Production Of Varnishes Research Articles

STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF ALKYD OLIGOMERS MODIFIED WITH AMINO URETHANE ACRYLATE COMPOUNDS BASED ON SOYBEAN OIL

The aim of the work is to modify existing paints and varnishes based on alkyd varnish (PF-170) and to create new film formers using functionalized oligomers to improve the properties of materials during their operation. In order to obtain new polymer materials, a method of synthesizing a modifier - an oligomeric amino urethane acrylate compound was developed, the synthesis of which was carried out in several stages with the preparation of aminourethane carbonate of soybean oil with the formation of urethane groups by the non-isocyanate method and the subsequent addition of a methacrylate oligomer. The reaction was monitored by the method of IR spectroscopy by the decrease in the intensity of the absorption band of the cyclocarbonate group (1803 cm–1), the formation of the absorption band of the urethane group (1698 cm-1), the redistribution of hydroxyl and amine groups, and was further evaluated by the disappearance of the absorption band of epoxy groups (909 cm–1) and the detection of the C=C absorption band (1638 cm–1). By adding the synthesized oligomer to an alkyd varnish, a new film-forming system was obtained for the formation of coatings by oxidative polymerization in air. The optimal concentration of the modifier is (5–7) % of its content. These materials are characterized by high viability, homogeneity, and make it possible to obtain transparent high-quality coatings with high physical and mechanical characteristics. The developed composite materials based on modified varnish can be recommended for practical use in various technologies for the production of coatings, alkyd varnishes, and paints, which are characterized by an appropriate set of physical and mechanical properties.

Анализ полиморфизма микросателлитных локусов ДНК рыжика посевного Camelina sativa

False flax (Camelina sativa) is a dicotyledonous plant of the Brassicaceae family, native to southern Europe and south-west Asia. False flax requires less water and fertilizers and, unlike other crops, is resistant to pests and pathogens. False flax seed oil contains unsaturated fatty acids: linolenic, linoleic, oleic and eicosenoic acids, with a low content of erucic acid. It is used in the production of fodder, biodiesel, polymers, varnishes, paint oil and paints, in cosmetology and the food industry. For effective development of new varieties of false flax, it is necessary to study its genetic diversity using molecular genetic methods, including SSR-markers. Microsatellites are widely used in plant genome analysis. The aim of this work was to study the genetic diversity of winter and spring forms of false flax bred at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) using new experimental SSR-markers. In this work, we studied 18 winter and spring varieties of winter and spring false flax from the VNIIMK collection and two samples of the variety Krepysh. Genetic diversity was studied using nine SSR-markers. PCR products were detected by capillary electrophoresis on a Nanofor-05 genetic analyzer. As a result, 42 alleles were detected, ranging from two to seven alleles per locus. The average effective number of alleles was 3.00. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) index was 0.66. Out of 20 genotypes, eight genotypes could not be distinguished by nine SSR-markers. To identify them, the number of SSR loci should be increased. Samples of the variety Krepysh differ in seven loci. The study showed genetic heterogeneity of four varieties of false flax. The study of intravarietal polymorphism in the false flax varieties bred at VNIIMK will be continued.

Hybrid Process Flow Diagram for Separation of Fusel Oil into Valuable Components

Ethanol production by fermentation results in obtaining, in addition to the main product, ethyl alcohol, by-products and secondary products, which include carbon dioxide, fusel oil, and ester–aldehyde cut. Fusel oil, despite its low yield and the large volume of ethanol production, accumulates at distilleries, which ultimately raises the question of its disposal or the rational use of this by-product. Fusel oil, being a complex mixture, can serve as a source of technical alcohols used in various sectors of the economy, including the food industry, pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis, perfume, and cosmetics industries, as well as the production of paints and varnishes. However, the complexity of using fusel oil lies in its difficult separation. The reason for this is the presence of water, which forms low-boiling azeotropes with aliphatic alcohols. Our study aimed to develop a process flow diagram (PFD) that allows individual components from fusel oil to be obtained without extraneous separating agents (not inherent in fusel oil). This condition is necessary to obtain products labeled as natural for further use in the food, perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The distinctive feature of this work is that the target product is not only isoamyl alcohol but also all other alcohols present in the composition of fusel oil. To achieve this goal and create a mathematical model, the Aspen Plus V14 application, the Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) thermodynamic model, and the Vap-Liq/Liq-Liq phase equilibrium were used. Fusel oil separation was modeled using a continuous separation PFD to obtain ethanol, water, isoamyl alcohol, and raw propanol and butanol cuts. The Sorel and Barbet distillation technique was used to isolate ethanol. The isolation of isopropanol and 1-propanol, as well as isobutanol and 1-butanol, was modeled using the batch distillation method. The isolation of fusel oil components was based on their thermodynamic properties and the selection of appropriate techniques for their separation, such as extraction, distillation, pressure swing distillation, and decantation. The simulation of fusel oil separation PFD showed the possibility of obtaining the components of a complex mixture without separating agents, as discussed earlier. Ethanol corresponds to the quality of rectified ethyl alcohol, and 1-butanol and isoamyl alcohols to anhydrous alcohols, whereas isopropanol (which contains an admixture of ethanol), 1-propanol, and isobutanol are obtained as aqueous solutions of different concentrations of alcohols. However, due to a distillation boundary in the raw propanol and butanol cuts, these mixtures cannot be separated completely, which leads to the production of intermediate fractions. To eliminate intermediate fractions and obtain anhydrous isopropanol, 1-propanol, and isobutanol in the future, it is necessary to solve the dehydration problem of either fusel oil or the propanol–butanol mixture.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТЕЙ ІНІЦІЙОВАНОЇ ПЕРОКСИДАМИ ОЛІГОМЕРИЗАЦІЇ ФРАКЦІЇ С5

The results of the study of organic peroxide-initiated oligomerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons of the C5 fraction, obtained as a by-product of ethane production by gasoline pyrolysis, are presented. The effect of temperature, duration of the process, nature, and concentration of the initiator on the yield and physicochemical parameters of the obtained oligomer was studied. The influence of temperature, process duration, type, and concentration of the initiator on the yield and physicochemical parameters of the oligomer obtained has been determined. The optimum conditions for oligomerization were found to be: temperature 453 K, reaction time 6 h, and concentration of the initiator, di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), 0.05 mol/l. Under optimal conditions, an oligomer is obtained with a yield of 25.8 % w/w (based on raw materials), the physical and chemical parameters of which meet the requirements according to TU U 6-05743160.020-99 “Petroleum-polymer paint and varnish resin synthetic”; and it is suitable for use as a synthetic oil substitute in the production of paints and varnishes, in particular, Oxol.

Influence of Finishing Process Parameters of HDF Boards on Selected Properties of Coatings in Modern UV Lines and Their Relation to Energy Consumption.

This study analyzes the influence of energy generated by emitters on the adhesive properties of varnish coatings in multilayer UV systems. The experimental material, in the form of a cell board finished with UV varnish products, was prepared on a prototype line under the conditions of Borne Furniture in Gorzów Wielkopolski. The roughness and wettability were measured using a OneAttension tensiometer integrated with a topographic module, taking into account the Wenzel coefficient. The adhesion of the examined systems was verified using the PositiTest AT-A automatic pull-off device. Energy consumption by the prototype production line was compared to the standard line, utilizing mercury emitters and mercury emitters with added gallium. Energy consumption was calculated for selected variants. The influence of the Wenzel coefficient on the wettability angle was observed. Significant differences between contact angles (CA and CAc) were noted for coatings formed with sealers (stages I and II). The largest discrepancies, reaching up to 30 degrees, were recorded at the lowest UVA and UVV doses of 26 mJ/cm2. In adhesion tests, values below 1 MPa were obtained. Insufficient energy doses in the curing process of UV systems led to delamination between the coatings. Five variants were selected where delamination within the substrate predominated (˃90% A) and were characterized by the lowest energy consumption in the processes. Topographic images helped identify the presence of various surface microstructures at different stages of the production cycle. The greatest energy savings, up to 50%, were achieved in stages III and IV of the technological process.

Analysis of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield-related Traits of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Linseed is recognized as an excellent source of essential minerals, nutrients, and is particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), making it highly recommended for cardiovascular health. It is cultivated mainly for both linen and oil production, which is used for the production of paints, varnishes, and linoleum paste. The objective of the present investigation was to analyze genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for yield and yield traits among 75 linseed genotypes including ten checks using Randomized Block Design with three replications at Oilseeds Research Farm, Kalyanpur, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, (India) during Rabi season 2019-20. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation across all studied traits. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ranged from low to high, with the lowest GCV and PCV observed for days to maturity, number of seeds per capsule, and days to 50% flowering. Conversely, the highest GCV and PCV values were recorded for seed yield per plant (g), number of capsules per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, and plant height. All traits recorded the highest heritability. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, plant height, thousand seed weight, number of primary branches and oil content, indicating the presence of additive gene action for these characters. In conclusion, the genotypes studied show significant genetic variation for yield and its attributes, which should be leveraged in future breeding programs.

Engineering a dysbiotic biofilm model for testing root caries interventions through microbial modulation

BackgroundThis study aimed to engineer and optimise a dysbiotic biofilm model to develop in vitro root caries for investigating microbial modulation strategies. The model involved growing complex biofilms from a saliva inoculum collected from four volunteers using two strategies. In the first strategy (“pre-treatment strategy”), bovine root slabs were used, and two natural compounds were incorporated at time 0 of the 10-day biofilm experiment, which included sucrose cycles mimicking the cariogenic environment. In the second strategy (“post-treatment strategy”), mature biofilms were grown in a modified Calgary biofilm device coated with collagen and hydroxyapatite for 7 days and then were exposed to the same natural compounds. The metatranscriptome of each biofilm was then determined and analysed. Collagenase activity was examined, and the biofilms and dentine were imaged using confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mineral loss and lesion formation were confirmed through micro-computed tomography (μ-CT).ResultsThe pH confirmed the cariogenic condition. In the metatranscriptome, we achieved a biofilm compositional complexity, showing a great diversity of the metabolically active microbiome in both pre- and post-treatment strategies, including reads mapped to microorganisms other than bacteria, such as archaea and viruses. Carbohydrate esterases had increased expression in the post-treated biofilms and in samples without sugar cycles, while glucosyltransferases were highly expressed in the presence of sucrose cycles. Enrichment for functions related to nitrogen compound metabolism and organic cyclic component metabolism in groups without sucrose compared to the sucrose-treated group. Pre-treatment of the roots with cranberry reduced microbial viability and gelatinase (but not collagenase) activity (p < 0.05). SEM images showed the complexity of biofilms was maintained, with a thick extracellular polysaccharides layer.ConclusionsThis root caries model was optimized to produce complex cariogenic biofilms and root caries-like lesions, and could be used to test microbial modulation in vitro. Pre-treatments before biofilm development and cariogenic challenges were more effective than post-treatments. The clinical significance lies in the potential to apply the findings to develop varnish products for post-professional tooth prophylaxis, aiming at implementing a strategy for dysbiosis reversal in translational research.2cRgxuoMbmgt6TZPkgExXQVideo

Determining the degree of atmospheric emissions impact generated during the paint and varnish products use in machine‑ building production

An analysis of the formation of organic solvent vapors, represented by white spirit, ketones, alcohols, benzene derivatives, 1,4‑dioxane, ethyl cellosolve, and paint aerosol, was conducted. The substances belong to the 3rd and 4th hazard classes. In the production process, the base paint Uno HD, Diamont R‑M BASF P+E paint, Standoflex 2k autolak topcoat, and Standox fine 1k‑body single‑component putty‑pore filler were used. The consumption of materials was 6.3, 2.7, 1.8, and 3.7 tons/year, respectively. In calculating the paint aerosol emissions, the efficiency of the treatment facilities was assumed to be 52 %. The environmental tax amounted to 2,619.93 rubles.

The potential therapeutic value of terpenes

Terpenes form part of a huge and diverse class of naturally occurring and volatile secondary metabolites produced by many plants, fruits, animals, insects, and other organisms. They are the largest group of naturally occurring metabolites, with over 55,000 types of terpenes produced by plants alone, primarily as essential oils. In humans, they contain significant biological properties such as antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antihyperglycemic, anti-cancer, and analgesic agents. In plants, terpenes also play significant roles in defensive mechanisms against herbivores and invasive plants, disease resistance, chemical signaling and communication between plants, protection against photo-oxidation, plant-environment mediation, thermo-protection, and the attraction of pollinators. In addition, terpenes are responsible for a plant&amp;rsquo;s scent, taste, flavor, and pigmentation, leading to their commercial use as fragrances and food dyes. Terpenes are also used in the production of synthetic polymers, natural rubbers (polyisoprene), organic solvents, varnishes, inks, adhesives, cleaning products, biofuels, pesticides, and food and drink products. For these reasons, terpenes have significant value in modern medicine, pharmacy, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and other industries.

Liquid-liquid phase of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in n-butyl acetate + n-butanol mixtures: Experimental measurements, quality testing, phase stability, thermodynamic modeling

The ester n-butyl acetate is an important chemical compound produced by esterification with n-butanol and used as solvent for pigments, vegetable oils and fats, and in the production of varnishes, coatings, waxes and resins. This work investigated the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents in separation processes involving these substances. The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]) was synthesized, while 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate ([EMIM][EtSO4]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]) were purchased. The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) was analyzed based on the experimental measurements (binodal curve, tie-lines), σ-profiles analysis (COSMOTherm), experimental data quality tests, phase stability and thermodynamic modeling with NRTL for the n-butyl acetate + n-butanol + IL ([BMIM][Cl], [EMIM][EtSO4], [EMIM][BF4]) systems at 298.15 K and 101.3 kPa. Experimental results indicated that the studied systems had the LLE phase behavior of type I. Experiments and calculations showed that [EMIM][EtSO4] and [BMIM][Cl] had the best capacities to separate the azeotrope n-butanol and n-butyl acetate. All systems showed separation factors values higher than unity. Low deviations, in the compositions of both liquid phases, indicate that the NRTL model was able to analyze the phase stability and model the phase behavior of the n-butyl acetate + n-butanol + IL systems using gamma-gamma approach.

Preparation of sustainable mineral oil-free offset printing ink with vegetable oil esters.

Mineral oils are used in substantial quantities for the production of varnishes and inks due to their abundance and versatility. However, as part of the production process, some of mineral oil components are separated as waste material, whereupon they can mix with air, water, or soil and become potentially harmful to the environment. Almost all these waste materials are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemicals that can easily evaporate at room temperature and have toxic effect. Therefore, a novel green, mineral oil-free offset printing ink was produced using vegetable oil esters as bio-renewable raw materials. Accompanying varnishes were prepared with linseed oil, methyl oleate, octyl stearate, and four types of resin (A, B, C, and D). The application of these varnishes to magenta color offset ink was subsequently studied to screen out the best combination of resin and ester in terms of setting time. Meanwhile, dyeing force tests were conducted to evaluate the ink's printability, while rheological analysis was done via viscosity and flowability tests. The setting time of the magenta color offset ink made by varnish A was observed to be considerably shorter than that of the ink samples prepared using varnishes B, C, and D. Furthermore, varnish A proved to be a good alternative varnish for the production of yellow, cyan, and black color offset printing inks. Samples of these inks were printed on coated paper, and their printability was contrasted against that of vegetable oil-based (pure vegetable oil), mineral oil-based, and other mineral oil-free offset printing inks. Results determined that the varnishes produced with linseed oil, methyl oleate, and octyl stearate can replace mineral oil-based varnishes for the production of offset printing ink.

Гальваношламы – источник вторичных материальных ресурсов при получении пигментов-наполнителей для лакокрасочных изделий

Galvanic production occupies one of the first places according to the degree of negative impact on the environment due to the content of heavy metal ions which have toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Finding an effective method of recycling and utilization of galvanic sludge will solve the problem of the steady growth of the cost of metals and minimize the negative impact on the environment, which is an important environmental task of great scientific and practical significance. This paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of iron oxide(III) Fe2O3 from ironcontaining galvanic sludge to use it as a filler pigment in the manufacture of paint (red iron oxide). At the initial stage, the original galvanic sludge was dissolved in distilled water to a creamy consistency, and then, sulfuric acid was gradually added until the pH value gradually decreased (pH 6.0–1.5), metal sulfates were obtained. Iron hydroxide(III) Fe(OH)3 was precipitated from filtered sulfate solutions with 40% NaOH alkali solution at pH 1.5–4.1. After preliminary drying at a temperature of ≈ 150 оС, heat treatment was carried out at 600±2 оС for 5–6 h, obtaining iron oxide(III) Fe2O3, which met the requirements of GOST 10503-71 “Oil paints, ready to use. Technical Conditions in terms of particle size, oil capacity, particle density and pH of aqueous extracts. The iron minium paint made on its basis also met the requirements of this GOST on parameters: viscosity, hiding power, drying time, etc. A schematic diagram is proposed for obtaining a filler pigment used for the production of paints and varnishes. The scheme uses a set and layout of equipment widely used in industry (conveyor, batchers, screw feeders, acid and alkali treatment baths, centrifuge, drying and roasting oven).

On the possibility of using talc shale from the Ingulets iron ore deposit (Kryvyi Rih) for the production of varnishes and paints

Variability of mineralogical and chemical composition of talc shales of Ingulets iron ore deposit has been studied. Physical and mechanical properties of all varieties of talc shale present in the deposit were revealed. On the basis of research results the initial data for the development of technological conditions necessary for the use of talc shale in various industries have been obtained.

РАЗРАБОТКА МОДЕЛИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЧАСТИЦ ПОРОШКА КРАСЯЩЕГО ПИГМЕНТА

Problem Statement (Relevance). Most often, the production of paints and varnishes consists of the main stages: from receipt to warehouses to packaging in boxes. And quality control is carried out at the entrance and at the exit. However, in the production of paints and varnishes, it is necessary to introduce intermediate control at the stage of grinding pigment raw materials into finely ground powder, since the main qualities of the finished paintwork product depend on the size range of particles of the finely ground powder. GOST 2093-82 recommends the use of sieve analysis, which is a sieving mechanism with a sieve from the largest mesh sizes to the smallest. However, this method is inferior to more modern ones in terms of analysis speed by more than 10 minutes, in terms of particle measurement range by 10-30%, and in terms of information content of the analysis. Objectives. Improving the quality of paints and varnishes through the introduction of intermediate control by laser diffraction. Methods Applied. In the presented work, methods such as mathematical modeling, the method of idealization and formalization of the research processes of paints and varnishes were applied. Originality. In the course of the work, new mechanisms were developed for assessing and controlling the quality of the particles of the coloring pigment powder, as well as new ways to improve the efficiency of the production of paints and varnishes. In the course of the study, an analysis of the technological process was carried out. Result. The result of the work was the developed model for improving the quality control system for the particles of the coloring pigment powder. Practical Relevance. The developed model will increase the effectiveness of current processes for the production of paints and varnishes through the introduction of intermediate control, which will increase the profit of the organization and reduce quality costs.

ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНО-ВИХРЕВОЙ СПОСОБ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ВОДНЫЕ СРЕДЫ ДЛЯ ИХ ОЧИЩЕНИЯ

The process of multifactorial influence of various forces for purification of polluted water media is considered. These effects on polluted waters are carried out by electromagnetic fields of various configurations and vortex gravitational forces of the whirlpool. For experimental verification of the proposed purification method, a laboratory installation was made, including a device for creating magnetic fields of various types and a reactor that creates a whirlpool from the liquid being cleaned. The effectiveness of the proposed method was tested on the purification of three types: wastewater, chemical waste of paint and varnish production and the liquid phase after alcohol bard - food production waste. During wastewater treatment, good results were obtained for iron-containing salts, zinc and copper, phosphates, and hexavalent chromium. It is shown that the power consumption of the installation can be reduced due to the electrical supply from a generator driven by a turbine placed in a whirlpool flow.

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BECKERS BRAND PAINT PRODUCTS

The work presents the results of research related to the use of paint and varnish products of the “BESKERS” brand in a modern interior. The technological characteristics of the products were studied. Specific features of product application are determined. Today, paint and varnish products of the “BECKERS” brand are a leading trade and retail network that offers high-quality imported varnishes, paints and other paint and varnish materials. Turning to the “BECKERS” brand, you can get high-quality products, which today are presented in a fairly wide range. These are varnishes, paints, antiseptics, primers, putties for finishing all types of internal and external surfaces. The full range of products includes varnishes, paints and other paint and varnish materials of more than four thousand items. The offered varnishes and paints satisfy the most demanding taste. You can not only choose suitable varnishes or paints, but also get technical assistance on how to correctly apply and combine varnishes, paints and other paint and varnish materials. The “BECKERS” trademark has a comprehensive approach to the formation of an assortment policy. Therefore, the trade network offers not only varnishes and paints, but also related materials, such as painting tool ANZA (Anza, Sweden), abrasive materials KA.ER (KA.EF, Germany), personal protective equipment MSA-Auer (МСА-Auer, USA). With the help of “BECKERS” paint and varnish products, you can professionally paint a wooden house and give it an aesthetic appeal and protect it from various external adverse environmental factors. The “BECKERS” brand offers the most modern varnishes, paints and other paint and varnish materials and technologies in the most optimal ratio of price and quality and maximally meet modern demands and key trends in woodworking. The use of “Beckers” brand products in a modern interior requires compliance with a special material application technology, use of special equipment, etc. Those who want to keep up with the times should pay attention to the most modern European materials for furnishing interiors. An example of such an application is the products of the “Beckers” trademark. It does not contain toxic impurities and can be used for processing almost any premises. VAGTLAZUR decorative paint creates a unique visual sensation of velvet fabric. The paint has pastel-sand halftones and is produced in a wide variety of colors and shades. VAGTLAZUR provides impeccable reliability, high impact and scratch resistance, adds uniqueness, refinement and elegance to the interior.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROSPECTIVE USE OF SAN MARKO INTERIOR DECORATIVE MATERIALS

SAN MARKO decorative materials appeared on the domestic market relatively recently. The Italian brand of decorative materials is represented by a variety of paint and varnish products for interior solutions. It is difficult for the modern consumer to understand the choice of SAN MARKO decorative materials, as there is not enough information regarding the specifics of the use of these products. SAN MARKO decorative materials offer unique innovative solutions with high-quality characteristics, focused on each individual client, following current market trends in the field of interior and design. With the help of SAN MARKO decorative materials, you can create interior styles, exquisite decors, thereby not neglecting any of the client’s wishes. The products of the Italian brand are not just the widest color palette, they represent unlimited possibilities for creative ideas. Decorative coatings and effects created by these materials fascinate with their originality and rich artistic content. The secret of the success of the SAN MARKO line of decorative materials lies in the fact that they offer not only unique, radically new solutions, but also maintain high quality characteristics, as well as the fact that each customer with completely different requests in terms of aesthetics and technology will find something for himself optimal material for creating an interior. The Italian art of interior design conquered the international market, became a model of sophistication and taste, which is perceived as a globally recognized example of style. SAN MARKO decorative materials carry an important mission – they pass on to today’s generation a rich heritage in which unsurpassed Italian craftsmanship techniques reproduce the age-old traditions of the southern people, updated with the help of modern materials and techniques. SAN MARKO decorative materials are presented in a wide range of species and a rich palette of colors. This is a great modern tool for those who value creativity, sophistication, and quality. Creating a unique decor using materials from an Italian manufacturer is not just work, but the creativity of designers, master interior decorators and other professionals working with paint and varnish materials.

NAIL VARNISH PACKAGING AND RESIDUE WASTES: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

As global consumption of nail varnish grows, quantities of packaging waste and residues will increase. End-of-use decisions for nail varnish have implications. Residues contain some hazardous substances, whilst packaging has potential for valorization. The extent of problems related to the disposal of end-of-use nail varnish products remains unclear. This study aimed to gain evidence to inform potential management measures. An inventory of hazardous substances in nail varnish products available in the UK was compiled to ascertain their potential for harm to the environment and/or human health. Discarded samples of end-of-use nail varnish products were then collected from volunteers in the UK to determine weights of packaging materials and residues. A parallel survey explored UK consumers’ means of disposal and opportunities for positive change. All the brands examined contained at least one hazardous substance; over a hundred hazardous substances were identified in total for the 24 samples audited. Hazards to human health were most common. On average, 7.2g of nail varnish remained in bottles at the point of disposal. Average weights for glass bottles and plastic lids/applicators were 28.5g and 5.6g, respectively. End-of-use products thus generate small quantities of residues and packaging, but the cumulative impacts are potentially substantial. Disposal of end-of-use products with general household waste was evident: this leads to contamination of non-hazardous waste and fails to valorize the materials lost. Collection schemes for end-of-use nail varnish offer a possible way forward, but would benefit from fuller understanding of the potential for consumer engagement.

Oil flax straw processing and utilization

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is widely used as a source of linen oil and fiber. As a rule, the flax varieties are suitable for either seeds and oil or stem fibers production. The “fiber” varieties bring low seed, while the “oil” ones have poor fibers. The straw of the oil flax is not suitable for the textile industry and has to be burned or degraded naturally in the field. However, it contains a low DP cellulose, which can be used at least for varnish production. The main challenge in the industrial application of the oil flax cellulose is separating the cellulose fibers and shive enriched in lignin. On the other hand, the relatively low cost of the final products restricts the set of tools allowing such separation. Here, we describe a machine designed for oil flax straw scutching having an efficiency of 500 kg/h at the power of 6.5 kW and producing fiber with the residual shive content of 15 % (tow yield $\sim 25$ %). We also suppose several ways to further convert the obtained tow into microcrystalline or fluff-like cellulose (WRV $\sim 9$ ). The suggested process runs below the water boiling point and atmospheric pressure and could be held in the plastic reactors.

Gloss Level of HDF Finished with Different Numbers of Layers and Hardened with UV Hg-Ga Lamps of Selected Power

A key feature of varnish coatings on furniture surfaces is their optical properties, which often determine customers’ purchase choices. Furniture may be produced using various boards, which are much cheaper than wood-based materials. For their finishing, among others, UV-cured varnish products are used. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different types of HDF boards, the amount of basecoat and topcoat applied, the number of layers, and the different lamp powers used for hardening on the gloss of coatings obtained using UV technology. The gloss was tested with a photoelectric apparatus. An auxiliary parameter in the assessment of the gloss of the coatings was the surface roughness, which was measured with the Mitutoyo SJ-210 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to obtain the results. Statistical considerations showed that the amount of topcoat applied, the power of the lamps, and the interactions between them had the greatest impact on gloss, followed by the number of layers. In general, the gloss of the coating decreased with a decrease in lamp power in the range of 120–60 W/cm and with an increase in the amount of topcoat applied.