Various Parts Of Plant Research Articles

Relationship Between Age and Condensed Tannin Content in the Bark of Two Forest Species Grown in Northeast Brazil

Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the influence of tree age on the condensed tannins content in the bark of two forest species. Theoretical Framework: Tannins are phenolic compounds present in various parts of plants and have consolidated applications in the market. This way, silvicultural studies of different species with the potential to produce are relevant. Method: Barks of Azadirachta indica at 5, 6, and 7 years and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia at 6, 7, and 9 years were collected from an experimental plantation located in a forest area in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The barks were then air-dried and ground to obtain a material subjected to extraction. Total solids content, Stiasny index, and condensed tannin content were determined from the hot-water extracts. Results and Discussion: The condensed tannins content in A. indica bark did not vary as tree age increased, while for M. caesalpiniaefolia, the most productive age was determined to be six years old. Research Implications: The experimental approach showed that A. indica presented stable tannin content in the bark regardless of age, allowing continuous and flexible management to produce these extractives. In contrast, M. caesalpiniifolia presented condensed tannins, with their reactivity decreasing with age, indicating that younger trees are more suitable for high-quality extractions and commercial production. Originality/Value: Tannins content in Azadirachta indica bark remains stable over time, facilitating continuous management and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia bark, the concentration of tannins is higher in younger trees.

THE ANTHOCYANIN METAL INTERACTIONS: AN OVERVIEW

Anthocyanin is one of the phenolic compounds found in various parts of plants. Its study has become an area of scientific exploration due to reports gathered on its reactivity, bioactive properties, and usefulness in pharmaceutics, agriculture and food production. This study investigated recently characterized anthocyanins to identify variations based on plants, plant parts, the ligand characteristics of the isolated anthocyanin, and the need for quick reference for natural product chemists in the areas of isolation and synthesis. The in vivo and in vitro metal anthocyanin complexes (MAC) were investigated to expand isolated compounds, synthesis, characterization, and study probable kinetics involving new MAC and its applications. The data reviewed was obtained from research reports found on the Web from 2014 to 2023. Results of the reviewed studies indicate anthocyanins have been isolated and characterized from different plants and all plant parts: leaves, pulp, seeds, peels, stems, and roots. The anthocyanidins (aglycone) have been derivatized through hydroxylation, methylation, glycosylation, and acylation due to the presence of many reactive centers, producing over 800 forms of anthocyanins characterized to date. Chelation of anthocyanin in vitro has been studied with several metals and metalloids, using the outcome in some cases to monitor and re-produce compounds formed in vivo. Several applications of anthocyanins and MAC have been found and are still under investigation, anthocyanins and its derivatives are being screened for ethnobotanical roles and their random applications in other human endeavors.

A comprehensive review on chemical and pharmacological potential of Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell

The fruit of plant Synsepalum dulcificum(Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell, is found native to tropical regions of West Africa, and vernacularly recognized as the “Miracle Fruit” by Africans. The property of the plant has traditionally been employed in many food industries, besides its ethnopharmacological significance. The phytochemical analysis from literature reveals that various parts of plant contains many bioactive components including alkaloids, lignans, phenolic acids, glycoproteins and flavonoids. Recent studies exhibit its pharmacologicalpotential such as antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-hyperuricemia and anti-convulsant properties. Therefore, this review aims to systematically summarizes scientific evidences with the therapeutic, ethnopharmacological and traditional claims found in literature. However, the data acquired is still very imperfect, thus future research is hopeful to discover the precise mechanism of action of its bioactive components to explore chemical constituents, and their nutraceutical and clinical uses of this multipurpose plant to employ its valuable effects on human beings.

Development and evaluation of tablet formulation from Calotropis gigantea Linn (leaf extract)

The term "Medicinal Plants" is typically used to describe plants that have curative benefits or have beneficial pharmacological effects on animal bodies. Herbal tablets, derived from medicinal plants, have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. With increasing interest in natural and alternative therapies, there is a need to scientifically evaluate their efficacy and safety. They contain active compounds extracted from various parts of plants, such as leaves, roots, flowers, and seeds, which have been traditionally used in medicine across different cultures. Calotropis gigantea Linn (Apocynaceae) is a well known plant for its antioxidant, anti-malarial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity. Herbal tablets represent a promising avenue in the realm of natural health products, balancing traditional wisdom with modern scientific approaches. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the herbal tablets made from Calotropis gigantea Linn leaf extract.

Pelatihan Eksplorasi Mocktail Dengan Sentuhan Rempah Nusantara Bagi Kampung Adat Cireundeu Bandung

Cireundeu Traditional Village is in Leuwigajah Village, South Cimahi District and has a population of 800 people. Most of the people in the Cireundeu Traditional Village work as cassava farmers and adhere to the Sundanese Wiwitan belief. The traditional potential must be supported by development, especially in the field of providing food and drinks that utilize village potential. Spices are a strong potential of the Cirendeu Traditional Village, they can come from various parts of plants, such as flowers, fruit, bark, stems, tubers, leaves and rhizomes. Spices can not only be used as seasonings for cooking, but can also provide taste, aroma and health benefits to various drinks. The Faculty of Economics and Business, Bina Sarana Informatics University Hospitality Study Program will hold community service with the theme "Mocktail exploration training with a touch of Indonesian spices for the Cirendeu Bandung Traditional Village". The community service partners are the Cirendeu Bandung Traditional Village community. This training activity is a solution for the potential of the Cirendeu Traditional Village. Counseling is carried out in 4 stages, namely; Preparation Stage, Implementation Stage, Monitoring and Evaluation Stage. Community service activities run smoothly and there are no obstacles. Several participants provided suggestions regarding implementation time, but considering the participants' enthusiasm for the community service material this time, some felt that the time was still not enough. The participants were very enthusiastic about taking part in the training and showed that they were very interested in making mocktail drinks with a touch of spices. The process of direct practice and reflection carried out by the instructors has helped them understand the correct steps for making mocktail drinks. This training also offers new business opportunities for participants who want to develop mocktail drinks with the added value of spices.

Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Honeydew Honey: A Critical Review.

Honeydew honey is produced by bees (Apis mellifera) foraging and collecting secretions produced by certain types of aphids on various parts of plants. In addition to exhibiting organoleptic characteristics that distinguish them from nectar honey, these honeys are known for their functional properties, such as strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite their importance, they remain poorly characterized in comparison with flower honeys, as most studies on this subject are not only carried out on too few samples but also still focused on traditional chemical-physical parameters, such as specific rotation, major sugars, or melissopalynological information. Since mass spectrometry has consistently been a primary tool for the characterization and authentication of honeys, this review will focus on the application of these methods to the characterization of the minor fraction of honeydew honey. More specifically, this review will attempt to highlight what progress has been made so far in identifying markers of the authenticity of the botanical and/or geographical origin of honeydew honeys by mass spectrometry-based approaches. Furthermore, strategies devoted to the determination of contaminants and toxins in honeydew honeys will be addressed. Such analyses represent a valuable tool for establishing the level of food safety associated with these products. A critical analysis of the presented studies will identify their limitations and critical issues, thereby describing the current state of research on the topic.

Allelopathic Effects of Essential Oils In Some Medicinal And Aromatic Plants on The Development of Oilseed Plants

Traditional methods used to increase plant productivity from the past to the present cause problems owing to their toxicological effects on organism resistance and living things. This has stipulated the creation of strategies to boost plant productivity without adversely affecting the health of living things. Essential oils secreted from various parts of plants stand out as, sustainable, and improvable alternatives and have been the subject of numerous types of research as they have many functional properties. The present research covers the investigation of the allelopathic effect of essential oils of Greek Oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum), Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia), and common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on oilseed plants (Cephalaria syriaca L., Camelina sativa L.) at different ratios. Inhibitory effects of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation on the seeds of Cephalaria syriaca L. and Camelina sativa L. species at different concentrations were analyzed under sterile in vitro conditions. The inhibitory effects of essential oils and concentrations were analyzed using the Friedman test. The research revealed that essential oils were effective in weed control through their high inhibitory effect against Cephalaria syriaca L. seeds while reducing the germination power of Camelina sativa L.

REVOLUTIONIZING BIOLOGY LEARNING THROUGH AR: THE CASE OF LEAFCAPTURE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

REVOLUTIONIZING BIOLOGY LEARNING THROUGH AR: THE CASE OF LEAFCAPTURE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Microcystin Contamination in Irrigation Water and Health Risk.

Microcystins (MCs), natural hepatotoxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, pose significant risks to water quality, ecosystem stability, and the well-being of animals, plants, and humans when present in elevated concentrations. The escalating contamination of irrigation water with MCs presents a growing threat to terrestrial plants. The customary practice of irrigating crops from local water sources, including lakes and ponds hosting cyanobacterial blooms, serves as a primary conduit for transferring these toxins. Due to their high chemical stability and low molecular weight, MCs have the potential to accumulate in various parts of plants, thereby increasing health hazards for consumers of agricultural products, which serve as the foundation of the Earth's food chain. MCs can bioaccumulate, migrate, potentially biodegrade, and pose health hazards to humans within terrestrial food systems. This study highlights that MCs from irrigation water reservoirs can bioaccumulate and come into contact with plants, transferring into the food chain. Additionally, it investigates the natural mechanisms that organisms employ for conjugation and the microbial processes involved in MC degradation. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the role of MCs in the terrestrial food chain and to elucidate the specific health risks associated with consuming crops irrigated with water contaminated with these toxins, further research is necessary.

Assessment of fibers from different part of the Calotropis gigantea biomass as a filler of composites foam PVA/PVP

This research explores the extraction and application of cellulose fibers from various parts of plants, specifically young and old stems, as well as seed/fruit skins. The primary focus was on the effective removal of lignin and other extraneous compounds to enhance the properties of cellulose fibers for their subsequent use as fillers in the production of porous composites. These composites were evaluated for their responsiveness to ammonia vapor through a color change test, indicating their potential as intelligent, environmentally friendly packaging materials. The cellulose fibers were isolated through a two-stage process involving delignification using 20 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and bleaching with a 5 % hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 3.8 % NaOH mixture. These fibers were then characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The analysis revealed that fibers extracted from the younger stem bark exhibited superior characteristics, notably in their crystallinity index (CI), which was 5.16 % higher than that of fibers from other plant parts. Surface morphological studies indicated that the cellulose fibers derived from CG plants possess a hollow shape. When used as fillers, these fibers contributed to the enhanced porosity of polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) composites. SEM analysis further demonstrated that the inclusion of fibers with higher degrees of crystallinity significantly increased the composites' porosity. Additionally, composites immobilized with anthocyanins from the Butterfly Pea Flower (BPF) exhibited a notable colorimetric response to environmental pH changes. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that incorporating these fibers into the composite matrix improves thermal stability. The study's findings underscore the potential of these porous composites as colorimetric indicators, paving the way for their application in smart, eco-friendly packaging solutions.

Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Prunus dulcis Blossoms and the Antioxidant Compounds of Their Extracted Oil Using Green Extraction Method

Edible blossoms and extracted oils from various parts of plants have gained the interest of researchers in recent years due to their strong antioxidant activity and their high content of vitamins. In addition, they contain a plethora of polyphenols, and they do not have high caloric content. The blossoms of Prunus dulcis (i.e., almond tree) are edible; however, they have not been examined in terms of nutritional value. The present study aimed to examine the nutritional value of almond blossoms, as well as their extracted oil. The fat content of the blossoms was 1.75 g/100 g dry weight (dw), while the defatted blossoms were found to contain 1.34 g/100 g dw of crude protein and 29.97 g/100 g dw of carbohydrates. In addition, the blossom oil was tested for its composition of fatty acids, polyphenols, and total carotenoids. According to the results, several important fatty acids for human health were identified, such as oleic (25.17%), linoleic (15.64%), and linolenic (10.15%). Simultaneously, a low oxidation index (COX), i.e., 4.05, and many monounsaturated (25.17%) and unsaturated (67.56%) fats were detected, while both polyphenols (51.86 mg GAE/kg) and carotenoids were in abundance. Finally, the combination of simple stirring with ultrasound (a green extraction method) was found to be the most appropriate method to ensure maximum amounts of various antioxidant compounds in the blossom extracts (i.e., polyphenols and L-ascorbic acid). After optimization, the total polyphenol content increased by 23.98% and L-ascorbic acid content by 6.96%. In addition, antioxidant activity was tested by different antioxidant assays and specifically FRAP, DPPH, and H2O2, which showed a corresponding increase (14.46, 17.23, and 8.79%, respectively). Therefore, it can be concluded that Prunus dulcis blossoms, besides being edible, are also highly nutritious, and their oil has nutritional value and deserves further exploration.

Composition and antioxidant properties of water lily (Nymphaea nouchali) tuber and development of composite biscuits

Various parts of plant like flower, leaves, and seeds are valued as food and medicine, they are usually considered as underutilized and disregarded food item. This study was conducted to analyse the composition and antioxidant properties of water lily tuber (WLT) and assess the possibilities of utilizing such tuber as food supplement for the development of value added food products. The major compositions were moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and total carbohydrate content measured about 8.04%, 3.11%, 2.8%, 8.57%, 9.78%, and 67.7% respectively. Antioxidant activity, vitamin C, and total phenolic contents were found as 87.7%, 5.78% and 0.188 mg GAE/g respectively. Consequently, water lily tuber (WLT) was also utilized for the development of composite biscuit by incorporating with 20% and 30% of tuber powder. Nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of the composite biscuits were studied to develop the most acceptable formulation of water lily tuber (WLT) incorporated biscuits. From the composition of finished products, it was found that fat, protein, and fiber content were increased with the incorporation of water lily tuber (WLT) powder as compared with control and 30% incorporated biscuit rated highest content of fat (27.29%), protein (9.52%) and fiber (2.74%). On the other hand, more carbohydrate content (65.03%) was found in 20% water lily incorporated biscuit and from the sensory evaluation it was found comparatively more acceptable than 30%. From the overall observation it was found that water lily tuber (WLT) could be utilized as a good natural source of nutrients and antioxidant components in the development of composite food products and as functional ingredient in the food industries.

Experimental Studies on the Therapeutic Potential of Vaccinium Berries in Breast Cancer-A Review.

Breast cancer (BC) is the largest contributor to cancer deaths in women worldwide. Various parts of plants, including fruits, are known for their therapeutic properties and are used in traditional medicine. Fruit species exhibit anticancer activities due to the presence of bioactive natural compounds such as flavonoids and carotenoids. The Vaccinium spp. are fleshy berry-like drupes and are rich in bioactive compounds, with flavonols, flavanols, chalcones, and phenolic acids as the major groups of compounds. While there is clear evidence linking Vaccinium berries with a decreased risk of BC both in in vivo and in vitro experiments, the exact mechanisms involved in the protective effects of Vaccinium spp. rich extracts on BC cells are not fully understood. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight the mechanisms of action involved in the therapeutic potential of Vaccinium berries against BC in experimental models.

The Plant Growth Regulators: Advances, their applications and Potential Uses in Agriculture – A Review

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) or plant hormones are the chemical species that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of various parts of plant. PGRs called biostimulats or bioinhibitors, act inside plant cells to stimulate or inhibit specific enzymes or enzymes systems and help regulate plant metabolism. To study on this review is the brief introduction and applications of various plant growth regulators including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids and jasmonates, triacontanol, triazoles and polyamines. Several novel plant growth regulators discovered in the recent past includes compounds like Melatonin, Serotonin, Strigolactone, Harzianolide and Karrikins. This review presents a Recent Advances in Use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs), the Plant growth regulators (PGRs) and their applications and Novel Plant Growth Regulators and their Potential Uses in Agriculture.

Heliocaminiform structures: plant organs that function as microgreenhouses

Plant structures that enclose trapped air are morphologically and taxonomically diverse. They range from pubescence (trichomes) on various parts of plants to flowers, inflorescences, stems, culms (above-ground jointed stems of grasses), petioles, peduncles, scapes, fruits, bracts, leaves, galls, algal pneumatocysts, moss sporophytes, lichen podetia, and fungal fruiting bodies. Despite being familiar, such structures have not been studied systematically until recently when their complex thermodynamic functionality as microgreenhouses has been recognized. We propose the term “heliocaminiform” (Greco-Latin origin for “sun-room”) provides an umbrella term that describes form and function. Almost all the hollow structures we have examined have elevated internal temperatures of several degrees C above the surrounding air in sunshine, but those are abolished under cloud or at night. The potential importance for the additional heat is presumed to be in growth, maturation, reproduction, sexual function, and overall fitness of the plants. There seem to be no experimental studies on those effects even though they may help explain aspects of plants’ responses to climate change and to phenological mismatches with symbionts (mutualists and herbivores) as ecologically co-dependent partners. Our review and observations opens a remarkably new and hitherto surprisingly neglected avenue in botany which we hope others will explore.

Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Nutraceutical Powder

Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that have nutritional value with additional health benefits. Nutraceutical is a term derived from nutrition andpharmaceutics. These are the products that areisolated from herbal products, dietary supplements (nutrients), specific diets, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages which are also useful in thetreatment and prevention of many diseases . Nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, and regulate the functions of the human body . Nutraceutical powder are the preparation that come as powdered herbal materials meant for direct use or by incorporation into foods, beverages for drinking, insufflations and wounds . They may be finely sifted herbal materials from various parts of plants meant for a particular therapeutic effect

Monitoring the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Natural Herbal Vegetation of Technogeneously Polluted Territory

Currently, one of the most important problems is the pollution of natural systems by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a result of human industrial activity. In this connection, it is necessary to carry out monitoring of territories subjected to the anthropogenic impact. As a result of the monitoring study of the impact zone of the fuel and energy complex enterprises, it was found that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil of the impact zone accumulate mainly up to 2 km along the line of the prevailing wind rose from the enterprise. The group composition of PAHs is dominated by 4-ring compounds, exceeding the background values by 23 times. At the same time, plants growing on the territory of the impact zone mainly accumulate such compounds as fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and phenanthrene, which is 70–82% of the total content of polyarenes in various parts of plants.

Edukasi Manfaat Lilin Aromaterapi Lavender untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Tidur Ibu Hamil di BPM Muzilatul Nisma

Aromatherapy is a healing therapy that involves the use of pure essential oils distilled from various parts of plants, flowers, and trees, each of which contains therapeutic properties. One form of aromatherapy preparation is aromatherapy candles. Aromatherapy candles are an object that can provide a calming effect. Essential oil from lavender flower extract as aromatherapy that gives a relaxing, anti-neurodepressive and sedating effect that is beneficial for pregnant women who experience insomnia, reduce anxiety levels and, increase levels of alertness. This therapy is recommended for pregnant women to help minimize discomfort during pregnancy, especially reducing the problem of sleep disorders. The purpose of this activity is to increase knowledge about the benefits of aromatherapy candles to improve the quality of sleep of pregnant women. The target of the implementation of this activity was carried out in trimestester II and III pregnant women. The form of activities is in the form of providing education with the lecture method with leaflet media and to see the increase in knowledge is done by conducting pre-test and post-test. The results obtained were before being given education the level of knowledge of pregnant women was 64.75% and after being given education the mother's knowledge increased to 93.6%, so it can be concluded that there was an increase in knowledge by 28.85%. With this educational activity, it is hoped that an increase in knowledge and an increase in the mother's sense of comfort during pregnancy will be achieved

Phytochemical analysis and molecular docking studies of two endemic varieties of Salvia sericeotomentosa.

The use of medicinal plants for treating various diseases dates back thousands of years and has been a part of many cultures around the world. Various parts of plants, including roots, leaves, and flowers, and their extracts have been used to develop remedies to cure different ailments like fever, pain, inflammation, infections, among others. In this research, the aerial parts of both Salvia varieties were extracted with ethanol and water to obtain infusion and decoction, separately. S. sericeotomentosa var. hatayica Celep & Doğan (SH) and Salvia sericeotomentosa Rech. f. var. sericeotomentosa (ST) plants were chemically analyzed for polar compounds using LC-HRMS for the first time. All SH and ST extracts were found to be very rich in rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, hispidulin-7-O-glucoside, and caffeic acid. The study also investigated the antiinflammatory and carbonic anhydrase inhibition properties of the most abundant secondary metabolites extracted from SH and ST. In silico studies were conducted for the first time to explore the effects of these metabolites on TNF-α, iNOS, and human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCAI and hCAII). Salvianolic acid B should be considered a strong antiinflammatory agent and a carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibitors due to low binding energy scores with the tested enzymes (TNF-α: -12.391 kcal/mol), (iNOS: -7.547 kcal/mol), (hCAI: -7.877 kcal/mol), and (hCAII: -4.312 kcal/mol).

Flavonoid Apigenin Biological Activity Review: Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor, Neuroprotective and Antiviral

Flavonoids are an extensive class of organic compounds that are secondary metabolites of plants and higher fungi. From a chemical point of view, flavonoids are hydroxy derivatives of flavone, 2,3-dihydroflavone isoflavone and 4-phenylcoumarin. Since ancient times, various parts of plants have been considered as sources of biologically active substances for the treatment of various diseases and improving well-being. One of the most common flavonoids is apigenin — 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone. Apigenin is present mainly in the form of a significant amount of glycosylated substances in vegetables (parsley, celery, onion), fruits (oranges), herbs (chamomile, thyme, oregano, basil) and plant-based beverages (tea, beer and wine). This article discusses the current data of studies of anti-inflammatory, antitumor, neuroprotective and antiviral activity of apigenin. From the available data, it follows that apigenin is a promising structure showing a variety of types of biological activity, which allows it to be considered as an interesting candidate for creating new drugs based on it or for including this polyphenolic compound in complex treatment protocols as a biologically active additive.