is desirable as the cost for installation of the proposed system can be regained within a short period of time. A positive NPV of Rs. 3,90,000 is attained for rubber shell, which clearly indicates in acceptance of rubber shell as biomass feedstock for BMPGS. The sensitivity analysis proves that the uncertainty in input parameters such as the cost of a biomass gasifier, dual fuel VCR engine, labor cost, and the cost of biomass feedstock influence the output parameters of the capital cost, operating cost, and PBT.

Studies on the performance and emission characteristics of a dual fuel VCR engine using producer gas as secondary fuel: An optimization approach using response surface methodology

The main challenge in implementing biomass gasification technology lies in retrofitting the existing diesel engines with a biomass power generation unit, because the operating parameters varies based on the engine design. Hence an intricate study is crucial by varying the operating conditions of a dual fuel engine over the performance and emissions parameters. In this view, the response surface methodology was used to simulate the performance and emission characteristics of a dual fuel engine by varying the load and compression ratios and utilizing producer gas as secondary fuel. From both the experimental and optimization observations, it is found that the Rubber shell operated dual fuel engine shows the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and diesel replacement (DR) compared to the other selected feedstock. It is found that the engine load of 1.87 kW, and a compression ratio of 17 are found to be the optimal operating parameters. The optimum responses corresponding to these operating conditions are found as 19.44%, 48%, 758.94 ppm, 2.08% by vol., 2.77% by vol., and 184.48 ppm for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), diesel replacement (DR), HC, CO, CO2, and NOx emissions respectively with overall desirability of 0.96.

Performance analysis of vibration characteristics on VCR engine using hybrid honeycomb structure

There are a number of techniques available to reduce the engine vibration, and vibration isolation is one among those techniques. Such vibrations can be isolated using hybrid engine mounts that absorb the forces caused by vibration. Consequently, the present work proposes a hybrid aluminium mount filled with silica gel to isolate the engine vibration. Experiments were carried out on the variable compression ratio engine mounted on the hybrid honeycomb structure, and the free, forced vibrations, and frequency domains were analysed. The test results portrayed that the performance of the engine with a hybrid mount is found to be better than the conventional rubber mount. The hybrid sandwich panel with a honeycomb structure crowded with silica gel as fibrous material was utilized to isolate the engine vibrations. Compared with conventional mount (1.502 m/s2), high amount of vibration was reduced by honeycomb structured mount (0.814 m/s2) using different load conditions and fuel input pressure of 150 bar. Vibration in conventional mount for blower closing condition was 1.546 m/s2 and that in honeycomb structured mount was 1.4 m/s2.

Experimental investigation on performance of cotton seed biofuel blended with diesel on variable compression ratio diesel engine

The reasons for the fuel energy crisis are the rapid increase in the global population and changing human lives. Fossil fuel is a leading factor involved in atmospheric pollutants. However, biofuel plays an important role in boosting engine efficiency and lowering emissions. Present research work contributes to enhancing the performance of diesel engines. In this work, cottonseed oil is used and converted into biofuel through the transesterification process. Raw cotton seed oil comes under the category of vegetable oils, both edible and non-edible. The calorific value and viscosity of biodiesel fuel are two distinct characteristics. The biofuel blends with diesel in variable proportions by volume of 20%–40 % are used. The performance was monitored, analysed and verified against pure diesel and biofuel using CB20, CB30, and CB40. The performance obtained using biofuel with varying loads at different fuel blends on the VCR engine improves BTE and BSFC. When the CR is changed from 18 to 22, the BSFC decreases by 0.310 to 0.290 kg/kwh, while the BTE increases by 0.72 percent.

Theoretical performance on energy and exergy analysis of methyl esters of rubber seed oil fuelled on supercharged VCR engine

Theoretical performance on energy and exergy analysis of methyl esters of rubber seed oil fuelled on supercharged VCR engine

Experimental Investigation in Compression Ratio on Performance, Combustion and Emission of VCR Engine using Pyrolysis-oil Produced from Waste Plastic Materials

The generation of waste plastic is one of the major concerns for the scientific community due to its non biodegradable nature. Plastic has been primarily used in different packaging sectors across the globe and polyolefins are primarily used for this purpose to mitigate the demand. However, the lower recycling rate of waste plastics creates several long-term issues in the ecosystem. Therefore, reducing the waste plastic and producing some valuable chemicals is one of the ideal directions to overcome this issue.In this study, we have reported the production of liquid fuels from waste plastics material through thermo-chemical conversion and analyzed for engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engine. The liquid product (or pyro-oil) was characterized by different ASTM standard methods to evaluate the fuel properties. Finally, fuel was used at 10 and 20% blending with commercial diesel to analysis the engine performance, combustion and emission at varying brake mean effective pressure and compression ratio. The results revealed that blending of PO reduces brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to achieve the same power. Comparing with commercial diesel, the blended fuels showed better brake power, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, and exhaust gas emission. An enhancement in BTE and ME with increasing in BMEP was observed and varies in the range of ∼ 0–34% and ∼ 0–95%, respectively. The blending of PO significantly reduces the emissions of CO, CO2, NOx and un-burnt hydrocarbon as well as improved the O2 emission. Reduced CO emission means a better lifestyle as the health risks factor is also reduced because inhalation of CO can form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb or HbCO) by dissolving in hemoglobin and restrict the oxygen circulation from lungs to the tissues that causes several health issues including death of a person.

A computational technique for prediction and optimization of VCR engine performance and emission parameters fuelled with Trichosanthes cucumerina biodiesel using RSM with desirability function approach

Global concerns about pollution, rapidly diminishing fossil fuels, energy accessibility, and sustainability have prompted researchers to focus on alternative energy sources. Unlike fossil fuels, second-generation biofuels are considered a viable and promising substitute for the existing resources. This study utilizes waste-to-energy to produce biodiesel from trichosanthes cucumerina waste seeds. Biofuel characteristics were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The engine test blends are prepared with different trichosanthes cucumerina biodiesel (TCB) proportions (30%, 50%, 70% and 100%), and their thermophysical properties were assessed according to the ASTM standards. The performance and emission characteristics were analyzed using TCB blends in the variable compression ratio diesel engine. With the support of experimental results, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used for developing the multiple regression model. The desirability function approach minimizes the brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and engine exhaust emissions and maximizes brake thermal efficiency. The optimum input factors were found from the RSM modeling as 45% TCB blend, the compression ratio 17.5:1 and 1.5 kW engine load. Experimental results validate the engine's optimized response, and the observed error percentage is less than 6.5%. In comparison to the baseline diesel fuel, the 45% TCB blend delivered lower emissions of HC by 4.26%, CO by 3.74% and smoke opacity by 4.67% and produced identical engine performance. Based on the above results, the 45% TCB blend can be considered a feasible alternative source for diesel fuel.