Various Kinds Of Liquids Research Articles

Rapid fabrication of superamphiphobic surface on AZ91D Mg alloys with re-entrant structures

Developing spray/template-free superamphiphobic surfaces that can resist various kinds of liquids is crucial for academic study and practical demands. In spite of significant evolution, facilely fabricating superamphiphobic surfaces remains a daunting challenge due to the practical dilemma of the time-consuming preparation process and the guarantee of wettability performance. Herein, a facile magnetron-sputtering-assisted chemical deposition technique is advanced to constitute hierarchical dendritic fractal structures on AZ91D Mg alloys that showcase remarkable biomimicry while significantly contributing to superamphiphobicity through extended re-entrant structures. As well as demonstrating promising chemical stability, such surfaces can display exceptional resistance to water and ethylene glycol. The approach employed to create such instrumental superamphiphobic surfaces offers substantial benefits in affordability and efficiency. Remarkably, the entire preparation process only takes 26 min, presenting a novel method for preparing superamphiphobic surfaces.

Investigation of partially transparent and high-density two-phase liquids using laser interference method

The purpose of the present work was to investigate partially transparent and high-density two-phase liquids using the laser interference method to establish the limits of applicability of this method. The results of the work include the interference fringe patterns of drops when using various kinds of liquids, the calculated drop sizes. The calculation of inaccuracies was also carried out to further establishing the limits of applicability of this method.

The Nutritional Knowledge of Pregnant Women

Abstract Introduction. Rational nutrition of women during pregnancy has a great influence on the developing fetus. In the properly developing pregnancy, woman should eat 3-4 quality meals per day. What is more, for the proper development of the fetus, as well as the placenta, uterus and the mammary gland, it is necessary to consume high-value protein products. Moreover, vitamins and mineral compounds are important due to the serious implications that arise if not properly provided. Aim. The aim of the paper is to assess the nutritional practices, the level of knowledge held by pregnant women with respect to proper nourishment practices, and to define the influence of level of formal education achieved upon this issue. Material and methods. The research involved 87 pregnant women who were under the care of the outpatient women's health centre and high-risk pregnancy unit of the Regional Specialist Hospital in Biała Podlaska. Results and discussion. According to most of the female respondents, information concerning proper nutrition of pregnant women is not generally available. Because of this, in completing the questionnaire, more than half of the subjects stated that they often consume white bakery products, white rice and refined pasta - with insufficient consumption of brown bread, rice and wholemeal pasta. Furthermore, while the respondents seem to consume the proper amount of potatoes, barely 8% consume other vegetables with the advised frequency. Moreover, only 31% of the respondents take-in fruits in necessary quantities. However, a majority of them frequently consume milk, yoghurt, cheese, kefir and buttermilk; plus, more than half of the respondents drink at least 1-2 litres of various kinds of liquids per day. Our results also reveal that they very rarely consume fresh fish, poultry and red beef meat, preferring cooked products. Indeed, the respondents stated that they consume meat and fish mainly in a fried form, while 52.9% of the women take-in fast food products. Of note, the surveyed women prefer animal fats. In addition, nearly 70% of the subjects consume too many eggs. Furthermore, more than 40% consume an excessive amount of sugar and sweets. To conclude, the proper amount of meals is consumed by only 52.7% of the respondents, no matter their formal education level. Conclusions. Many abnormalities were found while verifying negatively the hypothesis, according to which, level of formal education achieved has an impact on the increase of consciousness in terms of proper nourishment during the pregnancy.

Translation of Dilute Soluble Contaminants to Wafers during Spin Coating

In this work, we developed a mathematical model to quantify the translation of soluble contaminants from bulk liquid chemicals to the surface of wafers during spin coating. We tested various kinds of liquids, including those used in application of photo-resist as well as wafer cleaning and surface preparation. To validate the model, dilute polymer solutions with different concentrations were deposited onto spinning wafers, where they flowed outward and then evaporated. We used ellipsometry to determine the mass of contaminant left behind on the wafers. The levels of deposited contaminants increased with concentration in the bulk liquid and decreased with spin speed. The model well predicted the experimental data and thus allows for estimation of contaminant translation during spin coating.

Development of primary standard for hydrocarbon flow and traceability system of measurement in Japan

It is of importance to establish the hydrocarbon flow standard which acts as the basis for vast dealings and taxation for hydrocarbons, enforcement of the policy on energy savings and high quality management of industries. As a result of investigation into calibration methods, reliability, and effectiveness, the specification of the national primary standard and the traceability system for hydrocarbon flow in Japan was designed. We took the technical initiative in establishing the traceability system using JCSS (Japan Calibration Service System) as basis of the national primary standard in the limited region of flow rates and various kinds of liquids. The national primary standard of high accuracy and safety has been developed. This project was evaluated through verification of international consistency by way of international key comparisons.

Observation on rapid transient explosive boiling under pulsed-laser heating*

Abstract Using various kinds of liquids (pure acetone, binary mixtures in various volume fractions of ethanol and acetone) as working liquids, the experiments of rapid transient explosive boiling induced by pulsed-laser irradiation are carried out. The temperature field on a microsecond scale is measured, and the behavior of bubbles is observed and captured by a microscopic camera system. The extreme characteristics that differ from those in normal boiling are clearly revealed. The influence of working liquid species, volume fraction of the mixture, nanoparticles added in the working liquid and the laser irradiation parameters on the boiling behavior are also studied.

Temperature dependence of low-frequency responses in various kinds of liquids

The low-frequency responses of various kinds of liquids have been investigated by Raman scattering experiment and optical Kerr effect measurement as a function of temperature. It is found that the low-frequency responses of the liquids investigated can be classified into three categories according to the spectral shape and the temperature dependence. The origin of the temperature dependence in each type of liquid is discussed in terms of the intra- and/or intermolecular nature.

Heat transfer and the low limit of film boiling

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of film boiling heat transfer. Particular emphasis is given to heat transfer characteristics of film boiling in various kinds of liquids including liquid metals and to the enhancement of the low limit, T min, of film boiling for improving and controlling the cooling process. Experimental data of both liquid metals and nonmetallic liquids are compared with theoretical relationships of film boiling heat transfer. Intermittent and local liquid-solid contacts, which are directly detected, cause an earlier onset of transition from film to transition boiling during the cooldown of high-temperature metals coated with a thin layer of low thermal conductivity material. A model to evaluate the enhancement of T min is also mentioned.

Low-threshold semiconductor Raman laser

A semiconductor Raman laser using the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode of GaP has a very low threshold compared to the transverse optical (TO) phonon mode of GaP and even compared to simulated Raman scatterings in various kinds of liquids and insulating solid materials. The lowest threshold value of the pulsed input optical power is 8 kW ( 5 \times 10^{6} W/cm2) at room temperature. Far infrared radiation (24.8 μm) has been generated by placing both GaP with the LO phonon mode and GaAs with the TO phonon mode in a Fabry-Perot resonator. The maximum far infrared power has been 3 W.

WETTABILITY OF WOOL ASSEMBLIES

Wool fibers purified by scouring show intensive water repellency caused by the epicuticle of the surface scale. Therefore wool assemblies absorb no water even when they are immersed statically for a long time in water at ambient temperature.In this study, wool assemblies were immersed in various kinds of liquids to find the wetting condition. Changes of wetting behaviour with the degree of porosity of wool assembly were discussed.The experimental procedures and the appraisals of wettability of sample wool assembly are as follows.Sample assemblies suspended from a strain gauge were immersed into liquid. Apparent weights of the sample assembly in the liquid were followed by the strain gauge as a function of elapsed time and the relations between retained air index (Va/Vc) and elapsed time were obtained. Rapid convergence of Va/Vc value to zero means the high wettability of the sample assembly.The results are as follows:1) In distilled water, the water did not enter into assembly, regardless of temperature and degree of porosity.2) In the mixtures of water and ethanol in various ratios, penetration of the liquid became fast in proportion to the decrease of surface tension of the liquid. In 55vol.% ethanol solution, of which surface tension was 31.2dyne/cm, Va/Vc value converged to zero, very rapidly. From these facts, we suggest that C. S. T. value of wool surface is in the range 30 to 35dyne/cm.3) In surfactant solutions of different concentrations, the penetration rate increased in proportion to the concentration. But in the dilute concentration range below the critical micelle concentration, the penetration of liquid was very slow.4) In tetrachloroethylene, penetration completed within a few second, at any degree of porosity. The solvent shows excellent permeability to the wool assembly.

Free Volume Theory of Viscosity

The Doolittle free volume equationη=A exp (Bv0/vf), (1)which was first proposed for the viscosity of n-alkanes, is widely accepted as the viscosity equation for various kinds of liquids and polymeric substances. However, Bueche modified it according to a normal coordinate computation for the thermal motion of a simple array of molecules connected by Hookian springs, and derived the following equationη=A exp{B(v0/vf)2}. (2)The purpose of the present study is to clarify the theoretical background for the free volume representation of the liquid viscosity from the view-point of the thermal fluctuation theory.The probability that the thermal fluctuations of energy and volume will amount to ΔE and ΔV respectively in a small, but macroscopic system which is a part of a large macroscopic system, is denoted by prob. (ΔE, ΔV). By a simple thermodynamic computation, it is given byProb. (ΔE, ΔV)∝exp[-1/2kT0{1/CvT(ΔE)2+(p2/CvT-2αp/CvκT+Cp/CvVκT)(ΔV)2+(2p/CvT-2α/CvκT)(ΔE)(ΔV)}]. (3)in which Cv and Cp are the specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure respectively, α the thermal expansion coefficient, and κT the isothermal compressibility. Then, the probability that the volume fluctuation is larger than a certain critical value ΔV* and the energy fluctuation is within the range of average root mean square isProb. (ΔV>ΔV*, ΔE_??_√(ΔE)2)≅1/√2πγ√(ΔV)2e/ΔV*-γ/2(ΔV*)2/(ΔV)2, (4)where γ is the ratio of the specific heat.We consider a liquid system which is composed of N rigid sphere molecules in the potential field of square-well type, χ(V)=-(V0/V)χ0, where V0 is an occupied volume and χ0=-χ(V0). According to a simple statistical mechanical computation the mean square value (ΔV)2 will run as:(ΔV)2=-kT(∂V/∂p)T≅1/N(Vf)2. (5)in which Vf is the free volume, V-V0. After further computation the following viscosity-free volume equation is obtained:γ/2(Δv*/vf)2 γ/2(vv/vf)2η=Ae =Ae, (6)where the critical volume required for the shift of a molecule, Δv*, is assumed to be nearly equal to the occupied volume per molecule, v0.Equation (6) shows that logη is proportional to the square of the reciprocal of the free volume fraction, and this relation is the same as that obtained from Bueche's normal coordinate theory. The value of the parameter B in equation (2) is (γ/2) in the author's equation, and differs from the value of Bueche, (9/π).In conclusion, the modified Doolittle equation, η=A exp{B(v0/vf)2}derived from the thermal fluctuation theory is in accordance with Bueche's result obtained from the normal coordinate theory, and against Cohen and Turnbull's theory.