Varying Volume Ratios Research Articles

Synthesis of PPy-MnO2 Nanocomposite for Utilization in Supercapacitor Applications

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposites were prepared using chemical oxidation and were combined with manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles. The PPY-MnO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by integrating PPy nanofibers with varying volume ratio percentages of MnO2 dopant (10, 30, and 50% vol. ratio). The structural features of the PPy and PPy-MnO2 nanocomposite were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transfor infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to demonstrate the molecular structures of primary materials and the final product of PPy, MnO2, and PPy- MnO2 nanocomposites. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) showed that the morphology of PPy consisted of a network of nanofibers. Increasing the volume ratios of manganese oxide added to the PPY nanofiber led to the increase of manganese oxide nanoparticles on the surface of the PPY nanofiber network. This resulted in a noticeable alteration in the structure of the nanocomposite. It has been observed that the nanocomposites demonstrate a significant level of pseudocapacitive activity. The highest capacitance of 236 F/g was observed when pure PPy was doped with 30% MnO2 compared to 125 F/g of the pure PPy.

Gold Nanoparticles Modulate Excimer and Exciplex Dynamics of PDDCP-Conjugated Polymers.

How plasmonic nanostructures modulate the behavior of exciplexes and excimers within materials remains unclear. Thus, advanced knowledge is essential to bridge this gap for the development of optoelectronic devices that leverage the interplay between plasmonic and conjugated polymer hybrid materials. Herein, this work aims to explore the role of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in modulating exciplex and excimer states within the conjugated polymer poly(2,5-di(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy) cyanoterephthalylidene) (PDDCP), known for its photoluminescent and semi-conductive properties, aiming to create innovative composite materials with tailored optical features. The spectral analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of AuNPs on the PDDCP, varying AuNP volume percentages to measure changes in the absorption profile, molar extinction coefficient (ε), absorption cross-section (σa), and optical bandgap (Eg). Fluorescence spectra of the mixture at different volume ratios were also examined to assess exciplex formation, while amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) profiles were analyzed to study the behavior and photochemical stability of the polymer-NP hybrid material. Increasing AuNP volume induced both blue and red shifts in the absorption profile of the PDDCP. Higher AuNPs concentrations correlated with decreased ε and σa, inversely impacting Eg. The emission spectra obtained at varied AuNP volume ratios indicated significantly enhanced exciplex and excimer formations. The ASE profiles remained consistent but showed reduced intensity with increasing AuNPs concentrations, indicating their influence on hybrid material behavior and stability. The findings suggest that AuNPs affect PDDCP's optical characteristics, altering the absorption profile, bandgap, and fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, the observed reduction in ASE intensity highlights their influence on the behavior and photochemical stability of the hybrid material. These results contribute to a better understanding of the versatile applications of plasmonic-conjugated hybrid polymers.

3D-printed Ti6Al4V thoracic fusion cage: Biomechanical behavior and strengthening mechanism

To effectively replace diseased and damaged thoracic vertebrae, a series of three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium (Ti) alloy (Ti6Al4V) thoracic fusion cages with varying volume ratio of reinforced scaffolds are designed, and their structure-function relationships are investigated systematically. It is demonstrated that the mechanical strength of fusion cage is gradually enhanced as the scaffold volume increases, which may be attributed to its textural transformation from α phase to β phase. The compressive, shear, and fatigue of fusion cages successfully attain the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 23089), when the scaffold volume ratio exceeds 15%. Furthermore, the biomechanical analyses, including stress distributions and subsidence in flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending sections of fusion cages, further shed light on their potential clinical applications. This work deeply deciphers the intrinsic connection between biomechanical property and material texture of the thoracic fusion cages, offering valuable insights into their strengthening mechanism, which providing a guidance for the precise design and quick synthesis of other 3D-printed Ti6Al4V implants.

Incorporation of Disposed Face Mask to Cement Mortar Material: An Insight into the Dynamic Mechanical Properties

Incorporating masks into building materials offers a potential solution to the environmental threat of disposable masks with promising material performance. However, research on their dynamic properties is lacking to further determine the application range of the new composite. This study addresses this gap by shredding face masks into strips and incorporating them into mortars at varying volume ratios. The integrity and compactness of the mortar was measured and characterized by P-wave velocity, while dynamic compression properties were explored using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. Subsequently, sieve analysis was conducted on the fractured specimens. The results indicate that incorporating masks generally improves the mortar integrity and the fragmentation after impacting. The dynamic uniaxial compression strength (DUCS) decreased for all mixing designs compared to plain ones under a constant loading rate. Meanwhile, the dissipated energy density showed a similar trend to the P-wave velocity, exhibiting less pronounced enhancement at higher loading rates. According to the dynamic characteristics, a dynamic constitutive model based on the Lemaitre principle and Weibull distribution of damage is developed and validated. The test results are further understood through the perspective of the mechanism of mask inclusion.

From seasonal field study to surrogate modeling: Investigating the biomechanical dynamics of Elymus sp. in salt marshes

AbstractSalt marshes have been studied in the context of ecosystem services they can provide for coastal protection. In this study, monthly field campaigns focusing on Elymus spp. and its biomechanical properties were conducted from December 2021 to December 2022 on the German Barrier Island Spiekeroog. A total of 1390 specimens were investigated to determine their growth length, out of which 418 specimens were investigated mechanically with three‐point bending tests to determine their biomechanical properties. To evaluate the interaction of hydraulic loads and vegetation, the challenge of modeling biomechanical plant properties to scale is addressed by using resin 3D printing with flexible material, while focusing on the materials mechanical properties. Based on the field data acquired and additional literature (adding up to 1959 measurements), a cylindrical plant model with an outer diameter of (scale 1 : 1) was developed. It was manufactured mixing two resin components with varying volume ratios resulting in surrogates with different flexural stiffnesses. The surrogates were characterized using three‐point bending tests and image analysis of their bending behavior when subjected to currents between 0.4 and 1.2 m/s. With the average Young's modulus ranging from 8.45 to 1708.42 MPa, the bending angle varies from 0° to 77.4° displaying the influence of material stiffness and flow velocity. Applying the Cauchy scaling law, this study shows that resin 3D printing can be used to model Elymus sp. with respect to its biomechanical properties allowing for seasonally independent physical laboratory experiments with plant models.

Characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel method for NOx degradation

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film photocatalysts for the elimination of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were prepared by the dip-coating process using the sol–gel method. To prepare the sols, titanium (IV) butoxide (Ti(OBu)4), diethanolamine (DEA), butanol, and HCl were chosen. The TiO2 coatings were prepared using sols with varying volume ratios of Ti(OBu)4:DEA:Butanol. Additionally, three withdrawal speeds from the sol were employed. Subsequently, the TiO2 thin films were sintered at 500 and 700 °C. The obtained thin films were characterized using SEM to determine thickness, AFM to determine roughness, and the Step 500 platform for the adhesion test. NOx was found to be efficiently eliminated by TiO2 thin film photocatalyst. It is possible to obtain a TiO2 coating that is capable of degrading 300 ppb of NO in real time under specific conditions: a relative humidity of 30 %, a UV intensity of 20 W/m2, a gas flow rate of 1 dm3/min.

Optimization of photocatalytic degradation performance of organic dye using highly efficient bismuth MOFs: Preparation and parametric analysis

Bismuth MOF catalysts were successfully fabricated using the solvothermal method, which involved the use of a mixed solvent composed of DMF and ethanol in varying volume ratios. Subsequently, the catalysts underwent comprehensive characterization using diverse techniques i.e., FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, UV–vis diffuse, and SEM-EDX. The photocatalytic degradation of RhB was investigated using six different bismuth MOF (BiEt) catalysts. Later, parametric analysis study was performed to test the BiEt catalysts under different values of pH, Rhodamine B (RhB) dye concentrations, and different scavengers. The results showed that BiEt1 had total surface area of 16.78 m2/g and pore volume of 0.025 cm3/g with a pore size of 1.5331 nm. The photocatalytic performance of the catalysts was assessed by quantifying the removal capacity and analyzing theUV–vis absorption spectra during the degradation of RhB. The results show that BiEt 1 had the highest photodegradation efficiency toward the RhB and that it required the shortest time of 60 min to achieve 100% removal. The UV–vis absorption spectra of BiEt catalysts during the degradation of RhB showed that the characteristic absorption wavelength of RhB was observed at 576 nm. These findings suggest that the prepared BiEt was an exceptional photocatalyst for the degradation of RhB. It has great potential for environmental remediation applications.

Behavior evaluation of concrete made with waste rubber and waste glass after elevated temperatures

The re-use of solid wastes (waste rubber and waste glass) to make green concrete is very important towards sustainable buildings. In this work, a novel efficient solution of replacing natural fine and coarse aggregate with waste rubber (WR) and waste glass (WG) respectively was adopted to analyze the performance of WR and WG as well as their combinations in mixtures when subjected to elevated temperatures. In present research, the river sand was replaced by WR particles at varied volume ratios from 10% to 30% and WG was used as gravels at 10%, on volume basis. These specimens were heated to 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C, and then they were kept for 2 h and subjected to air-cooling regime naturally. To this end, the appearance change, mass loss rate, volume change, compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were evaluated through a series of tests at ambient and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Also, water absorption and sorptivity tests were conducted to assess porosity as well. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the influence of this two wastes on the microstructure evolution under various temperatures. According to experimental results, the compressive strength of mixtures presented a 4.32%–8.53% increasement in temperature between 20 °C and 200 °C, followed by a gradual decrease in the strength values. While split-tensile strength showed a decline at each temperature level, with a strength reduction of 60%-70% at 700 °C. On the other hand, the combined mixture mitigated damage of rubber concrete and improved its mechanical behaviors. Particularly, when the volume fractions of both WR and WG aggregates were 10% respectively, the mixture outperformed the other combination mixes concerning mechanical and durability performance of heated and unheated samples. Furthermore, the water absorption and weight loss of specimens were found to increase with temperatures, with water absorption exceeding 10% and mass loss varying from 7.88% to 9.44% at 700 °C. Whereas the ultrasonic velocity values gradually decreased. To sum up, the combination of WR and WG was proved as a promising option to enhance the performance of rubberized concrete under high temperatures.

Tribological Properties of Nano-ZrO2 and PEEK Reinforced PTFE Composites Based on Molecular Dynamics

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a polymeric material with excellent self-lubricating properties. In this study, in order to improve the wear resistance of PTFE, the PTFE matrix was filled with soft-phase polyetheretherketone (PEEK) particles and hard-phase nano-ZrO2 particles in varying volume ratios. A linear reciprocating friction tester was used to test the tribological properties of the PTFE composites. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to observe the formation and evolution of the transfer film on the surface of the counterpart metal during the friction process. Molecular dynamics simulation software (Materials Studio MS) was used to simulate and analyze the frictional behavior between the molecular structures of PTFE composites and the counterpart iron atoms on a microscopic scale. The results showed that the uniformity and firmness of the transfer film had an important influence on the wear resistance of the material. PEEK and ZrO2 nanoparticles were able to improve the firmness and formation rate of the transfer film, respectively, resulting in significant improvement in the wear resistance of PTFE (volume wear rate reduced from 7.7 × 10−4 mm3/Nm for pure PTFE to 1.76 × 10−6 mm3/Nm for nano-ZrO2/PEEK/PTFE). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the poor wear resistance of PTFE was due to significant interlayer slippage within its molecular chains. PEEK molecular chains could effectively adsorb PTFE molecular chains and formed a strong bond. ZrO2 nanoparticles also contributed to the overall stability of the PTFE matrix. Both soft and hard fillers significantly inhibited interlayer slippage between PTFE molecular chains, enhancing the shear deformation resistance of the material and thus improving the wear resistance of PTFE composites.

Variation of Polietilena Glikol (PEG) Volume Ratio Addition to the Extraction and Synthesis of Hematite (Fe2O3) from Iron Ore of Pemalogan Village using the Precipitation Methods

The synthesis of hematite iron oxide from iron ore in Pemalongan village was carried out using an easy and simple method, namely precipitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the extraction results, crystal structure and crystal size of the compounds synthesized using the precipitation method. Iron ore processing is carried out by reacting 37% (w/w) HCl by dripping 25% (v/v) NH4OH as a precipitating agent and adding PEG-200 to control particle size by varying the volume ratio of PEG-200: Iron 1:5 ( mL/g), 2:5 (mL/g), and 3:5 (mL/g). Then calcined at 500°C for 2 hours. The synthesis results were characterized using Xray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of XRD analysis with varying volume ratios of PEG-200:iron 1:5 (mL/g), 2:5 (mL/g), and 3:5 (mL/g) have formed a hematite iron oxide phase. The synthesis results with a volume ratio of 1:5 (mL/g) produced the highest purity and had a trigonal geometric structure, cell parameters a = 5.036340 Å; b = 5.036340 Å; and c = 13.345420 Å; α = β = 90˚; γ = 120˚ and the space group is R3 c. Calculation of crystal size using the Debye Scherrer equation results in variations in the volume ratio of PEG-200: Iron 1:5 (mL/g), 2:5 (mL/g), and 3:5 (mL/g) is 50.9912 nm; 43.08837 nm; and 45.30663 nm. The SEM characterization results showed that the iron oxide hematite produced from the synthesis clumped and formed small non-uniform grains.

Parametric study of the remediation efficiency of oil-drilling cuttings by ozonation

By-products and wastes generated by the oil and gas industry must be properly managed and treated. Oil-drilling cuttings (ODCs) are the major wastes generated during the process of oil/gas exploration and extraction. ODCsispre-treated in a sonicator by mixing it with synthetic seawater of pre-specified composition at varying volume ratios, with the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at various concentrations (0%, 0.2%, and 0.5%). The pre-treated solution is placed in a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) column where an ozone-rich gas is bubbled through a porous diffuser. During the ozonation process, a number of parameters (pressure drop, pH, redox-potential, temperature) are monitored on-line, while solid and liquid samples are collected to detect the changes of the total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH).

Cement and Clay Bricks Reinforced with Coconut Fiber and Fiber Dust

For generations, Sri Lankans use cement bricks and clay bricks as common building materials in the construction field. This study investigates the feasibility of improving the strength while lowering the mass and thermal conductivity of bricks by adding coconut fiber or coconut fiber dust as a reinforcing material. Each reinforcing material is used in both clay and cement bricks. The mixtures are prepared according to varying volume ratios of the raw materials used. Coconut fibers are combed and cut into 4-5 cm pieces and dry coconut fiber dust is sieved using a 4 mm sieving mesh. The mixture is prepared by hand mixing and the traditional processes are replicated in making the bricks. Tests are carried out to understand the variation of mass, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption of the reinforced bricks in comparison to bricks with no reinforced material. The cement brick reinforced with coconut fiber achieves the expected results in the compressive strength test and thermal conductivity test but underperformed when comparing masses and water absorption. Clay bricks reinforced with coconut fiber dust show impressive results in compressive tests and with the addition of dust, the appearance seems to have changed. It is observed that reinforcing cement bricks with coconut fiber could double the compressive strength along with a 5% reduction in mass. Reinforcing clay bricks with coconut fiber dust increases its compressive strength by over 70% while decreasing the mass by over 30 %. The study proves that it is feasible to use reinforced coconut fiber or coconut fiber dust to improve the properties of both clay and cement bricks, while clay bricks reinforced with coconut fiber are an exception.

Hyaluronic acid crosslinked with alginate hydrogel: A versatile and biocompatible bioink platform for tissue engineering

Three-dimensional bioprinting holds promise in the anatomical fabrication of lost tissues and organs. Cell-laden hydrogels have been widely used as bioinks, extruded through a nozzle of 3D bioprinter to form the desired shape layer-by-layer. However, the major challenge in 3D bioprinting is finding functional biomaterials to develop bioinks, besides animal-based biomaterials, such as gelatin and collagen. The amine-hyaluronic acid (HA-NH2) was covalently crosslinked with the aldehyde-alginate (Alg-CHO). Once HA-NH2 and Alg-CHO solutions combine, by varying volume ratios, gelation is initiated through a Schiff’s base reaction. The goal of this study was to investigate how volume ratios of HA-NH2 and Alg-CHO had impacts on the printability and biodegradability of the HA-Alg hydrogel and its potential use in the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The HA-Alg hydrogel made from equal volumes of HA-NH2 and Alg-CHO exhibited shear-thinning behaviours, which are essential features of a printable bioink. Moreover, we demonstrated cartilage tissue formation by encapsulating hMSCs in the HA-Alg hydrogel for 4 weeks. To demonstrate a proof-of-concept in creating an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), the incorporation of silk fibroin into the HA-Alg hydrogel network was tested. This finding allowed the HA-Alg hydrogel to serve as a platform for development of other bioinks, without adverse effects on mechanical properties and shear-thinning behaviours. The results suggest that the HA-Alg hydrogel can be used as a printable biomaterial for the extrusion-based 3D bioprinter. The HA-Alg hydrogel promoted cartilage tissue development and potentially supported other tissue formation due to its tailorable mechanical and degradable properties.

Numerical study on the reaction mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation in atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge

Recently, the catalytic conversion of greenhouse gases by plasma technology has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, a two-dimensional fluid model is developed to study the reaction mechanism of plasma CO2 hydrogenation in atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The effect of varying volume ratio of CO2/H2 on reaction mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation is studied carefully, such as temporal and spatial density distributions of main radicals and ions, dynamics of streamer propagation, and generation and loss pathways of H, CO, and CH3OH. It is found that H, O, and CO are the three most abundant species, and lower hydrogen content in gas mixture promotes streamer propagation and the formation of conduction current in plasma column. Besides, H is mainly produced by electron-impact dissociation of H2 (e + H2 ⇒ e + 2H); O and CO are dominantly produced by electron-impact dissociation of CO2 (e + CO2 ⇒ e + CO + O). Interestingly, H addition reaction to the intermediate species CH3O (CH3O + H ⇒ CH3OH) is found to be the main reaction pathway for methanol formation. Finally, a schematic overview of dominant reaction pathways for plasma CO2 hydrogenation in atmospheric DBD is presented, which ultimately leads to a better understanding of the intrinsic reaction mechanism.

Fabrication and Characterization of Microcellular Polyurethane Sisal Biocomposites.

In this study, microcellular polyurethane (PU)-natural fiber (NF) biocomposites were fabricated. Polyurethanes based on castor oil and PMDI were synthesized with varying volume ratios of sisal fiber. The effect of natural fiber treatment using water and alkaline solution (1.5% NaOH) and load effect were investigated. Biocomposites were mechanically and physically investigated using tensile, viscoelasticity, and water absorption tests. The interfacial adhesion between PU and sisal fiber was studied using SEM. Short NF loads (3%) showed a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PU-sisal composite such as modulus of elasticity, yield and tensile strength up to 133%, 14.35 % and 36.7% respectively. Viscoelastic measurements showed that the composites exhibit an elastic trend as the real compliance (J’) values were higher than those of the imaginary compliance (J’’). Increasing NF loads resulted in a decrease of J’. Applying variable temperatures (120–80 °C) caused an increase in the stiffness at different frequencies.

Addition of biochar into activated sludge improves removal of antibiotic ciprofloxacin

This study evaluated the effectiveness of treating a ciprofloxacin (CIP)-containing waste stream by activated sludge dosed with apple-tree-derived biochar (AB). AB was dosed to activated sludge-inoculated bioreactors with varied AB volume ratios (10 %, 20 %, and 40 % of AB to the total volume). The AB-dosed bioreactors were operated by feeding by 1 mg L−1 of CIP. At steady state, the AB-dosed bioreactors achieved significantly enhanced CIP removal (up to 94 %) and the removal efficiency was positively correlated with the AB volume ratio, suggesting the key role of AB on controlling the removal efficiency of AB. The CIP removals occurring in the bioreactors at steady state were largely through adsorption to AB. This work further carried out systematic assessment on the adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and characteristics of CIP on AB in variable environmental conditions. CIP adsorption onto AB was controlled by diffusion in macropores, π-π electron-donor-acceptor interactions, and electrostatic attraction. Our results suggested that hardwood-derived biochar may be a promising bio-waste additive for improving micropollutant removals in activated sludge processes, which has implications on further devising a simple and cost-effective treatment option for antibiotics-bearing waste streams.

Surface grafting of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber onto cellulose nanocrystals for nanocomposite applications

Grafting of carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN) to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) surfaces was investigated to tailor the properties of CNCs for polymer composite applications. Toluene and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and their combinations at varying volume ratios were examined as the reaction media with a goal of achieving efficient coupling of the CTBN while maintaining the high crystallinity of CNCs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (+H NMR) confirmed the grafting of CTBN to the CNCs. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis revealed that the modified CNCs (mCNCs) was coated with CTBN. Likewise, the dispersion of mCNCs in toluene was observed to be better than in water as observed from TEM. mCNCs with 11.74% coupling efficiency was added to polylactic acid (PLA) via a solvent casting process at 1 and 5 wt%. For the composites containing 1 and 5 wt% of mCNCs, an increase in the tensile strengths of 25% were observed in both cases. Whereas, those containing CNCs exhibited changes of 7 and -12% for concentrations of 1 and 5 wt%, respectively. Interestingly, the modulus remained mostly the same when comparing the mCNCs and CNCs despite the presence of rubber chains on the mCNC. However, increases of ca. 40 and 58% were observed for composites containing 1 and 5 wt% of either CNCs or mCNCs. Results from this study show that CNCs properties can be tailored to improve their dispersion and enhance mechanical properties of polymers.

The Morphology of Si-K-HAs Composite Prepared by Spray Drying

The silica potassium humic substance (Si-K-HAs) composite have been produce by spray drying successfully. In the previous study the preparation of Si-K-HAs gel by precipitation method required the addition of acid so that Si-K-HAs gel product contains acid salts. This study was develope spray drying method in order to eliminate the use of acid. The mixture of potassium silicate, cellulose and humic potassium solution was mixed with varying volume ratios and flowed into a spray dryer to produce Si-K-HAs powder. The used of cellulose (CMC) in this study acts as a homogeneous agent so that silica and humic substance can be completely mixed at controlled viscosity. Si-K-HAs products were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and Surface area analytical (SAA). The result showed that the Si-K-HAs composite prepared by spray dryers have spherical particles, SiO2 in the range of 48-50%, K2O in the range of 49-50%. The present of cellulose caused the increasing of Si-K-HAs particle size e.g 17.30 μm prepared without CMC to 41.11 μm prepared with addition of 100g of CMC. The presence of cellulose can also increase the surface area of the spray-dried Si-K-HAs particles from 111.92 m2g-1; 163.241 m2g-1.

Taylor-Couette Column for Emulsion Liquid Membrane System: Characterisation Study

Study on the application of Taylor-Couette column for emulsion liquid membrane system has been done. To optimise extraction process under TCC, a research to investigate effect of viscosity and cylinders rotation is of important. Fluid viscosity was examined by varying volume ratio of kerosene to water. TCC was characterised to determine flow regimes, shear stress, and energy loss distribution. Volume ratio of oil to water was varied at 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:6 while inner and outer cylinders speed were maintained constant at 300 and 200 rpm, respectively. Investigation on the effect of volume ratio of oil to water towards flow regime ended to same flow regime of Featureless Turbulent. There was degradation of wall shear stress from 8.57x10-2 Pa to 7.42x10-2 Pa.

Study of Copper Recovery Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane under Taylor-Couette Column

High demand on batik fabric significantly increased wastewater volume from batik home industries. Copper, being used as mordanting agent, available in the highest concentration in industrial textile wastewater. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is promising selective method to recover solute. Taylor-Couette column (TCC) was proposedtoextractcopperinsteadofusingconventionalreactorthatdisturbsemulsion stability. Experiment was done by varying volume ratio of emulsion to feed phase, carrier and internal phase concentration. Extraction efficiency of>98% was obtained at volume ratio of emulsion to feed phase of 1:5, carrier concentration of 4 wt. %, and internal phase concentration of 0.1 M, respectively