To conduct the “cost of illness” analysis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on the entire population of the Russian Federation. Information retrieval was in the public domain. Pharmacoeconomic analysis method “cost of illness” was used. Direct and indirect cost analysis was also performed. Analysis of found epidemiological data revealed that, in fact, in the Russian Federation the only available epidemiological information is on the later stages of CKD (accompanied by the appointment of renal replacement therapy). Based on that during “cost of illness” analysis at the population level we have extrapolated data on the distribution of patients by stage of CKD available in the article Lori A. et al. 2011. Then the cost of various stages of CKD (including direct and indirect costs) per patient was calculated. At the final stage the economic burden of CKD on the entire patient population in the Russian Federation was determined. The total cost for all patients with CKD who are in stages with I to V in the year were: CKD I – 1157758914 $, CKD II – 1348201542 $, CKD III – 2622796532 $, CKD IV – 218480559 $, CKD V (not receiving renal replacement therapy) – 890038600 $, CKD V (on hemodialysis) - 462938674 $, CKD V (on peritoneal dialysis) - 50407252 $, CKD V (exposed of the kidney transplant) - 79916759 $. Thus, the total economic burden of all stages of CKD in country scale was 6830521313 $ per year (1 $ = 66,0983). “Cost of illness” analysis showed the economic burden of CKD on the entire patient population of the Russian Federation and found that the major portion of the cost appears in the early stages of CKD.