Various Regions Of China Research Articles

The impact of regional trade agreements on the quality of export products in China’s manufacturing industry

In recent years, under the risks of anti-globalization trend and uncertainty of trade war, countries have been entering into bilateral and multilateral regional trade agreements (RTAs). This study constructs both theoretical and empirical models to examine whether these RTAs can improve the quality of exported products among Chinese manufacturing enterprises, thereby expanding on a new policy research area that focuses on improving Chinese export quality or import quality of RTAs trade partners from China. The study finds that RTAs’ clause quantity (measured by clause coverage rate) and clause quality (measured by law commitment rate) play different roles. The former can generate “spaghetti bowl” effect but the latter can significantly promote export quality for Chinese manufacturers. The study also finds that RTAs can promote balanced development among the various regions in China and that a new generation of binding clauses in the “WTO-X field” with more new clauses strongly affects efforts to improve the quality of products exported to high and upper-middle income markets. We also find that for most industries, signing high-quality RTAs helps to improve export product quality, but there are no effect for some industries with laggard or special advanced technology.

Gasoline octane number prediction from near-infrared spectroscopy with an ANN-based model

In this study, determination model for research octane numbers (RONs) of gasoline fuels has been developed based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and artificial neural networks (ANN). Input features were the partial least squares (PLS) factors extracted from the NIR spectra, and their size number was set from 30 to 46 with a step size of 4. 200 gasoline fuels collected from different regions in China were used to validate the prediction model, and their RONs varies from 90 to 100. The optimal prediction result shows that about 94% of residuals between the predicted and experimental RONs distribute within the experimental error range. It demonstrates that the proposed ANN-NIR model has the potential to predict RONs of real gasoline fuels from various regions in China. Additionally, the contributions of the NIR spectra to the PLS factors could be obtained using the partial least squares regression method, and the results show that the selected PLS factors generally contain the C–H bond vibration information, e.g. the first vibrational overtone of C–H bond, the second vibrational overtone of C–H bond, and the vibrational combination of C–H bond.

Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment.

The influenza vaccination coverage among children is low in China. We aimed to conduct a nationwide survey to quantify parental preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for influenza vaccination for their children. Parents with children aged six months to 18 years from six provinces in China were investigated by a discrete choice experiment regarding six influenza vaccination attributes. Mixed logit models were used to estimate the relative importance of vaccine attributes and parents’ WTP. Interaction analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to explore preference heterogeneity. A total of 1206 parents were included in the analysis. Parents reported vaccine effectiveness as the most important vaccine attribute. The mode of vaccine administration had no significant impact on parents’ preferences. Parents aged over 30 years with higher education or income levels were more likely to prefer no influenza vaccination for their children. The largest marginal WTP (CNY 802.57) for vaccination and the largest increase in vaccine uptake (41.85%) occurred with improved vaccine effectiveness from 30% to 80%. Parents from central regions or mid-latitude areas had a relatively lower WTP than those from other regions. No significant difference in the relative importance of vaccine attributes were observed among parents from various regions of China.

Time-varying non-uniform temperature distributions in concrete box girders caused by solar radiation in various regions in China

Non-uniform temperature distributions of concrete box girders are induced by solar radiation depending on the structural shapes and shadows cast on them. Using a real-time shadow-selection algorithm and finite element method, the thermodynamic analysis of concrete box girders is carried out to simulate their time-varying temperature distributions. The theoretical results of the finite element model (FEM) are verified by measured data. Based on this, a series of FEMs of concrete box girders are established considering regional influences, and the temperature gradients of concrete box girders in different climatic zones in China are studied. The most unfavorable temperature gradient of concrete box girders in China is obtained, and it is important for design and not only for health monitoring. Moreover, comparing the temperature gradient modes in the specifications of various countries, the temperature gradient of concrete box girders in the China Highway Bridges Design Code is conservative for structural design. Furthermore, the influences on structural temperature distributions of varying environmental factors induced by regional influences are explored, including atmospheric transparency coefficient (ATC) and solar radiation absorptivity (SRA).

Fusarium graminearum FgSdhC1 point mutation A78V confers resistance to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor pydiflumetofen.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum complex (Fg) is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide. The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, pydiflumetofen, was registered for management of FHB in China in 2019. Previously, laboratory-induced pydiflumetofen-resistant (PyR) mutants of Fg have been characterized. However, resistance situation of Fg to pydiflumetofen in the field remains largely unknown. After screening 6468 isolates of Fg from various regions of China, six PyR isolates were identified. All six resistant isolates exhibited no fitness penalties based on mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. However, no cross-resistance between pydiflumetofen and azoxystrobin, tebuconazole or fludioxonil in Fg was detected. Genome-sequencing revealed that all six PyR isolates contained a point mutation A78V in FgSdhC1 (FgSdhC1A78V ). Genetic replacement assay further confirmed that FgSdhC1A78V conferred resistance of Fg to pydiflumetofen. Based on this, a mismatch allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was developed for rapidly detecting the PyR isolates containing the FgSdhC1A78V mutation in Fg. This is the first time that resistance of Fg to pydiflumetofen in the field was reported and point mutation FgSdhC1A78V conferring resistance of Fg to pydiflumetofen was confirmed. This study provides critical information for monitoring and managing pydiflumetofen resistance in Fg.

Will China's R&D investment improve green innovation performance? An empirical study.

In 2020, China's R&D investment reached 2442.6 billion RMB, and it ranks second in the world, but the performance of green innovation has not proportionately improved. The question of how to promote the improvement of green innovation performance is particularly important in order to mitigate future environmental problems and issues due to rapid development of China's economy. While past research has examined the relationship between R&D investment and green innovation, they have not explicitly considered the effect of regional technological innovation level on this relationship. Hence, we fill this gap by exploring the relationship between R&D investment and green innovation performance using data from various regions in China from 2015 to 2019, under the effect of a threshold variable, namely, technological innovation. We explore the impact of economic development level, environmental regulation level, foreign direct investment, and science and technology in fiscal expenditures on green innovation performance. The empirical results show that when the regional technological innovation level is used as the threshold variable, the R&D investment has a significant double-threshold effect with the lagging three-phase green innovation performance. When the technological innovation level is low (< 0.1082), R&D investment has a negative impact on green innovation performance. Moreover, when the technological innovation level is high (>0.5837), the impact of regional R&D investment on green innovation performance is sub-optimal. Consequently, the range of [0.1082 to 0.5837] is the best range for the positive impact of R&D investment on green innovation performance. Furthermore, among China's 30 provinces and cities, 24% (mostly areas located in the southwest and northeast of China) have the technological innovation level in the optimal range. Our results help explain the current status of China's R&D investment and green innovation development, and provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of government innovation investment policies.

The Different Impacts of Emissions and Meteorology on PM2.5 Changes in Various Regions in China: A Case Study

Emissions and meteorology are significant factors affecting aerosol pollution, but it is not sufficient to understand their relative contributions to aerosol pollution changes. In this study, the observational data and the chemical model (GRAPES_CUACE) are combined to estimate the drivers of PM2.5 changes in various regions (the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the Central China (CC), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)) between the first month after COVID-19 (FMC_2020) (i.e., from 23 January to 23 February 2020) and the corresponding period in 2019 (FMC_2019). The results show that PM2.5 mass concentration increased by 26% (from 61 to 77 µg m−3) in the BTH, while it decreased by 26% (from 94 to 70 µg m−3) in the CC, 29% (from 52 to 37 µg m−3) in the YRD, and 32% (from 34 to 23 µg m−3) in the PRD in FMC_2020 comparing with FMC_2019, respectively. In the BTH, although emissions reductions partly improved PM2.5 pollution (−5%, i.e., PM2.5 mass concentration decreased by 5% due to emissions) in FMC_2020 compared with that of FMC_2019, the total increase in PM2.5 mass concentration was dominated by more unfavorable meteorological conditions (+31%, i.e., PM2.5 mass concentration increased by 31% due to meteorology). In the CC and the YRD, emissions reductions (−33 and −36%) played a dominating role in the total decrease in PM2.5 in FMC_2020, while the changed meteorological conditions partly worsened PM2.5 pollution (+7 and +7%). In the PRD, emissions reductions (−23%) and more favorable meteorological conditions (−9%) led to a total decrease in PM2.5 mass concentration. This study reminds us that the uncertainties of relative contributions of meteorological conditions and emissions on PM2.5 changes in various regions are large, which is conducive to policymaking scientifically in China.

Multiple Regression Analysis of Low Visibility Focusing on Severe Haze-Fog Pollution in Various Regions of China

Visibility degradation is a pervasive environmental problem in winter in China and its prediction accuracy is therefore important, especially in low visibility conditions. However, current visibility parameterization algorithms tend to overestimate low visibility (&lt;5 km) during haze–fog events. The key point of low visibility calculation and prediction depends on a reasonable understanding of the correlation between visibility, PM2.5 concentration, and relative humidity (RH). Using the observations of PM2.5 concentration and meteorology from December 2016 to February 2017, under different RH levels, the relative contribution differences of PM2.5 concentrations and RH to visibility degradation are investigated in depth. On this basis, new multiple nonlinear regressions for low visibility are developed for eight regions of China. The results show that under relatively low RH conditions (&lt;80% or 85%), PM2.5 concentration plays a leading role in visibility changes in China. With the increase in RH (80–90% or 85–95%), the PM2.5 concentration corresponding to the visibility of 10 and 5 km decreases and the contribution of RH becomes increasingly important. When the RH grows to &gt;95%, a relatively low PM2.5 concentration could also lead to visibility decreasing to &lt;5 km. Within this range, the PM2.5 concentration corresponding to the visibility of 5 km in Central China (CC), Sichuan Basin (SCB), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is approximately 50, 50, and 30 μg m−3, and that in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Guanzhong Plain (GZP) is approximately 125 μg m−3, respectively. Specifically, based on these contribution differences, new multiple nonlinear regression equations of visibility, PM2.5 concentration, temperature, and dew point temperature of the eight regions (Scheme A) are established respectively after grouping the datasets by setting different RH levels (BTH, GZP, and North Eastern China (NEC): RH &lt; 80%, 80 ≤ RH &lt; 90% and RH ≥ 90%; CC, SCB, YRD, and South China Coastal (SCC): RH &lt; 85%, 85 ≤ RH &lt; 95% and RH ≥ 95%; Xinjiang (XJ): RH &lt; 90% and RH ≥ 90%). According to the previous regression methods, we directly established the multiple regression models between visibility and the same factors as a comparison (Scheme B). Statistical results show that the advantage of Scheme A for 5 and 3 km evaluation is more significant compared with Scheme B. For the five low visibility regions (BTH, GZP, CC, SCB, and YRD), RMSEs of Scheme A under visibility &lt;5 and 3 km are 0.77–1.01 and 0.48–0.95 km, 16–43 and 24–57% lower than those of Scheme B, respectively. Moreover, Scheme A reproduced the winter visibility in BTH, GZP, CC, SCB, YRD, and SCC from 2016 to 2020 well. The MAEs, MBs, and RMSEs under visibility &lt; 5 km are 0.44–1.41, −1.33–1.24, and 0.58–2.36 km, respectively. Overall, Scheme A is confirmed to be reliable and applicable for low visibility prediction in many regions of China. This study provides a new visibility parameterization algorithm for the haze–fog numerical prediction system.

Illicium verum (Star Anise) and Trans-Anethole as Valuable Raw Materials for Medicinal and Cosmetic Applications.

Illicium verum Hook f. (star anise) is considered an important species in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is also used in contemporary medicine in East Asian countries. It occurs in natural habitats in southeastern parts of China and Vietnam, and is cultivated in various regions in China. The raw materials—Anisi stellati fructus and Anisi stellati aetheroleum obtained from this species exhibit expectorant and spasmolytic activities. The European Pharmacopoeia (4th edition) indicates that these raw materials have been used in allopathy since 2002. The biological activities of the above-mentioned raw materials are determined by the presence of valuable secondary metabolites such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Recent pharmacological studies on fruit extracts and the essential oil of this species have confirmed their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities and thus their medicinal and cosmetic value. The aim of this review was to examine the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological studies that focused on possible cosmetic applications. In addition to fruit extracts and essential oil, the current consensus on the safety of trans-anethole, which is the main compound of essential oil used in cosmetology, is underlined here.

Evaluation of Public Service Facilities in 19 Large Cities in China from the Perspective of Supply and Demand

The equalization of urban public service facilities is important to the daily lives of urban residents. Spatial quantification of the supply and demand of public service facilities can reveal relationships between supply and demand agents and provide a foundation for the planning of urban public service facilities. This study proposed a comprehensive framework to assess the current state of supply (accessibility of facilities) and demand (population carrying pressure) of various public services in cities and determine patterns between different public service facilities. This framework contains three elements: (a) multi-scale spatial quantification of the matching of supply and demand, (b) spatial matching of supply and demand, and (c) spatial clustering analysis of the supply and demand balance. This study analyzed 19 major cities in China from a supply and demand perspective and examined implications for matching the supply and demand of public service facilities. The results indicated that education service facilities had the most appropriate supply and demand relationship. Areas where public service facilities had a good matching of supply and demand demonstrated a strong pattern of clustering. There were significant differences in the level of matching of the supply and demand of public service facilities among various regions in China. The limitations of the framework and future directions are discussed.

A multi-agent knowledge integration process for enterprise management innovation from the perspective of neural network

Because the innovation level of enterprise clusters in various regions of China is generally low, this research is focused on the process of knowledge integration of regional innovation subjects. We research, explore and analyze the different connection states between nodes and their impact on the knowledge symbiosis or knowledge spillover ability of the entire innovation network, learn from the characteristics of neurons in the neural network and the information transmission model to investigate the connection between various nodes in innovation network. We then determine the knowledge association mechanism and transmission relationship, and then analyze the trigger conditions of fusion and the transformation model of innovative knowledge flow under this condition, laying the foundation for further theoretical or practical research. Second, we built a model of the knowledge transfer connection that will be used in the innovation process. and select a path of knowledge transfer. Based on the mechanism of multi-agent innovation, we analyzed the incentive relationship of knowledge transfer in the innovation process, constructed the principles of knowledge transfer, analyzed the mutual transfer relationship between different innovation nodes, and analyze the simulation innovation network through certain examples. The knowledge fusion process in China lays the foundation for the improvement of the overall collaborative innovation level of the regional multi-agent innovation network. From the overall structure of the article, this research analyzes the regional innovation network from a new perspective on the basis of domestic and foreign research in knowledge flow management and control technology, knowledge exchange under social networks, and neural network optimization algorithms. The process of knowledge symbiosis or knowledge spillover in the process of innovation, exploring the incentive relationship of knowledge transfer throughout the primary parts innovation process, optimizing the degree of connection or relationship between different main agents, optimizing the knowledge exchange relationship from one node in the innovation network to another and improving the collaborative innovation of the regional mesh lay a theoretical foundation for the level.

Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM2.5 and O3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 1: Synoptic circulation patterns and pollution

A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e. PM2.5 and O3 in China. As the first paper in the series, the relationship between synoptic circulation patterns and pollution was investigated. Six types of circulation patterns are defined and clustered to correlate with the observed pollutant levels, resulting in the identification of the impact similarity and difference of circulations on PM2.5 and O3 for three regions in China, i.e., the BTH (Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei), YRD (Yangtze River Delta) and PRD (Peral River Delta), from 2013 to 2020. It is found that the six clustered circulation patterns were able to classify the circulation patterns that influence the pollutants and yield significant correlations with O3 and PM2.5 in three regions. The major circulation patterns governing the heavy PM2.5 and O3 were identified separately for each region and found to show inter-annual variabilities. Composite analysis indicated that there were some circulation patterns that caused the dual-highs of PM2.5 and O3 with about 13%, 8% and 3% occurrences during the period of 2013 to 2020 in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively. The key weather elements for each type of circulation pattern were also identified. A detailed study of the impacts of key weather elements and emissions on the PM2.5 and O3 trends will accompany this paper (Gong et al., 2022).

Analyze the impact of the transition from business tax to VAT on the tax burden of transport enterprises in various regions of China

In recent years, the transportation industry has enjoyed the benefits brought about by changes in the national tax policy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the change from Business Tax to Value-Added Tax (BT-to-VAT) on the tax burden of transport enterprises in various regions of China. Based on the cross-regional characteristics of the transportation industry, China is divided into four regions: eastern, central, western and northeast. Research hypothesis – the tax reduction effect of the BT-to-VAT tax burden is not only related to the characteristics of the enterprise itself, but also related to the regional environment and market integration factors of China. Using the Difference in differences (DID) method, the data covers 22 listed companies from 2009 to 2020. The paper analyzes the internal characteristics of the enterprise itself, the influence of the external environment and the degree of industrial integration on the enterprise, and the reasons for the difference. Empirical research shows that BT-to-VAT reduces the tax burden of enterprises, the eastern region has the least impact on the ratio of corporate income tax expenses to operating income, while the central and western regions have relatively greater impacts. The scale of the enterprise and the level of economic development have a positive effect on the financial efficiency of the enterprise, while the non-current assets ratio and the degree of market integration have a negative effect on the tax burden. This research is beneficial to provide reference for enterprises in different regions to improve their management and to formulate macro policies by relevant national departments.

ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ КИТАЙСКОГО НАРОДНОГО ТРАВОЛЕЧЕНИЯ

In the cultural history of China for many millennia, plants have played a significant role in fine and applied arts, landscape architecture, cooking and healing. At the dawn of civilization, plants were used by people to survive in difficult conditions, mainly for food and medical purposes. With the spiritual development of society, the emergence of philosophical and religious teachings, the expansion of botanical knowledge, they became increasingly integrated into the daily life of ethnic groups, becoming objects of worship and hoped for symbolism and imagery. Often the same plants of local flora can be found in gardens, in pharmacopoeias, and in culinary recipes. Considering the most popular plants of Chinese gardens, the authors analyze the general patterns of the use of local plants in the cultural field of various regions of China and their impact on certain branches of knowledge in other countries. The example given in the article of the spread of folk herbal medicine from one country around the world makes it possible to assess the processes of globalization taking place in the field of culture.

Analysis of the Influence of Library Information on the Utilization of Regional Environmental and Ecological Resources: From the Perspective of Intelligent Adaptive Learning.

In order to further develop and improve the management theory of public libraries, this paper studies the impact of library information on the utilization of regional environmental resources from the perspective of intelligent adaptive learning. Firstly, based on the data envelopment analysis method, this paper measures the efficiency of Public Libraries in various regions of China. Then, using Tobit model, this paper analyzes the environmental factors affecting the efficiency of public libraries from three aspects: financial allocation, per capita GDP, and per capita years of education. The results show that there is a significant correlation between per capita GDP, per capita years of education, and the efficiency of public libraries. There is a significant negative correlation between per capita GDP and public library efficiency (the coefficient is −5.73x10−6, and the probability of two-sided t-test is 0.0229); There is a significant positive correlation between the number of years of education per capita and the efficiency of Public Libraries (the coefficient is 0.0684, and the probability of two-sided t-test is 0.0169). Conclusion: This study provides a reference for the performance evaluation of provincial public libraries.

Key Technology of Ground Grouting Treatment for Inclined Shaft under Condition of Super Thick Water-Rich Loose Layer

Shaft is one of the important links of mine production. In recent years, wellbore deviation has occurred many times in various regions of China, especially under the condition of thick water-rich loose layer, wellbore deviation has become an important factor that seriously affects the safety of mine production and miners’ life. Taking the serious deviation of shaft in Guotun Coal Mine in Shandong Province as an example, this paper analyzes the causes of wellbore deviation from the aspects of wellbore geological conditions and wellbore construction methods, and grouting treatment engineering carried out on the deviated shaft under the condition of mine production. Through on-site grouting construction, repair and treatment are remarkable, which provides reference for the subsequent surface grouting treatment engineering of wellbore deviation.

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In recent years, various regions in China have been plagued by smog problems, and Zhengzhou, as the capital city of Henan, has a particularly prominent smog problem than other cities due to climate and economic development. In the past two years, smog pollution has improved slightly, but smog still plagues our lives. This paper analyses the changes in haze pollution in Zhengzhou in the past five years, draws the main reasons for the changes in haze pollution. Principal component analysis and regression analysis were used to establish a regression model of the influencing factors of haze in Zhengzhou. The results show that pollutant emissions and coal consumption have the most obvious impact on the degree of haze pollution in different years, and reasonable suggestions are put forward based on the current situation of haze pollution in Zhengzhou and the existing governance policies.

Investigation on the Cultural Characteristics of Ethnic and Folk Dances in Various Regions of China

Investigation on the Cultural Characteristics of Ethnic and Folk Dances in Various Regions of China

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Paragonimus Species Isolated from Freshwater Crabs in Southern Yunnan, China.

Paragonimus species are highly prevalent in various regions of China. The study's objective is to isolate and identify Paragonimus from natural habitats and compare the phylogenetic diversity of Paragonimus in southern Yunnan province, China. Metacercariae of Paragonimus was isolated from crabs, and morphologic identification was performed by microscopy. Metacercariae were injected into experimental Paragonimus free Sprague Dawley rats. After 114 days, adult worms and eggs were isolated from multiple organs. Morphologic identification confirmed the initial identification. DNA was extracted from 5 adult worms, and molecular characterization was performed by amplification and sequencing of CO1 and ITS2 regions, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Out of 447 crabs captured, 186 crabs were found to be infected. A total of 4 species of Paragonimus was observed from naturally infected crabs. Paragonimus microrchis (2), Paragonimus heterotremus (1), Paragonimus proliferus (1), and Paragonimus skrjabini (1) were isolated and identified. A total of 32 sequences were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and 5 sequences generated in the study were used for phylogenetic analysis. In the phylogenetic tree of the CO1 gene, Paragonimus proliferus, Paragonimus heterotremus, and Paragonimus skrjabini were clustered with the same species, and the confidence values of their branches were >95%. A congruent phylogenetic relationship was observed with the ITS2 phylogenetic tree. In the phylogenetic tree constructed with the combined dataset of CO1 and ITS2 datasets, Paragonimus proliferus, Paragonimus heterotremus, and Paragonimus skrjabini clustered with the same species, and their branch confidence values were >94%. Paragonimus microrchis clustered with Paragonimus bangkokensis in both datasets. Phylogenetic analysis revealed robustness of the double loci method as against the single-locus method with either CO1 or ITS2 alone. Paragonimus species isolated from the southern Yunnan province, China, was phylogenetically diverse, and the analysis revealed the clustering of multiple species of Paragonimus isolated from different geographic locations.

Experiences of Autonomy in Marriage and Divorce Within the Chinese Traditional System

The Chinese traditional system features a hierarchical familial culture. When confronted with individualization and autonomy in choices of marriage and divorce, the system remains resilient and intervenes in the lives of young families. To analyze the discourses of divorced urban young adults, 46 participants (23 women and 23 men) aged 24–39 years were recruited from various regions in China. Through an analysis of the stressors involved in marriage and divorce, the concrete values and the conceptions shared in a unitary system of traditions were elicited. The promise of stability in a marriage was the appeal of this system while the focus on offspring was the general interest with evolutionary elements that justify this system. The concept of the individual autonomy of divorce grew from marital experiences and would be confined to the traditional system if its appeal remains unchallenged.