Various Kinds Of Risks Research Articles

Sterility and stigma in an era of HIV/AIDS: narratives of risk assessment among men and women in Botswana.

This paper examines the experience and interpretations of infertility and sterility in northern Botswana. Specifically it highlights the role of stigma and impression management among Tswana men and women through their narratives and discourse about childbearing and personhood in an era of HIV/AIDS. The paper demonstrates that in a country with one of the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world, risky sexual practices are weighed against cultural norms that suggest being a full person and productive adult is to be a reproductive man or woman. Through longitudinal qualitative research the narratives and life histories of several individuals offer ethnographic evidence on the power of stigma. The research finds that even with ubiquitous HIV/AIDS education and prevention programmes throughout Botswana, Tswana engage in various kinds of risk taking behaviours as means through which impressions and identities as full persons of value may be managed successfully.

Modern Banking And Strategic Portfolio Management

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 34.2pt 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this research, an analysis of modern banking in a competitive environment is provided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Modern banking operations would involve dynamic strategic planning, in which a clear mission is declared, various strategies are formulated, and certain objectives and goals are placed in order. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The banking industry in various countries has gone through some evolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The growing competitive conditions, both inside and outside the industry, have influenced the banks’ investment in diverse assets and adoption of various forms of liabilities, which will be discussed here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Risk analysis, risk management, and operations under uncertainties would put a bank’s survival and/or failure under a critical observation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>This research provides a practical manual on bank investment under uncertain conditions, in which various kinds of risk are involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>While a competitive treatment of customers has always been of a critical significance to financial stability of banks, appropriate strategic decisions on investment choices and techniques have distinguished the thriving from the struggling banks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Among those alternative investment choices, one may clearly find the investment practices under varying interest-rate conditions of prime significance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The influence of cyber-technology on banks’ services, policy making, forms of money & credit, including, e-money, electronic payments, digital cash, smart cards, online banking, etc., has attracted special attention by all the stakeholders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The authors will address the following three questions: 1. What portfolio structure in a variable interest-rate environment is proven to be most profitable?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>2. What are the most appropriate products that modern banks must provide to their customers? 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>How is the task of risk management implemented by some successful banks?</span></span></p>

The Impact of Credit Risk and Implied Volatility on Stock Returns

This paper examines the possibility of using derivative-implied risk premia to explain stock returns. The rapid development of derivative markets has led to the possibility of trading various kinds of risks, such as credit and interest rate risk, separately from each other. This paper uses credit default swaps and equity options to determine risk premia which are then used to form portfolios that are regressed against the returns of stock portfolios. It turns out that both, credit risk and implied volatility, have high explanatory power in regard to stock returns. Especially the returns of distressed stocks are highly dependent on credit risk fluctuations. This finding leads to practical implications, such as cross-hedging opportunities between equity and credit instruments and potentially allows forecasting stock returns based on movements in the credit market.

Risk Based Supervision of Banks – Framework for Risk Assessment

With progressive deregulation and liberalization of the Indian financial sector, banks are increasingly exposed to various kinds of risk, both financial and non-financial. Efficiency of every bank depends on how effectively it is managing the risks and ensuring a competitive risk adjusted return on capital. For this, it is essential to have in place effective risk management and internal control systems, which are crucial to the conduct of banking business not only to lead the bank more profitably but also in compliance of prudential guidelines. In addition, a supervisor i. e. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) also looks upon the systems and practices in banks in assessing, managing and controlling risks through Risk Based Supervision (RBS), wherein the supervisory resources are directed towards the areas of greater risk to the supervisory objectives which aim at protecting the interest of depositors, stability of the banking system and development of banks as agents of economic growth. Under the RBS approach, the supervisory process would also seek to leverage the work done by internal auditors/inspectors in banks. In this regard, in August 2001, RBI had brought out a discussion paper on “Move Towards Risk-Based Supervision of Banks” in which five significant areas have been identified for action on the part of banks and Risk-Based Internal Audit (RBIA) system is one of them. This paper focuses discussion on RBIA. In this paper, it is attempted to develop the framework for risk assessment as part of RBIA. The suggested framework is easy to understand and based on the on-site audit conducted by the internal auditor/inspector. Since banks are currently busy in preparatory work relating to switch over from internal audit/inspection to RBIA, the suggested framework is lot of relevance. Researchers in Audit and Inspection may like to refine the suggested framework.

Scenario planning after 9/11: managing the impact of a catastrophic event

Managers need a framework for assessing various kinds of risk and uncertainty that will continue to confront corporate decision makers as the 9/11 event plays out over the following months and years. The authors suggest an innovative scenario process, one that provides business continuity planning and medium‐term operational planning with a more rigorous analytical grounding, but without overburdening the process with excessive and ultimately counter‐productive complexity. The authors have introduced alternative scenario‐based tools to respond to this specific need for continuity assurance and near‐term operations planning. Case one: business continuity planning (BCP) for the management of one leading global financial services firm committed to a process of identifying and remedying gaps in the recoverability of its key assets. Workshops developed strategies that would close unacceptable asset recovery gaps in two scenarios. Case two: medium term operational planning for a professional services firm in the weeks that followed 9/11 evaluated the plausible range of impacts on their business and operations as the USA and the world took action and terrorist groups responded further. Case three: three years ago the US Coast Guard developed scenarios for very long range strategic planning for their long view project. The Coast Guard developed ten basic strategies from these scenarios. The fourth strategy was “Acquire full maritime domain awareness”. The goal was to give the Coast Guard the ability to acquire, track, and identify in real time any vessel or aircraft entering America’s maritime domain. Maritime domain awareness (MDA) turned out to be highly relevant for USCG decision making both before and after 9/11. Of all the major US federal services involved in the 9/11 response operation, the Coast Guard was singled out for its agility and preparedness.

Rethinking Risk Management: The Combination of Financial and Industrial Risk

At the dawn of the new millennium, risk management is taking a different route. International corporations as well as (re-)insurance companies are increasingly turning their focus to shareholder value and the optimization of their company’s value, based primarily on return on capital and the stability and growth of future earnings. The industrial insurance market has experienced a transition from regulated national markets (product and price regulation) towards almost total deregulation. One consequence is the convergence between the insurance and banking industries often referred to as bancassurance. The result is the rapid development of new solutions for the financing of various aspects of risk. Insurance programmes have started to extend their coverage to risks that have traditionally not been insurable. Capital market products such as options, swaps and bonds, which were the domain of banks, have been adopted for the transfer of underwriting risk. Industrial insurance companies have started to place non-life underwriting risks directly into the capital market, such as earthquake and storm securitization. Across North America and increasingly in Europe and Asia, (re-)insurers are striving to extend their product range into the sphere of alternative risk transfer (ART). They are using new financial engineering techniques to release hidden values on companies’ balance sheets, aiming to serve their clients better and to afford themselves more flexibility in dealing with the marketplace of the 21 st century. The recent development and the expected increase in alternative risk financing allow large multinational corporations to choose freely from national and global markets and challenge industrial insurance companies to excel in the development of products which provide risk management solutions. Risk managers today are faced with an ever-greater range of risks, which demand new innovative solutions. International companies are exposed to various kinds of risk. Traditionally, the risk manager was responsible for looking after operating risks, whereas it was the chief financial officer (CFO)’s responsibility to deal with financial risks. Finally, it was the chief executive(CEO)’s task to handle business risk by developinga successful strategyto compete in the market. It is therefore not surprising, that although every individual developed the ‘‘right’’ strategy for one risk, the overall, company-wide risk strategy was sub-optimal. This approach often resulted in internal conflicts between the various strategies. Today, international companies are primarily concerned with protecting their bottom-line earnings and balance sheets against all non-core business risk. They are also looking for innovative ways to raise

石油開発会社の財務リスクマネジメント

Oil exploration and production industry faces more business risk than any other industry and therefore the risk management comes to be specially important for it. It may be helpful to recognize the kinds of the risk in this business and to understand how much which risk can be controlled by what kind of measure and which risk cannot be done so. At first it is important to make a quantitative analysis of the various risk in the E&P business. Risk management can be done as a risk control and a risk hedge. The typical risk control measure is the JNOC's financial support and risk hedge can be done in terms of currency risk hedge and oil price hedge. There are several ways of market risk hedge using financial derivatives such as SWAP, FLOOR and COLLAR. When we see the various kinds of risk in E&P business through its life span, we can understand the significance of the risk management.

Perceptional Biases in Risk Valuation under Small Probability and Catastrophic Loss

In this study we define “perceptional biases” as the differences between original probability or loss for various kinds of risks and subjective risk valuation by decision-makers. We measured these perceptional biases by observing personal behavior for life insurance and earthquake insurance, and for choosing transportation mode after air crash, by comparing original probability or loss of the risk, especially with small probability and catastrophic loss. As a result, we found that people have actually perceived the loss of risk as two or three times as original loss, and that people have perceived the probability of risk in different ways due to the type of the risk.

World patent information: Brown W. H. Trends in Patent Renewals at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. 17 (4), 225–234

Cotton farmers have to deal with various kind of environmental and production risks. Risk attitude and perceptions play an important role in shaping farmers' decision regarding farm operations and management of exposed risks. Research on various aspects of managing risks in developing countries is few. Hence, keeping in view the research gap, this study aims to investigate the farmers' attitude and perceptions of various kinds of risks to which cotton crop is exposed in Pakistan. This study is based on a farm household survey of 480 farmers in six cotton belt districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. Equally Likely Certainty Equivalent (ELCE) and risk matrix methods are used to determine risk attitude and risk perceptions respectively. In addition, factor affecting farmers' attitude and perceptions are also analyzed by using probit model. The findings of the study revealed that that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and reported flood, excessive rainfall, increased incidents of crop diseases and higher input prices as major risks exposed to their cotton crop. Furthermore, study found that age, education, location, off-farm income and access to market information are the factors which significantly (either positively or negatively) affect the farmers' risk perceptions and attitude. Study provides useful firsthand information to researchers and policy makers about the local understanding of risks to cotton crop in a developing country which could be used for research on farmers’ adaptation to exposed risks.

Old age security and the defense of social norms

This paper identifies various kinds of risk and uncertainty observable in rural areas of developing countries and explains the relative importance of those pertaining to disability and old age. It compares the modern system (based on old age pensions and social security) for mitigating or coping with these risks with the traditional intrafamilial support mechanisms. The paper concludes that, when the traditional system is functioning smoothly, it can address these needs at far lower cost than the modern system. The efficiency and viability of the traditional system can be considerably enhanced by the presence of social norms, on the one hand, and of strategic instruments in the hands of household heads, on the other. Since both of these defenses are often undermined prematurely by modernizing influences, the paper identifies possible actions for avoiding or postponing the effects of such influences.

Risks in the built environment

There are good statistics for deaths in transport accidents, fires, and from accidents in the home in Great Britain, and considerable (but less comprehensive) information about injuries and material damage. Information about the causes of these events is much more scanty, and little is known about the long-term effects of accidental injury. The available data are reviewed and the nature, magnitude and frequency of various kinds of risks are analysed for different age groups and in relation to environmental and other factors. The contribution of ‘volun­tary’ actions (notably alcohol and smoking) is assessed. Finally, the extent to which both actual and perceived risk can be modified by education, engineering (modifying the design of roads, vehicles, aircraft, homes and fittings), and the enforcement of regulations and control systems is evaluated. While costs cannot easily be measured, false perceptions of risk can lead to wasteful investment, and education and information are essential if resources are to be deployed where they will do most good.

Pengaruh Risiko Kredit Dan Risiko Likuiditas Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Bank BUMN

Banks in carrying out their operations are certainly not free from various kinds of risks. Bank business risk is the uncertainty regarding an outcome that is expected or expected to be received. Non Performing Loan (NPL) Is a financial ratio related to credit risk. Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) is a ratio that measures a Bank's ability to meet its obligations. This study aims to determine the effect of credit risk (NPL), liquidity risk (LDR) partially and simultaneously on profitability as indicated by the ROA (Return to Assets) ratio using multiple linear regression tests for state-owned banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015- 2019. This type of research is descriptive research with secondary data derived from the financial statements of listed BUMN banks and obtained directly from the website on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses data from 2015-2019 with a sample size of 4 Bumn Banks from a total population of 20 Bumn Banks. The results of this study indicate that; 1) Credit Risk (NPL) simultaneously affects profitability partially; 2) Partially liquidity risk (LDR) has no effect on profitability; and 3) Credit Risk and Liquidity Risk simultaneously affect profitability.

Control of a portfolio of insurance Contracts

1.1. In this paper we shall consider a given portfolio of insurance contracts, and we shall study the following two problems:(i) How should this portfolio be reinsured?(ii) What reserves should the company maintain to pay claims which will be made under the contracts in the portfolio?This means that we shall ignore all questions as to how the company acquired the portfolio, i.e. some of the most important questions concerning management control of insurance companies, such as rating policy, underwriting control etc.1.2. Even the two simple problems, which are singled out for study in this paper, cannot be solved unless we specify the objectives and the external circumstances of the company.It is obvious that the reinsurance problem cannot be solved unless we know something about the company's “attitude to risk”, and about the cost of obtaining cover for various kinds of risk in the reinsurance market.It is also obvious that we cannot solve the reserve problem unless we specify the safety requirements, which the company has to satisfy. We shall see in the following that we may also have to specify the portfolios, which the company expects to underwrite in the future.