Vase Life Research Articles

Characterization and Evaluation of Lilium In Bangladesh

Thirty-seven genotypes of Lilium were collected and evaluated under Lilium shade at floriculture Division, Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during 2017-21 to characterize different species of Lilium available in Bangladesh and collected from abroad. Notable variations in different qualitative and quantitative parameters were observed among the 37 genotypes under study. Among them, 31 genotypes were found suitable for cut flowers and six (06) suitable for pot culture. The longest stalk and rachis (94.3 cm and 36.0 cm, respectively) were produced by the genotype Lil-036. The maximum number of florets per stick (10.5) was produced by BARI Lilium-1. The maximum vase life was observed in Lil-007 and BARI Lilium-2 (11.0 days), whereas the minimum in Lil-022 and Lil-026 (5.0 days). The heaviest and the largest bulbs were produced by the genotype Lil-036 (72.4 g) and (6.6 cm) respectively. Considering the length of stalk and rachis, number of florets per stick, duration of vase life, average bulb weight, the genotypes, Lil-018, Lil-021, Lil-034, Lil-035 and Lil-036 were selected for further evaluation.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 47(1): 39-50, March 2022

The combination of graphene oxide and preservatives can further improve the preservation of cut flowers.

It is reported that the use of nanomaterials can extend the vase life of fresh-cut flowers. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of these nanomaterials that aid in promoting water absorption and antioxidation during the preservation of fresh-cut flowers. In this investigation, the three mainstream brands of preservatives commercially available on the market ("Chrysal," "Floralife," and "Long Life") in combination with low concentrations of GO (0.15 mg/L) were used to preserve fresh-cut roses. The results showed that the three brands of preservatives had different degrees of freshness retention. Compared to the preservatives used alone, the combination of low concentrations of GO with the preservatives, especially in the L+GO group (with 0.15 mg/L GO added in the preservative solution of "Long life"), further improved the preservation of cut flowers. L+GO group showed less level of antioxidant enzyme activities, lower ROS accumulation and cell death rate, and higher relative fresh weight than the other groups, implying a better antioxidant and water balance abilities. GO attached to the xylem duct of flower stem, and reduced the blockage of xylem vessels by bacteria, which were determined by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) analysis. XPS (X-ray photoenergy spectra) analysis results proved that GO could enter the interior of flower stem through xylem duct, and when combined with "Long Life," the anti-oxidation protection ability of GO was enhanced, thus delaying ageing, and greatly extending the vase life of fresh-cut flowers. The study provides new insights into cut flower preservation using GO.

The addition of glucose in holding solution enhances vase life and inflorescence quality of cut hydrangea flower over the application of sucrose or mannitol

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sugar types on the vase life of cut hydrangea flowers. There were 19 treatments based on concentrations and sucrose, glucose, and mannitol combinations. The results showed that the vase solution with 5% glucose provided the most extended vase life, which was 12.4 d, while the control solution with distilled water presented 8.86 d. The results were correlated with the total solution uptake, the number of days for reaching maximum inflorescene diameter, maximum sepal hardness score, chlorophyll content, and sepal electrolyte leakage. It could be implied that glucose alone extends hydrangea vase life by inactivating the ethylene signaling pathway. Based on the sepal size and colour, 3% glucose treatment which generated the second-highest vase life, could be the appropriate concentration for improving flower quality and longevity. This study provides essential information to understand hydrangea flower senescence and develop better vase solutions for cut hydrangea flowers.

Effect of biotic and abiotic formulations on control of Botrytis blight of rose cv. Grand Gala

The present investigation was undertaken at the Model Floriculture Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agricultural and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was conducted to test the different concentrations and time of application of biotic formulation, i.e., Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquifaciens strain FZB24 (manufactured by Novozyme South Asian Pvt. Ltd. under the brand name Taegro) and abiotic formulation i.e., sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid on control of Botrytis blight of rose cv. Grand Gala under field condition and during vase life. Foliar spray of standard chemical Carbendazim 50% W.P. @ 500g/ha, 6 spray at 7 days interval was found best followed by Carbendazim 50% W.P. @ 500g/ha, 3 spray at 14 days intervals which was at par with Bacillus subtilis @ 1000 g per hectare, 6 spray at 7 days interval against incidence of Botrytis blight in field condition while, during vase life, application of treatment was insignificant. In contrast, acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate do not significantly affect disease control.

Genotypic stability analysis among Lilium genotypes for growth and yield contributing traits

Genotypes grown in multi-environmental trials may respond differently to a range of climatic factors, soil characteristics and cultural management practices. As such, the proportion of the variation in the phenotypic traits due to the main effects of genotype, environment and their interaction is routinely assessed when selecting best-performing lines. Keeping this in mind, the present study was carried out to find the stable Lilium genotypes evaluated over two locations for two years in a Randomized Block Design along with three replications. Eighteen diverse genotypes of Lilium were assessed for twenty different vegetative, flowering and bulb parameters. Genotype “Eyeliner” indicated stability for the majority of parameters, including days to bulb sprout emergence, bud length, number of flowers/stem, weight of bulblets, and vase life, while genotype “Yelloween” exhibited stability for a variety of parameters, including leaf length, bud length, size of flower, and days to first flower, and is suitable for a variety of environments.

Essential oils prolonged the cut carnation longevity by limiting the xylem blockage and enhancing the physiological and biochemical levels.

Postharvest characteristics, such as vase life and antimicrobial preservation of commercial cut flowers are some of the major determinants of their market value worldwide. Extending vase life while restricting microbial proliferation in cut flowers is an important challenge faced by floricultural researchers. This study evaluates the preservative efficiency of different essential oils used as additive solutions in prolonging the longevity of carnation cv. Madam Collette cut flowers and restricting microbial growth in them. Cut carnations were treated with four essential oils: geranium, thyme, marjoram, and anise at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg/L. While treatment with all the essential oils prolonged the longevity of the cut flowers, thyme and marjoram oils were most effective at concentrations of 50 mg/L each. The vase life of thyme-treated and marjoram-treated carnations almost doubled to 18.5 days and 18.25 days, respectively, as compared to untreated flowers. Treatment with essential oils also led to an increase in water uptake by the cut flowers enhancing their relative water content (RWC). It also restricted the sharp decline of chlorophyll and total carbohydrates content of the flowers during their vase life period. Morphological features of the stem bases of treated and untreated carnations were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stem ends of geranium and anise-treated carnations showed less bacterial growth than untreated flowers and no apparent xylem blockage was observed even after nine days of treatment. Furthermore, the presence of essential oils also reduced lipid peroxidation and free radical generation as observed by malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 quantification, respectively. It also led to increased production of total phenols leading to enhanced membrane stability. The use of thyme and marjoram essential oils as antimicrobial preservatives and green antioxidants appears to have promising applications in both the industrial and scientific sectors.

A novel perspective to investigate how nanoselenium and melatonin lengthen the cut carnation vase shelf

Nano-selenium (nano-Se) and melatonin (MT) applications confirmed to boost plant growth and resistance. The mechanism of various ratios of nano-Se and MT foliar application postpone the senescence of fresh cut carnation flowers and improve vase life remains unclear. In this study, a combined effect with nano-Se (nano-Se5, 5 mg/L) and MT(MT1, 1 mg/L) was preferable to the control, nano-Se, and MT treatment alone when it came to delaying flower senescence. They enhance the antioxidant ability of carnation flowers by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels, raising SOD and POD concentrations, and lowering procyanidins biosynthesis (catechins and epicatechin). Inducing the biosynthesis of hormonal compounds (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid), their combination also boosted the growth of carnations. Biofortification with nano-Se and MT substantially increased the amounts of key lignin biosynthesis pathway metabolites (L-phenylalanine, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, perillyl alcohol, p-Coumaryl alcohol, and cinnamic acid), which may increase stem cellular thickness and facilitate water absorption and transmission. The study hypothesizes that nano-Se and MT synergistic applications act as a new efficient non-toxic preservative to extend the vase life and improve the decorative value of carnations.

Plant growth regulators preserved the longevity of cut stems of Chrysanthemum morifolium by orchestrating physio-biochemical and anatomical responses

The marketability of cut flowers is determined by their postharvest quality parameters. Among these parameters, vase life is most crucial and different plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a significant role in regulating vase life. With the objective, to regulate vase life and other quality parameters of commercially important cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. White Star, a study was planned to have an insight into the role of different PGRs in orchestrating underlying physio-biochemical and anatomical responses. Three PGRs viz., Benzyl adenine (50, 100, 150 and 200 μM BA), Thidiazuron (5, 10, 15 and 20 μM TDZ) and Salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 μM SA) were used as pulsing solution. The results revealed that PGR especially 10 μM TDZ delayed leaf and floret senescence as compared to control. The visual observations (retention of green colour of leaves and white of florets) were correlated to enhanced water absorption, relative water content, membrane stability index, total soluble sugars and total soluble proteins ; higher content of chlorophyll in leaves and lower content of carotenoids and anthocyanins in florets. Further, the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) activities were also higher in PGR-treated stems than in control. These results were further supported by anatomical studies that indicated minimum blockage in xylem and maintenance in turgidity of cells as revealed through the size of tissues (radius of pith) of treated stems (control-118.48 mm and 10 μM TDZ-177.94 mm). Although all PGR concentrations significantly maintained relative water content, membrane stability index, respiratory substrates and antioxidant activity for a longer time, the low concentrations of TDZ had the most relevant impact on longevity. The longevity of stems treated with10 μM TDZ was up to 23 days as compared to 13 days in control. So 10 μM TDZ could be used as a chemical tool to improve chrysanthemum longevity and increase its commercial potential.

Qualitative response and vase life of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cut flowers treated with salicylic acid and benzyl adenine under cold storage conditions

Qualitative response and vase life of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cut flowers treated with salicylic acid and benzyl adenine under cold storage conditions

Comparison of dyes and preservative solutions on the vase life of Polianthes tuberosa L.

Comparison of dyes and preservative solutions on the vase life of Polianthes tuberosa L.

Melhorando as características pós-colheita, composição química e atividade antimicrobiana de flores de corte de Dianthus caryophyllus usando novos óleos essenciais

Abstract Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus ‘Servantes’) is a popular and economically cut flower widely used in the florist industry. However, post-harvest senescence occurs in a few days and limits the cut carnation flowers’ commercialization. Therefore, this research was performed to investigate the impact of essential oils such as tea tree oil (TTO), pumpkin seed oil (PSO), Moringa seed essential oils (MEO), and Eucalyptus oils (EEO), as eco-friendly preservative solutions to enhance the quality and longevity of carnation flowers. Carnation cut flowers were submitted to different concentrations (250 and 500 mg L-1) of each essential oil used in the vase solution and the experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design in three replicates. The findings revealed that the longest vase life and the maximum total water solution uptake in cut carnation were achieved when treated with either TTO or PSO oil at 500 mg L-1 in solution preservative as compared to the control (distilled water). While the highest relative fresh weight was observed at 500 mg L-1 PSO, the highest chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids, total sugar, total phenolic content in leaves, anthocyanin content, and enzyme activity in petals at 500 mg L-1 TTO and PSO. Additionally, all treatments of selected oils have positively declined the bacteria activity compared to control. Also, the lowest bacteria growth on third day with 500 mg L-1 TTO and PSO. However, observing a prim state of xylem vessels with TTO 500 mg L-1and PSO 500 mg L-1, comparable with distilled water, the application of essential oil in this study as a natural preservative in preservative solution as an alternative to chemicals could be of environmental value and great economic.

GENOTYPES AND STORAGE DURATION EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF CUT FLOWER – GERBERA (GERBERA JAMESONII HOOK)

Studies on cut flowers have occurred, for improving their quality is the main priority. One of the top 10 cut flowers in the world, the gerbera, or Transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), is a flowering plant. The presented study aimed to investigate the effect of genotypes, storage duration, and their interactions on the quality of cut flower – Transvaal daisy. Two cultivars of Gerbera (sweet smile and sweet surprise) and their four storage durations underwent examination on the various parameters of vase life and carbohydrates. The results exhibited that the cultivar ‘Sweet smile’ had exceptional values of the studied parameters compared with the cultivar ‘Sweet surprise.’ The treatment of seven days with dry-cool storage proved superior upon 14- and 21-day treatments (11.71, 11.05, and 5.94, respectively) and had the highest positive effects on vase life and flower carbohydrate content compared with the other two storage treatments. The treatment of zero days (non-stored flowers) was significantly superior to seven-day storage. The interactions of cultivars and storage durations gave the highest effect in reducing the depletion of the carbohydrates content in cultivars with zero days, increasing the flower’s vase life. Therefore, the highest values recorded for the cultivar Sweet smile are zero days, followed by seven days of storage, compared with the rest of the treatments.

Postharvest handling and vase life of cut sunflower

The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is a commercially important cut flower requiring research into postharvest factors such as recutting, water uptake, stem number, cooling rate, and storage temperature to maximize vase life. Stems of 'Sunbright' sunflowers were either recut before or after a drying period up to 48 h. Water uptake, stem quality, and microbial counts were determined 4 days after rehydration. Water potential was determined on five corresponding leaves per treatment. The effects of stem number per vase were evaluated with either 1, 3, 5, or 10 stems. Effects of cooling rate were determined by temperatures of 5 °C for 3 days in the dark, 5 °C for 2 days in the dark preceded by 24 h at either 20 °C with light or 32 °C in a shaded area outdoors, or were maintained in a shaded area at 32 °C for 3 days. Hydration and storage temperature effects were determined by either transferring to a postharvest environment, 20 °C cooler for 2 h, immediate storage for 2 days at 5 °C, or 3 days at 5 °C after recutting the basal stem. Allowing stems to dry up to 48 h reduced vase life by 2.3 days or less. Vase life was unaffected by harvesting into water or by the number of stems in a vase but was affected by temperature such that the longest vase life of 13.2 days occurred when stems were stored for 3 days at 5 ± 0.5 °C followed by postharvest evaluation at 20 ± 1 °C.

Application of Cytokinin under Modified Atmosphere (MA) Delays Yellowing and Prolongs the Vase Life of Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. Leaves

Cut leaves of Davallia solida are widely used in bouquet greenery. However, the leaves wilt and yellow after seven days. Postharvest applications of exogenous cytokinins (CKs), a plant growth regulator (PGR), preventing senescence in many green leafy plants, were studied by pulsing cut D. solida leaves with 6-benzylamiopurine (BA) at a concentration of 100 ppm, or thidiazuron (TDZ) at a concentration of 10 μM for 24 h, compared with distilled water as a control, and then placing the ferns in a controlled room (21 + 2 °C, 70–80% relative humidity (RH), under cool-white fluorescent lights for 12 h/d). Pulsing with BA and TDZ delayed leaf yellowing while preserving chlorophyll (Chl) content. This was due to reduced Chl-degrading enzyme activities on day 8 of the vase life of the leaves, resulting in longer display life of 11.1 and 11.5 days, respectively. TDZ delayed Chl breakdown on day 8 of the vase life of leaves more than was the case for BA. Subsequently, leaves were pulsed in 10 μM TDZ, or distilled water for 24 h, and then 10 leaves from each treatment were packaged in a 25 × 30 cm, 25-μm thickness BOPP bag. All the packages were stored at 10 °C in 10 h/d light for one, two and three weeks, then unpacked and placed in distilled water. Pulsing with TDZ before one-week storage delayed leaf yellowing, maintained Chl content and extended their vase life to 9.6 days compared with one-, two-, and three-week control leaves, which had a vase life of 6.2, 5.8, and 3.6 days, respectively. After one week, the relative fresh weight of the leaves and water uptake did not alter between the control and TDZ groups. The activities of Chl degradation enzymes in the leaves of D. solida pulsed with TDZ prior to storage were significantly suppressed, related to higher Chl content and a lower percentage of leaf yellowing than the control, resulting in a longer vase life of 9.0 days, while the control lasted 7.0 days. A 10 µM TDZ pulsing treatment significantly prevented the yellowing of D. solida fronds during the vase period or storage period, and one-week storage under MA with light conditions is recommended for retaining postharvest quality after storage.

Lemon grass essential oil improves Gladiolus grandiflorus postharvest life by modulating water relations, microbial growth, biochemical activity, and gene expression

Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews) is a high-valued bulbous cut flower. However, the shorter postharvest life of the gladiolus, limits its marketing and commercial value. In the present investigation, the effect of lemon grass (LG) essential oil as an antimicrobial agent was studied towards increasing the vase life of gladiolus. The results revealed that as compared to control (distilled water), treatment with a lower concentration of 5 µL L−1 LG essential oil prolonged the vase life of gladiolus up to 11 days (d). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation indicated that the sample treated with 5 µL L−1 LG essential oil showed intact vasculature, suggesting reduced microbial blockage at the stem end which was further corroborated by microbial count. Biochemical analysis suggested an increased level of total soluble sugars, carotenoid content, lower MDA accumulation, and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in LG treated flowers. Moreover, transcripts levels of genes associated with senescence viz., GgCyP1 and GgERS1a were downregulated, while expression of GDAD1 and antioxidant genes such as GgP5C5, GgPOD 1, GgMnSOD, and GgCAT1 were upregulated in LG treated cut spikes as compared to control. Among various treatments we have concluded that, the vase life of the gladiolus cut spike was improved along with the relative fresh flower weight and diameter of flower at the lower dose of 5 µL L−1 LG oil in the vase solution. Thus, LG oil as an eco-friendly agent has the potential to extend the postharvest life of cut flowers.

Effect of calcium chloride and floral preservatives in the vase life of gerbera cut flower

Postharvest loss of cut flower at all the stakeholders in Nepal before reaching consumer is about 20-25% in Nepal. The major problem in gerbera for its vase life is stem or scape bending. This study was aimed to assess the effect of calcium chloride and different floral preservatives in the vase life and to evaluate the quality of different varieties of gerbera cut flower. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design in the controlled lab of Central Agricultural Laboratory located at Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur at 17±2 ˚C temperature, 55 ± 2% relative humidity (RH) and 100 lux light. The study revealed that among two varieties, Rosalin, a light pink variety of gerbera was found to be better with prolonged vase life. Rosalin showed the longest vase life (14.05 days) with higher solution uptake (13.97 mL) and recorded minimum stem bending (43.8˚) on 15th day of vase life. Among ten different vase solutions, 4% sucrose + 1% calcium chloride (18.25 days), 4% sucrose + 0.5% calcium chloride (16.58 days) and 0.5% calcium chloride (16.25 days) were found the most effective vase solutions to prolong the vase life of gerbera cut flower as compared to control (7.67 days). Vase life solution of 4% sucrose + 1% calcium chloride is a potential commercial preservative solution to improve the keeping quality and vase life of cut gerbera. To conclude, calcium treatment along with a carbohydrate in a vase solution improves the vase life of gerbera cut flower.

Effect of Chitosan nanoparticles on quality indices, metabolites, and vase life of Rosa hybrida cv. Black magic

BackgroundChitosan nanoparticles (CTS-NPs) protect the active ingredients from the environment for a specific period and reduces sweating, control weight loss, delay ripening, and increase vase life. So, a factorial experiment was carried out as a randomized complete design in three replications to investigate the efficiency of CTS-NPs in quality improvement and longevity extension of cut rose flowers.ResultsThe 15-day maximum vase life was attained by the rose placed in a preservative solution containing 10 mg L−1 CTS-NPs. CTS-NPs also reduced microbial growth as compared to controls. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and amount of anthocyanin in treated petals were dramatically increased. CTS-NPs solutions especially at 10 and 15 mg L−1 concentrations, markedly reduced the H2O2 and malondialdehyde at the end of 15th day and maintained the membrane index. The protein and carbohydrate and petals anthocyanin content and enzymatic activities such as superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase increased in cut roses placed in 10 mg L−1 CTS-NPs vase solution which in turn caused to increase in vase life.ConclusionCTS-NPs especially at a level of 10 mg L−1 can assist plants to enhance light usage efficiency, as well as promote photosynthetic carbon fixation and the production of additional carbohydrate products for plant growth and development.Graphical

Farklı Organik Kaynaklı Materyallerin Zinnia Bitkisinde Büyüme, Çiçeklenme ve Verime Etkileri

The study was carried out in a randomized plot design with three replications, with 4 pots in each replication and 3 plants in each pot. A total of 10 applications consisting of liquid compost (25%- 50%), vermicompost (25%-50%), and humic acid (600-1200 ppm) and combining these applications were applied to Zinnia seedlings. The first application was applied as 400 mL per pot when the plants reached 20 cm in size. Applications were made 3 times with an interval of 7 days. When the plants are harvested, flower diameter (mm), stem thickness (mm), number of flowers (piece), stem length (cm), number of branches (pieces), the weight of branches (g), number of leaves (pieces), root length ( cm), root fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), vase life (days) parameters were examined. As a result of the study, the highest flower diameter (72.27 mm) and SPAD value (34.93) was 600 ppm humic acid application, the highest flower stem thickness (4.67) and flower stem length (45.56 cm) 25% liquid compost + 25% vermicompost application, the highest flower stem thickness (4.67). The number of flowers (6.17 pieces) and root wet weight (8.10 g) were found in 25% vermicompost application, the highest number of branches (7,25) in 1200 ppm humic acid application, the highest branch weight (30.76) in 50% vermicompost application. As a result, it was observed that in applications where 25% of vermicompost was used, it had positive effects on the number of leaves, flowering, and root parameters. In humic acid applications, it has been found to have a positive effect when used at low rates such as 600 ppm. It is stated in the results of the study that the doses used to
 give better results when applied at low rates.

Evaluation of Gladiolus Genotypes at Akbarpur, Moulvibazar

Twelve gladiolus genotypes were collected and evaluated in the Research Field of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Akbarpur, Moulvibazar, during November 2018 to May 2020 for identifying suitable line(s) for commercial cultivation in north eastern region of Bangladesh. The genotype that produced flower stalk within minimum days of planting was GL-Akb-012 (66.16 days.The longest rachis length was recorded in GL-Akb-003 (80.12 cm) which was statistically significant from other eleven genotypes. Plant height varied considerably with the highest plant height in GL-Akb-012 (145.67 cm) and the lowest plant height was in GL-Akb-011 (89.33 cm). All of the genotypes in general, produced more than 12 florets per spike, however GL-Akb-001 produced the highest number of florets per spike (17.33). Vase life of the genotypes showed variation, GL-Akb-012 had the highest vase life of 9 days. The highest weight of corm found in GL-Akb-004 (320.00 g). In respect of variation in plants, for instance, flower quality, corm and cormel production characters, the gladiolus genotype GL-Akb-012 was most promising for commercial cultivation.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(3): 321-329, September 2021

DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and abscisic acid and accumulation of reactive oxygen species.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most famous and ethylene-sensitive cut flowers worldwide, but how ethylene interacts with other plant hormones and factors to regulate petal senescence in carnation is largely unknown. Here we found that a gene encoding WRKY family transcription factor, DcWRKY33, was significantly upregulated upon ethylene treatment. Silencing and overexpression of DcWRKY33 could delay and accelerate the senescence of carnation petals, respectively. Abscisic acid (ABA) and H2 O2 treatments could also accelerate the senescence of carnation petals by inducing the expression of DcWRKY33. Further, DcWRKY33 can bind directly to the promoters of ethylene biosynthesis genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1), ABA biosynthesis genes (DcNCED2 and DcNCED5), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation gene DcRBOHB to activate their expression. Lastly, relationships are existed between ethylene, ABA and ROS. This study elucidated that DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA and accumulation of ROS in carnation, supporting the development of new strategies to prolong the vase life of cut carnation.