Various Types Of Consumers Research Articles

Price setting in the retail electricity market under the Bertrand competition

The paper is concerned with the coordination of interaction between various types of consumers and a power company to manage electricity consumption by using the adverse selection model based on contract theory. There are several power companies competing in the electricity market according to the Bertrand model. A method is proposed for load curve optimization by different types of consumers and a power company. Moreover, the types of consumers are identified and distinguished. The utility functions constructed for them describe the real situation rather well, and allow the implementation of a system of incentives for load curve optimization (load shifting from a peak time of the day by bounded rational consumer). The prices in rates providing a separating equilibrium are determined.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ КОНТРАКТОВ В ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ОТРАСЛИ ДЛЯ БИЗНЕС-ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ И КОМПАНИЙ

Soaring electricity prices constitute a serious obstacle for both small and large business enterprises, since the costs of electricity are projected into the market prices of their goods and services. This paper analyzes the current conditions and offers some measures for optimization by the means of the parametric model that describes the conditions of power purchase agreements (PPA) for different groups of consumers with different demand profiles. We use the case study of PPAs contracts in Moscow, the Russian capital, in order to model the optimal power supply for three hypothetical customers: a meat factory, a car wash, and an office unit. We employ a Heaviside step unit function in order to model the consumer demand and to calculate the gains for various types of consumers. Our results demonstrate that consumers with higher energy consumption are better off when moving to across tariff zones changing the value of the contract. Moreover, it appears that changes into the investment policy of the hypothetical Russian enterprise enable it to lower the costs of energy and thence to increase the competitiveness of its good and services offered on the market. Our results might also be important in the context of the recent focus on the renewable energy and low-carbon future.

Quality of Life in Romanian Households

Poverty was present in all human communities and all times. The various methods used to measure poverty are consist from the dividing lines between the poorest and the least poor. Individuals or families enjoying a standard of living below this line conventionally called poverty line are considered poor. Poverty is a real phenomenon and its consequences are obvious in the sphere of human development. The indicators used to describe the scale and intensity of poverty is based on income and consumption. Income derived by various types of consumers: Persons, families, households reflect actual purchasing power of goods and services on the market. In the Research Institute for Quality of Life (RIQL) is used as method of determining the poverty the normative method. It starts from household consumption and rely on rules appreciated by specialists about the development and manifestation of a person and her own family. The household income in Romania have felt the effects of the international financial crisis, which began in 2010 when total household income decreased compared to previous years. Taking into account the income that can be obtained in a household, as they were reported by interviewees field research diagnosis quality of life: salaries, benefits children, student scholarships and other sources of income from social security funds or other sources of money which were added the equivalent in lei of self-consumption and repairs equivalent in money, goods produced around the house by family members, with whom discussions were held which obviously represents the family Policy Article Mihailescu; BJAST, 14(6): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BJAST.23825 2 budget savings results lead us to drastic conclusions on the positioning of the sample households, scale wealth from poor denoted by 1 to rich denoted by 10.

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The Colombian legal system based on the 1991 Constitution is attached to an antiformalist iustheory, which requires harmonization between the norm and current reality in society. Thus, the law should correspond to specific situations that arise in the social conglomerate, for example in consumer law, where the consumer occupies a lower position than the seller. Based on market characteristics, this piece proposes a classification of various types of consumers to include expert consumers, rational consumers, careless consumers and ignorant consumers. The concept of the average consumer arises from a category that groups the elements common to different consumers. This average consumer conducts superficial readings of the information set before him/her and is thus a subject of special protection.

Studio di alcuni aspetti della domanda di arance bionde mediante la Cluster Analysis. Il Caso delle arance di Ribera dop e possibili strategie di mercato

In a time of evolution of demand towards new features and new functions for food, both producers and consumers focus more and more on human health and on environmental protection. The citrus industry has not escaped these changes in demand, also because of the eu policies that have led to greater use of the processed product at the expense of fresh one. Sicily, which for these productions has higher quality standards than its competitors, aims to develop the sector, with investments in promotion, brand protection and quality certifications, with the introduction of the dop "Arancia di Ribera". In this context Sicilian producers of oranges are aware that it's very important to pay attention to consumer protection and health, because this elements may be a key factor for competition. This paper aims to know the orange consumer interest for certain elements that make him feel confident about quality food. The use of Cluster Analysis give us an empirical confirmation of the various types of consumers based on their level of awareness for food qualities that provide human health, confidence and environmental protection.

Legal instruments of the management of the quality of water resources

This paper analyzes the basic legal instruments of the management of the qualitative and quantitative state of water resources in Republic of Serbia, first of all the water management schemes, the qualitative and quantitative balances, as general acts. Due attention is given to evidentiary acts as well, such as the registry of water resources, registry of polluters, registry of beneficiaries, which serve as basis for issuing permits and approvals for new consumers of water resources. The individual acts for management of water resources are the conditions for use of water resources, approval of use, permit to use and measures for the management of water resources. The author finds that the common aim of the general and individual acts is to improve the quality of water resources, that is to secure the quality and quantity of water resources required by various types of consumers, appropriate for various ways of their use, for general (first of all as a drinking-water or for the purpose of watering the cattle), and for special, commercial use also. The author emphasizes the intention of the legislator to harmonize the Serbian laws on the protection of environment, especially laws on the management of water resources, with the relevant directives of European Union, just as to the ratification of some multilateral conventions in this field. The issue of indemnification for pollution of water resources is also analyzed.

Human exposure assessment resources on the World Wide Web.

Human exposure assessment is frequently noted as a weak link and bottleneck in the risk assessment process. Fortunately, the World Wide Web and Internet are providing access to numerous valuable sources of human exposure assessment-related information, along with opportunities for information exchange. Internet mailing lists are available as potential online help for exposure assessment questions, e.g. RISKANAL has several hundred members from numerous countries. Various Web sites provide opportunities for training, e.g. Web sites offering general human exposure assessment training include two from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and four from the US National Library of Medicine. Numerous other Web sites offer access to a wide range of exposure assessment information. For example, the (US) Alliance for Chemical Awareness Web site addresses direct and indirect human exposures, occupational exposures and ecological exposure assessments. The US EPA's Exposure Factors Program Web site provides a focal point for current information and data on exposure factors relevant to the United States. In addition, the International Society of Exposure Analysis Web site provides information about how this society seeks to foster and advance the science of exposure analysis. A major opportunity exists for risk assessors and others to broaden the level of exposure assessment information available via Web sites. Broadening the Web's exposure information could include human exposure factors-related information about country- or region-specific ranges in body weights, drinking water consumption, etc. along with residential factors-related information on air changeovers per hour in various types of residences. Further, country- or region-specific ranges on how various tasks are performed by various types of consumers could be collected and provided. Noteworthy are that efforts are underway in Europe to develop a multi-country collection of exposure factors and the European Commission is in the early stages of planning and developing a Web-accessible information system (EIS-ChemRisks) to serve as a single gateway to all major European initiatives on human exposure to chemicals contained and released from cleaning products, textiles, toys, etc.

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the North Midland Centre, at Leeds, 6th December, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the North Midland Centre, at Leeds, 6th December, 1932

An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers

In this paper the authors' aim is to give an outline of a system of analysis of the costs of electricity supply, which is suitable for use by a large undertaking giving supply under very varied conditions to consumers of many different types.The system described has been evolved during the last eight years, in connection with the undertakings of the New-castle-upon-Tyne Electric Supply Co., Ltd., and its subsidiary companies, and though it has not necessarily reached its final development it has at any rate passed beyond the purely experimental stage.The paper gives an outline of the method of analysis of all costs and capital charges, but deals in greater detail with those involved by the smaller classes of consumers, the supply to whom is receiving so much attention at the present time.A complete example of an analysis is included to illustrate the method of working.The paper is divided into the following sections:-(1) Reasons for cost analysis and the principles aimed at in the system described.(2) An outline of the method of analysis.(3) Data concerning characteristics of use of electricity by various types of consumers, required in order to apply the information obtained from the cost analysis, and the methods adopted to obtain these data.(4) Practical applications of the analysis

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the Institution, 14th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the Institution, 14th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the South Midland Centre, at Birmingham, 4th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the South Midland Centre, at Birmingham, 4th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the North-Eastern Centre, at Newcastle, 11th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the North-Eastern Centre, at Newcastle, 11th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the North-Western Centre, at Manchester, 12th April, 1932

Discussion on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” before the North-Western Centre, at Manchester, 12th April, 1932

The authors' reply to the discussions on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” at London, Birmingham, Newcastle and Manchester

The authors' reply to the discussions on “An analysis of the costs of electricity supply, and its application in relation to various types of consumers” at London, Birmingham, Newcastle and Manchester