Various Parts Of Body Research Articles

Hunter’s syndrome: a rare case report

Hunter’s syndrome also known as mucopolysaccridosis-II (MPS-II) is a very rare X-linked recessive disease. It is a chronic progressive metabolic disease. The incidence of this condition is 1 in 1, 62,000 live births, mostly males. There is excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) in the lysosome in various parts of body due to the deficiency of enzyme iduronate sulphatase (IDS) and manifests with variety of clinical signs and symptoms. Four novel mutations in IDS gene are reported among families of Hunter syndrome tested by Sanger sequencing of IDS gene.

Effects of Feed Ingredients with Different Protein-to-Fat Ratios on Growth, Slaughter Performance and Fat Deposition of Small-Tail Han Lambs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of feed ingredients with different protein-to-fat ratios on growth, slaughter performance and meat quality of Small-Tail Han lambs. Forty-five Small-Tail Han lambs (♂) (BW = 34.00 ± 2.5 kg, age = 120 ± 9 d) were randomly divided into groups with three different experimental treatments: (1) PF 5, with the ratio of protein to fat (CP:EE) of 50 to 5; (2) PF10, CP: EE = 50:10; (3) PF20, CP: EE = 50:20. Each treatment group had 15 lambs, and each sheep was a repeat. This experiment lasted for 65 days, with feed intake recorded daily, and animals being weighed on days 0, 30, and 65. At the conclusion of the experiment, eight lambs from each group were slaughtered to assess slaughter performance and meat quality. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) of the three groups were 315.27, 370.15 and 319.42 g/d, respectively. The PF10 group had the highest ADG (370.15 g) (p < 0.05). Forestomach weights (1216.88 g) of the PF10 group were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in fat percentages in various parts of body among treatments. Feed conversion of the PF10 group was higher (p < 0.05) than that of PF 5 and PF 20 groups. Furthermore, the PF10 group had a higher (p > 0.05) carcass weight and slaughter rate and there were few differences between the other groups in terms of dry matter intake, meat quality, organ weight, and fat deposition (p > 0.05). The protein-energy supplement with protein-to-fat ratio, PF10 appeared to be more desirable to promote the growth and development in Small-Tail Han Lambs.

MASSIVE PRIMARY LEIOMYOSARCOMA ON CAVUM THORAX : A VERY RARE CASE

The cavum thorax primary leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare and unusual case. leiomyosarcoma as smooth muscle carcinoma could be comes from various part of body as primary site, but in the case of cavum thorax leiomyosarcoma its estimated only 1-4 of all soft tissue sarcoma. In this report we present a 69 years old woman came to the outpatient clinic with a big lump in the chest. This lump has been felt for 1 year and was a big and bizarre looking tumor, pain was felt in the right chest with intensity of 4-5 visual analog scale. Difficulty to breath and shortness of breath was not complained by the patient, nausea and vomiting was not complained. The patient has a history of uterine tumor that has been done by surgery. Diagnostic test of Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scan and ultrasonography has been done in this patient, and show a suggestive malignant soft tissue tumor. The surgery has been done with preoperative internal mammary artery embolization to prevent massive bleeding. A 15 cm length, 9 cm wide and 500 grams of weight tumor was evacuated. The immunohistochemistry examination was performed to the tumor specimen, and the result was a leiomyosarcoma tissue. A good examination, early detection with adequate diagnostic tools and adequate surgery as the only option of treatment is a predicting factor of successful treatment, due to lack of treatment option and ineffectiveness use of adjuvant therapy.

A Clinical Study about the Frequency of Physiological Skin Changes Observed in Pregnant Females

Objective: To find out the frequency of physiological skin changes in pregnant females. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 pregnant females presenting in outpatient departments of dermatology &amp; gynaecology, obstetrics at Akhtar Saeed Trust Hospital Lahore were enrolled over a period of 1year from June 2020 till June 2021. All consenting pregnant females were enrolled in this study and pregnant females with pre-existing skin diseases and having specific dermatosis of pregnancy were excluded from this study. Detailed history was taken &amp; their complete physical &amp; dermatological examination was carried out and the findings were noted down in pre-designed performa. Results: Physiological skin changes were observed in all the patients in our study. The agr range of patients in this study was 18-35 years, the mean age being 25.06 years. The most common cutaneous manifestation observed was hyperpigmentation out of which linea nigra was commonest finding present in 92% of patients, hyperpigmentation on various parts of body in 16 %, melasma in 12% of patients and 76% of patients showed vascular changes. Practical Implications: The rationale of this study is to assess the frequency of physiological changes occurring in pregnant females. So that they can be promptly and correctly diagnosed and thus reducing the emotional and financial stress on community. Conclusion: Pregnant females suffer from a variety of physiological skin changes. Awareness &amp; recognition of these changes will help in timely diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: Pregnancy, skin physiological changes, hyperpigmentation, melasma, vascular changes

Study of Flow of Herschel-Bulkley Fluid Through an Overlapping Stenosis

In this present paper, we studied about the flow of Herschel-Bulkley fluid through an overlapping stenosis. Most of the people in today’s world are much worried about the health-related issues. One among the many diseases that is causing worry to the people is the cardiovascular diseases. The entire human body is controlled by the heart and the blood vessels, which are important in transporting the blood from heart to various parts of body and vice versa, due to the pressure variation developed when the heart extracts and contracts periodically. One of the most common cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis that occurs due to the improper flow of blood in human body. In this view, as blood flow is playing an important role in diseases related with heart, many researchers are showing interest in this area. Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that is caused due to an aberrant growth formed in lumen of an artery. It generally occurs when the human body gets habituated to unhealthy habits such as chewing tobacco, lack of exercises etc. Owing to this the characteristics of blood such as pressure distribution, shear stress on the wall, flow resistance etc. gets affected.

A Framework for Maternal Physical Activities and Health Monitoring Using Wearable Sensors.

We propose a physical activity recognition and monitoring framework based on wearable sensors during maternity. A physical activity can either create or prevent health issues during a given stage of pregnancy depending on its intensity. Thus, it becomes very important to provide continuous feedback by recognizing a physical activity and its intensity. However, such continuous monitoring is very challenging during the whole period of maternity. In addition, maintaining a record of each physical activity, and the time for which it was performed, is also a non-trivial task. We aim at such problems by first recognizing a physical activity via the data of wearable sensors that are put on various parts of body. We avoid the use of smartphones for such task due to the inconvenience caused by wearing it for activities such as “eating”. In our proposed framework, a module worn on body consists of three sensors: a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, and temperature sensor. The time-series data from these sensors are sent to a Raspberry-PI via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Various statistical measures (features) of this data are then calculated and represented in features vectors. These feature vectors are then used to train a supervised machine learning algorithm called classifier for the recognition of physical activity from the sensors data. Based on such recognition, the proposed framework sends a message to the care-taker in case of unfavorable situation. We evaluated a number of well-known classifiers on various features developed from overlapped and non-overlapped window size of time-series data. Our novel dataset consists of 10 physical activities performed by 61 subjects at various stages of maternity. On the current dataset, we achieve the highest recognition rate of 89% which is encouraging for a monitoring and feedback system.

A REVIEW OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF ORAL CAVITY AND ITS EMERGING TRENDS

Oral commensal ora consists of a wide range of micro-organisms that include eubacteria, archaea, fungi, mycoplasmas and protozoa. From oral commensals, fungi are classied as eukaryotes. Fungal species that are present as commensal inhabitants in the oral cavity but can lead to a very serious infection with broadcast to various parts of body in patients with immune-suppressed state and therefore are referred to as opportunistic pathogenic fungi . Mucor and Cryptococcus too are etiological agents of signicant number of oral infections. Clinical presentations of the fungal infections vary from pseudo-membranes, purulent swellings, erosive lesions, pustules to widespread destruction due to necrosis that may extend upto bone.(1,2) Despite advances in treatment modalities, the frequency of deaths associated with invasive candidiasis remains high and is about one-third to one-half of affected patients. (3) The candida species, adhere utilizing both specic and nonspecic mechanisms including dimorphism with direct tissue invasion &amp; extra-cellular enzymes. (7) Oral supercial candidiasis may occur in various clinical forms. Also, besides candida, the fungi that can cause deep-seated fungal infections in humans are : Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histosplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Zygomycetes class, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Penicillium marneffei, Sporotrix schenckii and Geotrichum candidum. Detection of invasive fungal disease cannot be done from isolation and identication of fungal DNA alone. At present, treatment of candidiasis, of any type, relies only on a limited arsenal of antifungal agents. (2, 7)

Prevalence of Hirsutism among Females with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Hyperthyrodism at Tertiary Care Hospital of Sindh, Pakistan

Introduction: Hirsutism is in fact unwanted growth of hairs on the various parts of body of females. Hairs arises particularly on those parts of the body on which hairs are not grown normally in females such as chin, upper lips, abdomen, legs, shoulder and back of the body. Various reasons are reported till so far for the hirsutism development. The prevalence of hirsutism was very low.&#x0D; Methodology: Across-sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital of Sindh, Pakisan for the period of 06 months. A well structured questionnaire was developed comprises on three parts. Which was given to the female students and all the participants were guided regarding filling of that proforma and Ferriman-Gallway scale was used to measure the frequency parameters of Hirsutism.&#x0D; Results: The condition of hirsutism was found among 183 participants, the distribution of hairs was quite different in all selected study subjects. 26 females had hairs on chin, 154 females had hair grown on upper lips, 24 females had hairs on lower abdomen, 13 had hairs on upper abdomen, 11 participants had hairs on arms and legs whereas only 04 girls had hair grown on their shoulders and back of the body. As far as their family background is concern 41 females were belongs to upper class, 117 females belongs to middle class while 25 females were belonging to lower class families.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of hirsutism was very much common among the females with the associated condition of Idiopathic hirsutism (53%), pulmonary chronic obstructive diseases (31.5%) and Acanthosis nigricans was the most widely recognized cutaneous finding related with hirsutism.

Epoch interrogation for skin cancer detection using convolutional neural network models

Skin cancer is very important notable disease and it is probable to everyone nowadays, it flourishes on the area of body where it exposed to ultraviolet rays. It leads anomalous gain in skin cells. It initiate on various parts of body like face, hand and bottoms of the feet as cautious hole or spot. The initial investigation of anomalous gain is essence to cure the disease at early stage, and it still remains a feasible challenge in the scientific improvements. From the analysis, this paper endeavour to inspect the category of disease with the following improvements. Initially, the skin dataset from ISIC machine archive is utilized for image processing. Secondly, the values of dataset images are normalized by dividing all the RGB values by 255. Thirdly, keras sequential API is used to add one layer at a time, initiating from the input. The CNN can extract the features that are useful for classifying the image, by using the kernel filter matrix. MaxPool reduce the computational cost by down-sampling the image, and the relu activation function is implemented to provide non linearity to the network. The flatten layer is utilized to remodel the final feature maps into 1D vector. CNN model provides accuracy of 94.83% with 3297 images and ResNet 50 model has attained accuracy of 90.78% due to less number of images used for classification. AlexNet model has attained accuracy of 81.8% with 1300 images and GoogleNet V3 inception has attained accuracy of 96% with 3374 images. Finally Vgg16 model has attained accuracy of 97.3% with 5636 samples.

Nature and Effects of Cholesterol; Its Origin, Metabolism and Characterization

Cholesterol ((3β)-cholest-5-en-3-ol) is basically a fatty component present in blood, plasma and tissues. It belongs to the class of lipids namely steroids and is formed from squalene via lanosterol. It is present as a combination of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in almost all types of foodstuffs. There is the direct relation between the risk of cardiovascular sicknesses and the total cholesterol amount in human blood. The bad- and good-cholesterol are types of lipoproteins. Good-cholesterol basically eliminates cholesterol from bloodstream while bad-cholesterol releases cholesterol into the blood and various part of body. Cholesterol amount can be reduced by physical activity or by use of proper diet. Cholesterol can be characterized by the SIM-selected ion monitoring, HPLC, UHPLC, GLC, GC-MS, LC-MS.

Human fatalities due to outdoor electrocution with animal traps

Introduction:Trapping animals with live electric wires is a practice known to be used for protecting the crops from wild animals. Unauthorized cables which are connected to the distributing system of the electricity board are laid on agricultural lands to trap animals such as wild pigs and wild boars. The serious issue is associated with this practice is the accidental entrapment of humans to these traps resulting in injury and death. Methodology:This descriptive study analyzed the socio-demographic profile of the victims, injury patterns, determined the manner of death and the judgments given by the judiciary. Results: The study includes 14 deaths recovered from the agricultural fields with electrocution injuries on which the medico-legal autopsies were conducted by the researchers in two hospitals of the southern province. All the victims were males and the majority was in the 40-60 years. Electric entry marks were present in all on various parts of body. Injury varied due to different mechanisms like trapping, wrapping and griped with the cables. Majority of victims did not have any relationship with culprits. The live wire has been removed from the scene in 10 cases and the bodies were decomposed in 5 cases. Police identified culprits in 9 cases and those were filed in the Magistrate courts and the accused were bailed out. None of the cases directed to high courts. The manner of death was concluded as an accidental. Conclusion:It is important to implement the rules and regulations against the illegal practice of trapping of animals using high voltage electrocution.

Frequency and comparison among antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in selected hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan.

To assess and compare the frequency of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. A retrospective study was conducted at the privately-owned Welfare Medical Laboratory, Peshawar, Pakistan, and comprised record related to the period between 07th February 2017 and 23rd March 2018 of patients referred for pus-testing from Khyber Teaching Hospital, Lady Reading Hospital and the Hayatabad Medical Complex. Pus samples were obtained from various parts of body with cotton swabs. The samples were cultured and the isolated staphylococcus aureus strains were analysed against selected antibiotics. The frequency of the isolated strains was tested and compared using Prism 7 software. Of the 6780 samples, staphylococcus aureus was found in 4315(63.64%). Wild-type staphylococcus aureus strains were 2133(31.46%), followed by 825(12.16%) methicillin resistant, 792(11.68%) vancomycin intermediate, and 565(8.33%) vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. The isolated strains were significant (p<0.0001) for operated wounds, and non-significant (p=0.8915) for diabetic foot cases. The frequency of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcu saureus strains was high.

Temperature-Aware Routing Using Secondary Sink in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network

Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) is a developing application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which is very useful in diagnosis of human health remotely. Tiny and smart sensors are placed inside or outside of human body which collects useful data time to time from various parts of body and send it to the corresponding medical staff or doctor. In the future, WBASN will surely make a huge change in traditional health monitoring system and will be helpful for elderly people and patients who suffer from difficult physical mobility. WBASN have many challenges while its design and one of main challenge is controlling temperature rise of sensor node during routing when placed inside human body because temperature rise beyond certain limit will be harmful for human body. The study of controlling temperature rise of sensor nodes during data routing comes under the category of Temperature Aware Routing Protocols. In this article the authors have raised a problem called “Energy Hole Problem” under Temperature Aware Routing Protocols which affects the performance of a network.

Current knowledge on the use of ultrasound measurements of fetal soft tissues for the assessment of pregnancy development.

Ultrasonography, with its detailed imaging of the fetus, is very widely used in obstetrics. The primary aim of ultrasound scanning in pregnancy is to limit the risk of obstetric complications by early detection of abnormalities, such as intrauterine growth restriction and macrosomia. Currently, morphometric formulae are used for estimating fetal weight. They utilize basic biometric parameters. However, Hadlock formula, used for fetal weight estimation, has an error rate of 20%. For this reason, researchers all over the world have been looking for other sonographic parameters correlating with fetal weight, with a higher predictive value. The current scientific reports indicate that new sonographic parameters, such as soft tissue thickness values, are useful for fetal weight assessment. The measurements can be conducted in various parts of the fetus’s body, e.g. thigh, upper arm, abdomen or the subscapular area. Different types of measurements are characterized by different levels of correlation with other sonographic and anthropometric parameters as well as body mass and gestational age. Based on the reports, numerous studies proposing new fetal weight calculation formulae have been produced. Apart from soft tissue, some more advanced and detailed measurements are taken, such as those involving adipose and lean tissue or using three-dimensional ultrasound (3D), for determining fetal weight. Ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous tissue thickness in various parts of the body may prove to be a strong predictor of fetal weight, which is useful for sonographic assessment of pregnancy.

Oral cenesthopathy – the psychological malady: Report of two cases

Cenesthopathy is characterized by bizarre or strange sensations at various parts of body, and it is common to occur at the oral area (oral cenesthopathy). In such cases, the patients seek dentists for medical care, but will mostly fail to find any causes of the disease. The nosography of oral cenesthopathy has been discussed in some case reports and reviews but is overlooked in mainstream medicine. Thus the aim of this article is to focus review on the various aspects of oral cenesthopathy with report of two cases.

Viscous and Joule's dissipation on Casson fluid over a chemically reacting stretching sheet with inclined magnetic field and multiple slips

Multiple slips are most significant in many biological processes such as blood pumping from heart to various parts of body, endoscopy treatment, distribution of food and controlling the heat transport phenomena. By considering this, in the present investigation we analysed the multiple slips and joule's dissipation on magnetic Casson fluid over a stretching surface. To control the heat and mass transport phenomena we also included the heat source or sink, chemical reaction and thermal radiation. The arising physical governing systems of partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The transformed governing equations are solved numerically by using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. We presented the numerical solutions for various governing parameters (Eckert number, Joule heating parameter, velocity, thermal and mass slip parameters etc) on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Graphical and numerical results are described for the various parameters of attention entering into the modelled problems. The present numerical results are compared with published results. It is found that the slip have propensity to control the boundary layer flow.

Obesity Treatment in Ayurveda

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com d. High Cholesterol level e. Infertility f. Cancer g. Pain in various parts of body h. Psychosocial effects And many others out of which some are not even easily curable. The various reasons for these problems can be: a. Improper/irregular diet habits b. Lack of exercise & physical activity c. Weak immune system & metabolism d. Hormonal or genetic problem e. Lack of sleep f. Stress In our routine life, every person starting from very early stages is suffering from any of the above symptoms which finally lead to weak digestive system. Food we eat not get digested properly, fats continue to store in our body & not get burned easily which ultimately leads to Obesity (Figure 1). Many people start taking medicines for weight reduction but those medications have many side effects in long run. Many other people try to have safe measures for weight loss like: a. Doing regular exercises b. Taking honey with warm water in morning c. Having sound sleep d. Reduce stress & be happy e. Having some specific juices like of Karala, Pineapple f. Having correct diet plans The above mentioned options have good impacts but not in many cases because it is not always easy to have sound sleep or being happy even if you know it is very much required. May be you are having regular exercises but still you find it ineffective. So, what next It may be due to mental tension or some hormonal problems. In these cases, our body requires internal deep healing. We at DEEP AYURVEDA provide purely herbal treatment for weight loss. It may be through various ayurvedic therapies, herbal medicines or oil massage or herbal food supplements which will help in complete deep heeling of your body which will not just help in your weight loss but will also give you a refreshing feel. All Medicines are 100% natural & self prepared under the guidance & supervision of Dr. Baldeep Kour, Medical Director. These medicines have various benefits like a. Effective weight regulator b. Inhibits Fatty acids synthesis c. Reduce bad cholesterol levels d. Reduces craving for foods e. Improves your metabolism For weight loss treatment, we recommend following Ayurvedic and Panchkarma treatment packages: a. Panchkarma Treatment Volume 4 Issue 1 2016

Abstract 1001: CD146 is a novel marker of highly tumorigenic populations and a therapeutic target in malignant rhabdoid tumor

Abstract Background: Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a rare, highly aggressive pediatric malignancy, particularly develops during infancy and early childhood. In contrast to significant advances in multimodality therapy for other pediatric malignancies, effective therapies for MRT have not been established. The origin of tumor cells in MRT has remained undetermined: however, MRT arises from various parts of body with some preference, eading to the hypothesis that MRT derives from neural crest or its derivatives. CD146 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by various neural crest-derived tissues, which has been expected to be a therapeutic target for immunotherapy against various CD146-expressing malignancies, such as melanoma and osteosarcoma. Objective: In the current study, we investigated (1) the expression of CD146 in MRT, (2) tumorigenic potential of CD146-expressing cells in MRT, (3) in vitro and in vivo effect of anti-CD146 neutralizing antibody against MRT, and (4) underlying molecular mechanisms involved in CD146 expression. Material and Method: The expression levels of CD146 in MRT cell lines and clinical samples were investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or immunohistochemical analyses. Tumor cells were then sorted by FACS according to the expression of CD146, and purified CD146+ and CD146- cells were characterized by colony-formation, sphere-formation, and invasion assays. In vivo tumorigenic potential was assessed by subcutaneous transplantation of the purified CD146+ and CD146- cells into NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull (NOG) mice. We developed rabbit anti-CD146 neutralizing antibody to investigate the effect of blocking CD146 both in vitro and in vivo. DNA microarray was performed by using purified CD146+ and CD146- cells, and the association of candidate pathways was validated by shRNA silencing or treatment of the neutralizing antibody against CD146. Results: The expression of CD146 was observed in all MRT cell lines and clinical samples. Compared to CD146- cells, CD146+ cells in MRT exhibited significantly higher colony-, and sphere-forming potential, and more invasive capacity. The data of xeno-transplant demonstrated that stable engraftment of the purified tumor cells as well as successful engraftment after serial transplantation was exclusively observed in CD146+ cell-injected mice. Furthermore, our anti-CD146 neutralized antibody effectively inhibited both in vitro proliferation and in vivo tumor formation. Microarray analysis showed that various molecular pathways were engaged in higher tumorigeneity in CD146+ cells. Details of underlying mechanisms are now under investigation. Conclusion: Our data shows that CD146 defines a distinct subpopulation with highly tumorigenic and self-renewal capacity in MRT. Notable anti-tumor effect of anti-CD146 neutralizing antibody will facilitate a novel immunotherapy for MRT. Citation Format: Seishiro Nodomi, Katsutsugu Umeda, Satoshi Saida, Yasumichi Kuwahara, Takayuki Hamabata, Tomoo Daifu, Itaru Kato, Hidefumi Hiramatsu, Ken-ichiro Watanabe, Souichi Adachi, Eiichi Konishi, Hajime Hosoi, Toshio Heike. CD146 is a novel marker of highly tumorigenic populations and a therapeutic target in malignant rhabdoid tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1001. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1001

The Perception of Biological Experience in Patients With Major Thalassemia: A Qualitative Research

Background:Thalassemia Major Disease is not only assumed as a health disorder, but also a social- economic problem in many countries. The costs of transport and preparation of drugs is considered as the greatest problems for more than 63.8% of the patients’ families.This study was conducted by aiming at describing biological experience among parents of patients with Thalassemia Major.Method:The current qualitative investigation was carried out on 32 parents of patients with Thalassemia Major and by means of unstructured interview in- depth through snowball sampling technique in 2013. The data were analyzed by conventional content analytical method.Findings:The perception of biological experience of parents of patients with Thalassemia Major were classified based on participants’ experiences into three main themes including psychological experiences, physical experiences, and social experiences. 1) Psychological (mental) experiences comprise of two subclasses of the reduced self-confidence, deficient emotions and negative emotions; 2) Physical experiences consist of three subclasses of sleeping disorders, pains in various parts of body, and limited physical activity; and 3) Social experiences includes 3 subcategories of interpersonal relations, reduced income, job, and limitation in doing tasks. 4) Treatment experiences comprise of five sub-themes including 1- Shortage of drugs, blood, and filter etc; 2- Less experienced personnel; 3- Lack of training the patients’ parents by personnel in thalassemia ward; 4- Lack of visiting patients by physician in thalassemia ward; and 5- Inappropriate behavior of personnel toward patients and their parents.Conclusion:Thalassemia Major has affected negatively on several fields of health for these patients and their parents including physical, mental, economic, and social areas. Reducing these problems requires constant interventions and surveying health and medical status of these patients.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva—primum non nocere

The article by Taslimi et al., describing their experience with a patient of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and the accompanying literature review, was informative and concise [1]. We would like to re-emphasize the age old dictum of “primum non nocere” (first, do no harm) by sharing our recent experience with this currently incurable disease. A 16-year-old male presented with insidious onset dysphagia for 20 days which was more for solids. He had a diffuse swelling over the anterior part of neck, which was hard, inflamed, red and tender. There was no preceding trauma, fever, or similar family history. Radiograph of neck showed soft tissue calcification anteriorly (asterisk), compressing the pharyngeal structures (arrow), and ossification of the neck muscles posteriorly (arrowhead, Fig. 1). Patient had hallux valgus deformity, multiple bony swellings over back thigh (Fig. 2) and a chest radiograph showed ossified paraspinal muscles (Fig. 3) and kyphoscoliosis. The boy has been symptomatic since 5 years of age with painful swelling and induration followed by ossification occurring over various parts of body either spontaneously or following trauma, predominantly involving the trunk and later the limbs as well. At presentation, he had severe restriction of movement of the neck, chest, and spine. A clinical diagnosis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva was made. He was managed with analgesics, oral steroids for acute inflammation and nasogastric tube for feeding [2]. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva presenting as dysphagia has not been reported before. The case highlights the potential for clinical diagnosis in this disease. As it has been pointed out rightly, the extreme rarity of the disease leads to frequent misdiagnoses and hence unnecessary interventions. At the community level and primary health-care level, a genetic diagnosis may not be always possible, therefore, lies the importance of clinical diagnosis. In patients presenting with unexplained heterotopic ossification, an attempt to look