Various Types Of Drugs Research Articles

Present status and future directions-Mechanisms and management of local anaesthetic failures.

To review variables and management techniques that may affect anaesthesia failure during root canal treatment and methods of overcoming anaesthesia failure. The PubMed and Cochran databases were searched for evidence-based investigations regarding pain during needle insertion, pain on injection, efficacy of the anaesthetic solutions and anaesthesia techniques, and premedication. Variables such as pain on injection, premedication with various types of drugs, volume of anaesthetic solutions, supplemental anaesthetic techniques, and additives to the anaesthetic solutions may influence pain perception during root canal treatment. Differences between teeth with healthy pulps versus those with irreversible pulpitis should be considered when the effects of variables are interpreted. However, there are several concerns regarding the methodology of investigations that have evaluated anaesthesia success rates. Several variables may influence anaesthesia success rates. There are conditions that may help to predict a patient's pain during endodontic procedures. These conditions could be overcome either by employing methods such as premedication with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug prior to the treatment visit or by using supplementary techniques before or during the treatment. However, investigators need to be more careful when reporting details of their studies to reduce concerns regarding their study bias.

Titanium Implants and Local Drug Delivery Systems Become Mutual Promoters in Orthopedic Clinics.

Titanium implants have always been regarded as one of the gold standard treatments for orthopedic applications, but they still face challenges such as pain, bacterial infections, insufficient osseointegration, immune rejection, and difficulty in personalizing treatment in the clinic. These challenges may lead to the patients having to undergo a painful second operation, along with increased economic burden, but the use of drugs is actively solving these problems. The use of systemic drug delivery systems through oral, intravenous, and intramuscular injection of various drugs with different pharmacological properties has effectively reduced the levels of inflammation, lowered the risk of endophytic bacterial infection, and regulated the progress of bone tumor cells, processing and regulating the balance of bone metabolism around the titanium implants. However, due to the limitations of systemic drug delivery systems—such as pharmacokinetics, and the characteristics of bone tissue in the event of different forms of trauma or disease—sometimes the expected effect cannot be achieved. Meanwhile, titanium implants loaded with drugs for local administration have gradually attracted the attention of many researchers. This article reviews the latest developments in local drug delivery systems in recent years, detailing how various types of drugs cooperate with titanium implants to enhance antibacterial, antitumor, and osseointegration effects. Additionally, we summarize the improved technology of titanium implants for drug loading and the control of drug release, along with molecular mechanisms of bone regeneration and vascularization. Finally, we lay out some future prospects in this field.

Analisis Potensi Interaksi Obat Pada Resep Spesialis Penyakit Kulit di Salah Satu Klinik di Yogyakarta

Skin diseases often occur in tropical countries, including Indonesia. Data from the Yogyakarta City Health Office showed that skin diseases were included in the top 10 diseases at the Yogyakarta City Health Center in 2020. Various types of drugs for the treatment of skin diseases, ranging from tablets, ointments, creams, pulvis and shampoos. One of the accuracy in drug selection is to avoid drug interactions. Drug-drug interaction (DDI) occurs when two or more drugs can interact in a way that affects the effectiveness of the drug. The purpose of this study is to determine the number and categories of drug interactions. This research was carried out retrospectively by taking medical data on skin diseases at one of the skin and genital clinics in the city of Yogyakarta. The data collection period is for 2 months, namely September and October 2020. The data taken are in the form of demographic data and drug use. The results showed that there were 33 cases of minor interactions. There were 21 cases of loratadine and steroids, 2 cases of ketoconazole and steroid interactions, and 10 cases of cefadroxil and acyclovir interactions. The conclusion is that offering drug combinations that allow drug interactions to occur can avoid drug combinations taken simultaneously and use only in special circumstances. It is recommended that pharmacists provide information on the rules for taking medication to maximize the effectiveness of the drug in curing the patient's illness.

Impact of drug formulation on outcomes of pharmaceutical poisoning in children aged 7 years or younger: A retrospective observational study in South Korea.

Pharmaceutical poisoning in children is almost unintentional and there are various types of drug out of curiosity. Understanding the attractive features and formulation of drugs related to poisoning in younger children may be helpful in treatment and prevention of poisoning. To investigate the impact of drug formulation on outcomes of pharmaceutical poisoning in young children.We retrospectively reviewed the data of pharmaceutical exposures among children who were registered in a Korean 23-center, emergency department (ED) based registry from 2011 to 2016. Our study was conducted on preschool children aged 0 to 7 years. According to the formulation and category of the ingested drugs, the exposures were divided into the “tablet and capsule (TAC)” and “syrup” groups. In the TAC group, we additionally recorded data on the shape, color, and size of the drugs. The ED outcomes, such as hospitalization and length of stay, were compared between the 2 groups.Among the 970 enrolled exposures, 674 (69.5%) were classified into the TAC group. In this group, hormones/hormone antagonists (18.5%) were the most commonly ingested, followed by central nervous system drugs (17.1%). In the syrup group, antihistamines (28.4%) were the most commonly ingested, followed by respiratory drugs (24.3%). The TAC group showed a higher hospitalization and transfer rate to tertiary centers than the counterpart (TAC, 18.0% vs syrup, 11.5%, P = .03) without a significant difference in the length of stay (TAC, 173.5 minutes [interquartile range, 95.0–304.0] vs syrup, 152.5 [77.5–272.0]; P = .08). No in-hospital mortality occurred in the exposures. Round-shaped and chromatic TACs, accounting for 91.7% (618) and 56.1% (378), respectively, were more commonly ingested. The median size of the TACs was less than 1.0 cm.Young children who visited the ED ingested TACs more frequently than syrups, particularly small, round-shaped, or chromatic drugs, leading to a higher hospitalization rate. Our findings can contribute to prevention strategies and safety education on childhood drug poisoning.

Application of Carbon Nanoparticles in Oncology and Regenerative Medicine.

Currently, carbon nanoparticles play a large role as carriers of various types of drugs, and also have applications in other fields of medicine, e.g., in tissue engineering, where they are used to reconstruct bone tissue. They also contribute to the early detection of cancer cells, and can act as markers in imaging diagnostics. Their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties are also known. This feature is particularly important in dental implantology, where various types of bacterial infections and implant rejection often occur. The search for newer and more effective treatments may lead to future use of nanoparticles on a large scale. In this work, the current state of knowledge on the possible use of nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and fullerenes in therapy is reviewed. Both advantages and disadvantages of the use of carbon nanoparticles in therapy and diagnostics have been indicated.

Nanoemulsion as a Nano Carrier System in Drug Delivery: A Review

Nanoemulsions are colloidal dispersions having smaller globule size that ranges from 20-600 nm. They are clear transparent and kinetically stable formulations commonly available in the form of creams, shampoos, gels, sprays and aerosols. Nanoemulsions are nano carrier drug delivery system for the protection of drugs from severe environmental conditions like pH, oxidation and hydrolysis. Nanoemulsions are normally contains oil phase, aqueous phase, surfactants and co-surfactants. Different methods are employed for the preparations of nanoemulsions are high pressure homogenization, microfluidization, ultrasonication, spontaneous emulsifi- cation, membrane emulsification, phase inversion temperature and solvent displacement method. The stability of the nanoemulsions has the ability to protect the dosage unit microbial contamination physically and chemically. They can be administered via nasal route, orally, topically, transdermally and also used as prophylactically in bio-terrorism attack and as diagnostic agent. They can be used for the delivery of various types of drugs like vaccines, DNA encoded drugs, antibiotics and vitamins. Various patents on nanoemulsions are also discussed. Nanoemulsions are nano carrier system with safe and effective delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drug and also used in targeting.

Examining Media Coverage of Drugs in Malaysian Media

It has been well-established that, in the USA, the news media contributes to the construction of moral panics regarding the use and users of various types of drugs. In this study, we utilize the moral-panic framework to understand how the media depicts drug use in Malaysia. We used content analysis of two widely read English-language Malaysian newspapers to explore how drug use and drug users are depicted and portrayed. Broadly, we find that Malaysian news media tends to overemphasize legal issues while underemphasizing health issues associated with drug use, drug treatment, and harm reduction interventions. This type of coverage has likely contributed to a moral panic surrounding drug use in Malaysia.

Garlic burn injuries- a systematic review of reported cases.

Medicinal plants have many beneficial effects on human health. Garlic (Allium sativum, Alliaceae) is one of the most famous herbal species, used for various diseases and conditions. Unfortunately, garlic is also associated with adverse effects, including cutaneous manifestations. In this review, burn injuries caused by application of raw garlic are reported. Searching through PubMed, Google Scholar and ResearchGate, a total of 32 articles with 39 patients were found. Demographics of patients, reasons for garlic use, details on garlic application, as well as description of burns and its treatment are thoroughly described and discussed. In most of the cases, garlic caused second-degree burns, although some circumstances can cause formation of necrotic tissue. Various body parts were affected, legs being most common. The chemistry of garlic is also presented, with focus on volatile organic sulfur compounds, which also seem to be responsible for burns formation. Treatment of garlic burns was mainly symptomatic, and various types of drugs were used. Although not commonly expected, garlic should be taken into consideration as causative agents of burns by treating doctors, and patients should be advised against application of fresh garlic onto skin and mucosa.

LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM – A REVIEW

A liposome is the drug delivery system which is used for the administration of various types of drugs or active substance(1) are essential for the treatment of various types of disease. A liposome is a very effective drug delivery system to Target the active medicament to an effective part of the body without entrapping or affecting the other body part that's why it is also called the targeted drug delivery system. Liposomes are available in various sizes to the range for treatment to various types of disease as the carrier for targeted the medicament or drug to active site at a predetermined rate & time range, without affecting the other body part for the treatment of a particular disease. they are colloidal spheres of cholesterol non-poisonous surfactants, sphingolipids, glycolipids, long-chain unsaturated fats, and even layer proteins and active atoms or it is also called vesicular system. (2) this review discusses the advantages and disadvantages, various methods of preparation, evaluation, etc.

Pilihan Terapi Infeksi Covid-19 Pada Anak

Background: Not all Covid-19 infections in children are mild and show a good prognosis, so it is very important to define them as a vulnerable population. Information related to the treatment of Covid-19 infection in children is still very limited, so the authors are interested in conducting a systematic review to discuss and provide information related to various types of drugs and treatment of Covid-19 infection in children. Methods: A systematic database search was carried out in July 2020 through the PUBMED and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used include: "children and COVID-19" and "COVID-19 in children and treatment" and "Covid-19 in children and management". Results: The results of the collection of articles were 7 articles that showed various alternative therapies for Covid-19 in children, including traditional Chinese medicine, providing antivirus, giving RNA inhibitors, giving supportive therapy in the form of oxygen. The principle of treatment or treatment in children must follow the symptoms caused by minimizing the administration of antiviral drugs. Conclusion: Supportive therapy is still an option, in the country of origin of the SARS-CoV2 virus, namely Cina, the principles of traditional medicine are widely used in children compared to medical treatment in the form of providing antivirals, because previous studies did not show high effectiveness of antivirals in children.

Diagnosis, Classification and Management of Mast Cell Activation Syndromes (MCAS) in the Era of Personalized Medicine.

Mast cell activation (MCA) is seen in a variety of clinical contexts and pathologies, including IgE-dependent allergic inflammation, other immunologic and inflammatory reactions, primary mast cell (MC) disorders, and hereditary alpha tryptasemia (HAT). MCA-related symptoms range from mild to severe to life-threatening. The severity of MCA-related symptoms depends on a number of factors, including genetic predisposition, the number and releasability of MCs, organs affected, and the type and consequences of comorbid conditions. In severe systemic reactions, MCA is demonstrable by a substantial increase of basal serum tryptase levels above the individual’s baseline. When, in addition, the symptoms are recurrent, involve more than one organ system, and are responsive to therapy with MC-stabilizing or mediator-targeting drugs, the consensus criteria for the diagnosis of MCA syndrome (MCAS) are met. Based on the etiology of MCA, patients can further be classified as having i) primary MCAS where KIT-mutated, clonal, MCs are detected; ii) secondary MCAS where an underlying IgE-dependent allergy or other reactive MCA-triggering pathology is found; or iii) idiopathic MCAS, where neither a triggering reactive state nor KIT-mutated MCs are identified. Most severe MCA events occur in combined forms of MCAS, where KIT-mutated MCs, IgE-dependent allergies and sometimes HAT are detected. These patients may suffer from life-threatening anaphylaxis and are candidates for combined treatment with various types of drugs, including IgE-blocking antibodies, anti-mediator-type drugs and MC-targeting therapy. In conclusion, detailed knowledge about the etiology, underlying pathologies and co-morbidities is important to establish the diagnosis and develop an optimal management plan for MCAS, following the principles of personalized medicine.

Characterization of the Human Intestinal Drug Transport with Ussing Chamber System Incorporating Freshly Isolated Human Jejunum

Intestinal permeability is a critical factor for orally administered drugs. It can be facilitated by uptake transporters or limited by efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes in the intestine. The present study aimed to characterize the Ussing chamber system incorporating human intestinal tissue as an in vitro model for investigating the impact of intestinal uptake/efflux transporters on the intestinal absorption of substrate drugs in humans. We confirmed the functions of major intestinal uptake/efflux drug transporters in freshly isolated human jejunum sections by demonstrating a significant decrease in the mucosal uptake of cefadroxil (peptide transporter 1) and methotrexate (proton-coupled folate transporter), mucosal-to-serosal permeability of ribavirin (concentrative nucleoside transporters/equilibrative nucleoside transporters), and serosal-to-mucosal permeability of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein substrates in the presence of their typical inhibitors. The mucosal-to-serosal apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of 19 drugs, including substrates of drug transporters and cytochrome P450 3A, ranged from 0.60 × 10-6 to 29 × 10-6 cm/s and showed a good correlation with reported fraction of an oral dose that enters the gut wall and passes into the portal circulation with escaping intestinal metabolism (FaFg) values in humans. Furthermore, the Papp values for cefadroxil, methotrexate, and ribavirin in the presence of the corresponding transporter inhibitors underestimated the FaFg of these drugs, which clearly showed that intestinal uptake transporters facilitate their intestinal absorption in humans. In conclusion, the functions of major intestinal uptake/efflux drug transporters could be maintained in freshly isolated human jejunum sections. The Ussing chamber system incorporating human intestinal tissue would be useful for evaluating the impact of intestinal uptake/efflux transporters on the intestinal absorption of various types of drugs in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although previous studies have predicted the intestinal absorption of drugs in humans using the Ussing chamber system incorporating human intestinal tissue, there is little systematic information about drug transport mediated by multiple transporters in this system. We confirmed the functions of major intestinal uptake/efflux transporters in freshly isolated human jejunum sections and demonstrated that the mucosal-to-serosal apparent permeability coefficient of various types of drugs showed a good correlation with reported human FaFg values.

Use of Antipsychotics in Dementia Patients: A Descriptive Study

ABSTRACT
 Introduction. Dementia is a chronic progressive syndrome in which there is a decrease in the function of cognitive abilities including memory impairment, thinking ability, orientation, understanding, calculation, language, and assessment but without impaired consciousness. Apart from cognitive impairment, dementia is often accompanied by psychological symptoms and behavioural symptoms so that antipsychotic therapy is needed to overcome this. This study aims to identify the description of the use of antipsychotics in patients with dementia at Dr Mohammad Hoesin Palembang in the period 1 January 2014-31 December 2018.
 Methods. This research was a descriptive study using secondary data in the form of medical records of dementia patients receiving antipsychotic therapy at Dr Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang. Samples were taken using a total sampling method.
 Results. There were 29 dementia patients (38.67%) receiving antipsychotic therapy. Most of the dementia patients who received antipsychotic therapy were in the late elderly age (27.59%) and were female (55.17%). The most commonly administered antipsychotic drug is haloperidol from the dopamine receptor antagonist (60%) with the most frequent dose of 0.5 mg (34.48%). Risperidone from the serotonin-dopamine antagonist class is the second most frequently prescribed antipsychotic drug (34.28%) at a dose of 1 mg (17.28%). The mean of haloperidol was 425 days, and risperidone was 295.5 days.
 Conclusion. Although in theory, psychological and behavioural symptoms are often found in dementia cases, not all dementia patients in RSUP Dr Mohammad Hoesin Palembang received antipsychotic therapy. People living with dementia who receive antipsychotic treatment get various types of drugs, dosages, and frequencies.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Sebagai Drug Carrier pada Aplikasi Controlled Drug Delivery System

There are many DDS (Drug Delivery System) methods that can be used in this decade. The DDS method with nanotechnology is also increasingly in demand because it can be a controlled DDS (CDDS). One of the nanomaterials that can be useful for this purpose is Mesporous Silica Nanoparticle or MSN. This article provides a review that discusses how MSN can deliver drugs, the synthesis method and its level of ability in DDS. MSN showed that its ability to deliver various types of drugs including Ibuprofen, Doxorubicin and general antibiotics. The results of the synthesis can use solution based and EISA where the release properties in DDS are quite effective. This shows that MSN is good for the use of CDDS.

Data Mining Implementation with Clustering Techniques for Drug Inventory Information in Antonius Hospital Pontianak

Competition in the business world, especially in the pharmacy industry, requires developers to find a strategy that can increase sales of special drug sales by maximizing service to consumers. One way is to keep the availability of various types of drugs in the pharmacy warehouse. To find out what medicines are purchased by consumers, it can be done using basket analysis techniques, namely analysis of consumer buying habits. Detection of drugs that are often bought together is called the association rule. Medication is an important factor whose availability must be controlled properly in a hospital. The availability of drugs at the hospital will support hospital performance. One of the data mining methods that can be used from the above analysis is the clustering method, which is grouping data items into small groups so that each group has an essential equation. The evaluation results from this study are grouping drug data with clustering techniques to facilitate the process of grouping drugs based on drugs that are often used in a certain period of time

DESKRIPSI EFEK SAMPING OBAT ANTI TB PADA PASIEN TB YANG SEDANG MENJALANI PENGOBATAN TB DI PUSKESMAS HARAPAN RAYA PEKANBARU

ABSTRACT
 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that must get special treatment with antibiotics given at least 6 months. The use of anti-TB drugs with various types of drugs and a long duration can cause complaints of side effects. This study aims to determine the side effects of anti-TB drugs in TB patients who are treating TB treatment at the health center. This research is descriptive with 35 respondents. The data collection method used a questionnaire and was carried out on 18 June-18 July 2019. The results showed that 27 respondents (77.1%) experienced side effects of anti-TB oabat, while only 8 respondents (22.9%) had no complaints. The most common complaints experienced by TB sufferers during treatment were complaints of tingling and burning sensation in the legs of 13 people (37.1%) and followed by other side effects in the form of no appetite as many as 6 respondents (17.1), joint pain as many as 9 respondents ( 25.7), redness in urine (urine) by 8 respondents (22.9), itching and redness on the skin by 11 respondents (31.4), impaired balance by 6 respondents (17.1), icterus without other causes by 4 respondents (11.4), visual impairment as many as 6 respondents (17.1), purpura and climbing (shock) as much as 1 respondent (2.9).
 
 Keywords: Side Effects, Anti-TB drugs

The Effects of Childhood Trauma on Drug Use

Exposure to childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect have been found to have a positive association with drug use. Various studies have demonstrated how individuals may turn to drugs as a form of coping. However, this is a negative form of coping, which can take a toll on one’s mental state and even impact families and society. Studies have reported that a higher number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a stronger association with substance use later in life [1,3]. Recent research has also demonstrated those who experienced childhood neglect also displayed anxiety or depression, which might suggest a reason for the connection between the negligence and drug use [14]. There is also research that shows that childhood maltreatment could influence one’s susceptibility to drugs and the structural remodeling of the brain [4]. Various types of drugs have been used in association with childhood trauma; however, no single drug was reported to have a greater association than the others. Substance abuse has been a rising issue over the years. With the understanding that childhood trauma could contribute to the onset of drug use, it is essential to gain a better knowledge of the specific types of substance abuse linked to childhood trauma. Future examination of this topic can help raise awareness and educate society on the effects of childhood trauma and how to prevent drug use associated with it.

Plasmophore Enhancement in Fibroblast Green Fluorescent Protein-Positive Cells Excited by Smoke.

Considering the large consumption of nicotine and its sedative/stimulant effect on different organs of the body, the detection of low concentration of this material and its subsequent effect on live animals plays a significant role. Optical detection techniques such as plasmonics are the pioneers in highly sensitive detection techniques. However, for investigating the nicotine/smoke effect on live cells, not only the interaction between cell nicotine should be optimized but also the plasmonic interface should show a high sensitivity to the reception of nicotine by the cell receptors. In this study, the sensitivity of the plasmonic detection system was greatly increased using the coupling of plasmon and fluorophore. This coupling could enhance the main plasmonic signal several orders of magnitude besides improving Δ and Ψ ellipsometry parameters. Benefiting from the green fluorescence proteins, the phase shift and the amplitude ratio between the reflections under s- and p-polarized light enhance considerably which verifies the coupling of the dipole of the fluorescence emitter and the plasmons of the metal nanostructure. For 1 s increase of the maintenance time, we encountered a considerable increase in the Δ values that were 0.15° for Te = 1 s and 0.24° for Te = 3 s. Benefiting from extracted ellipsometry parameters, this study could open new avenues toward studying the effect of various types of drugs and stimulants on biological samples using a novel plasmophore platform.

DEMAND CATEGORIZATION DAN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PRODUK OBAT: STUDI KASUS PADA SUATU TOKO OBAT DI KOTA SOLOK, SUMATERA BARAT

Abstract This research raises the problem of controlling the inventory of medicinal products. The case study was conducted at a drug store in the city of Solok, West Sumatra, where the drug store still has stock out and over stock of various types of drugs it manages. The purpose of this study was to control drug supplies that have a high demand value. Demand data for the period February-April 2020 are grouped with demand value criteria using the Pareto Classification ABC Method. From the demand categorization process, 45 types of drugs were included in A group, which means that this drug group provides a large revenue contribution for the drugstore. Thus, the type A drug group needs more attention from drug store manager in terms of controlling drug supplies. Furthermore, forecasting is carried out for drugs belonging to A drugs group using the Moving Average Method, the Single Exponential Smoothing Method and the Linear Regression Method. The inventory control method adopted is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. The results showed that the lot size of each type of drug per order ranged from 10-122 units with a safety stock ranging from 5-50 units of product. Then the reorder points obtained ranged from 8-81 units. With the control of drug supplies in place, it is hoped that the stock out and over stock that occurs in drug stores can be minimized.

Calculation of Drug Dosage In Chronic Kidney Disease

Kidneys are the main organ in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It also have an important role in eliminating various types of drugs. Drug elimination in the kidney is affected by plasma drug concentrations, plasma protein binding, and kidney function. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) represents the kidney function. Thus by knowing it, drug dosage can be determined.Chronic kidney disease alter the effect of drug, some decrease drug effect but more often increase drug toxicity. Chronic kidney disease affect the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of drug. Therefore, providing an optimal treatment for CKD patient, knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changing in CKD is needed.Exploring the patient's history and carrying out complete physical examination is important before giving the drug to patients with impaired kidney function. In addition, identifying drugs that have the potential to cause nephrotoxicity and drug interactions is also important.The body response to drugs in patient with CKD is very varied, complex, and individual. Dosage must be based on several factors, not only glomerular filtration rates but also other comorbid diseases, interactions with other drugs and clinical condition of the patient.