Various Concentrations Of Extracts Research Articles

Formulation and Determination of Tannin and Flavonoid Levels of Anti-Acne Gel Formulation from Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum)

Acne is a common skin condition that often occurs among teenagers and adults aged 18-23 years. Acne can be triggered by several factors, genetic, psychological, weather, stress, cosmetics, and bacterial infections. In addressing the problem of acne, a good dosage form to use is a gel preparation. Acne skin care by utilizing natural ingredients, one of which is red betel leaf. Red betel leaf contains phytochemical compounds, namely tannins and flavonoids, which function as antibacterial agents. The formulation of anti-acne gel is designed by varying the concentration extract, F0 (0%), F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%), with the aim of determining the best anti-acne gel formulation. Red betel leaf extract is tested for tannin and flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer test method. The gel preparation is examined, including organoleptic testing, pH testing, homogeneity testing, and spreading testing. The research results show that red betel leaf extract has a tannin content of 4.7056% and a flavonoid content of 0.0934%. The results of the anti-acne gel preparation study meet the requirements for organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, and spreading. Based on the results of various concentrations of extract, satisfactory results are obtained, with formulations F2 and F3 meeting the requirements.Acne; Gel; Extract; Piper crocatum

The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Achillea millefolium L. extracts on Clostridioides difficile ribotype 001 in human intestinal epithelial cells

BackgroundClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common health care-acquired infections. The dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile isolates has led to growing demand to seek new alternative medicines against CDI. Achillea millefolium L. extracts exhibit strong biological activity to be considered as potential therapeutic agents. In this work, the inhibitory effects of A. millefolium, its decoction (DEC) and ethanol (ETOH) extracts, were investigated on the growth of C. difficile RT001 and its toxigenic cell-free supernatant (Tox-S) induced inflammation and apoptosis.MethodsPhytochemical analysis of extracts was performed by HPLC and GC analysis. The antimicrobial properties of extracts were evaluated against C. difficile RT001. Cell viability and cytotoxicity of Caco-2 and Vero cells treated with various concentrations of extracts and Tox-S were examined by MTT assay and microscopy, respectively. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of extracts were assessed in Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells by RT-qPCR.ResultsAnalysis of the phytochemical profile of extracts revealed that the main component identified in both extracts was chlorogenic acid. Both extracts displayed significant antimicrobial activity against C. difficile RT001. Moreover, both extracts at concentration 50 µg/mL had no significant effect on cell viability compared to untreated cells. Pre-treatment of cells with extracts (50 µg/mL) significantly reduced the percentage of Vero cells rounding induced by Tox-S. Also, both pre-treatment and co-treatment of Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells with extracts significantly downregulated the gene expression level of IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, iNOS, Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 and upregulated the expression level of Bcl-2.ConclusionThe results of the present study for the first time demonstrate the antimicrobial activity and protective effects of A. millefolium extracts on inflammatory response and apoptosis induced by Tox-S from C. difficile RT001 clinical strain in vitro. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential application of A. millefolium extracts as supplementary medicine for CDI prevention and treatment in clinical setting.

Phytochemical Studies, Anti-Oxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Properties of Four Medicinal Plants

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder, is characterized by polyarthralgia and joint dysfunction resulting from autoimmune responses that target self-neoepitopes. These attacks lead to the activation of macrophages and other defense cells. By identifying these self-epitopes as biomarkers in RA, researchers have gained valuable insights into the disease’s pathogenesis. Over the years, research has focused on investigating the potential of medicinal plants as antiinflammatory agents. In this study, a hydroethanolic extract of Saraca asoca, Ficus benghalensis, Chenopodium album, and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. Various concentrations of extracts were utilized to assess phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, in-vitro anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The highest scavenging potential was exhibited by Chenopodium album, as assessed by the DPPH assay (90.32 ± 3.2 %) and H2O2 (86.00 ± 1.94 %). Similarly, the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed (92.23 ± 0.83 %) inhibition in membrane stabilization assay, and (91.49 ± 1.03 %) in protein denaturation inhibition capacity. GCMS analysis showed various phytoconstituents in extracts. In order to confirm its therapeutic potential for treating RA, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may be a better drug candidate that needs to be further researched for mechanistic studies.

Acaricidal activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Cleistanthuscollinus(Roxb.) Benth. Ex Hook.f

Ticks are parasitic haematophagus arthropods playing a major role in disease transmission among human and animals. Effective tick control is mainly accomplished through widespread use of chemical acaricides, which have a negative impact on environment, humans, and animals due to their toxicity and indiscriminate use leads to resistance developement. So, there arise an essentiality for development of safer, eco-friendly methods for control of acarine parasites. The present study was conducted to identify phytochemicals in methanolic extract of leaves of Cleistanthus collinus. and its acaricidal activity against Haemophysalis bispinosa. Leaves of C. collinus were harvested at the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy campus in Thrissur, Kerala, India. They were shade-dried, ground into a powder, and extracted using methanol. A rotary vacuum evaporator was used to concentrate extract, and FTIR, GCMS, and qualitative phytochemical screening were carried out. Acaricidal activity was determined by adult immersion assay by accounting for various entomological parameters such as per cent adult mortality, index of egg laying and percent inhibition of fecundity using various concentrations of extract. Phytochemical analysis detected presence of steroids, alkaloids, glycosoides, flavonoids, terpenoids, in methanolic extract of C.collinus leaves. GC–MS analysis confided presence of Dianhydromannitol,Diethyl phthalate, Cyclooctasiloxane, Benzophenone, Dodecanoic acid, Tetradecanoicacid, Hexadecenoic acid, among many compounds. FTIR analysis ascertained presence of various functional groups like aldehydes, sulfoxides, phenol, vinyl ether and aliphatic ketones. There was cent per cent mortality of ticks in all doses tested. Index of egg laying was found to be zero and maximum inhibition of fecundity was observed in higher concentrations. IC50 found to be 30.84 mg/mL. From results, it was clear that methanolic extract of leaves of C.collinus induced very early adult tick mortality. It was apparent that methanolic extract of C.collinus leaves flaunted potent acaricidal activity against H. bispinosa and can be used to develop a potent ectoparasiticide.

Ethnobotanical Survey and Cercaricidal Activity Screening of Medicinal Plants Used for Schistosomiasis Treatment in Atwima-Nwabiagya District, Ashanti Region, Ghana.

This study focused on documenting and evaluating the cercaricidal activity of medicinal plants used for schistosomiasis treatment in an endemic area in Ghana. Through semistructured questionnaires, personal interviews with herbalists in communities surrounding the Barekese dam in the Atwima-Nwabiagya district, where the disease is endemic, were carried out. Thirty medicinal plants distributed in 19 families were reported to be used for schistosomiasis treatment in the survey. Information on the plants, including scientific names, common names, families, and the used plant part were recorded. The families Apocynaceae and Euphorbiaceae recorded the highest number of plants (14% each), followed by Asteraceae (10%), Loranthaceae (7%), and Rubiaceae (7%). In vitro cercaricidal activity of methanol extracts of nine out of the thirty plants was performed by exposing human Schistosoma mansoni cercariae obtained from Biomphalaria pfeifferi to various concentrations of extracts over a duration of 240 minutes. All the plants tested demonstrated time- and concentration-dependent cercaricidal activity. With lethality being set at <1000 μg/mL, the cercaricidal activity in order of decreasing potency was as follows: Withania somnifera (LC50 = 1.29) > Balanites aegyptiaca (LC50 = 7.1) > Xylia evansii (LC50 = 11.14) > Jathropha multifida (LC50 = 12.9) > Justicia flava (LC50 = 22.9) > Anopyxis klaineana (LC50 = 182.81) > Ximenia americana (LC50 = 194.98) > Loranthus lecardii (LC50 = 223.87) > Bridelia tenufolia (LC50 = 309.03) > Zanthoxylium zanthoxyloides (LC50 = 851.94). Phytochemicals, including alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, saponins, phytosterols, and flavonoids were identified in the plants. The result of this study gives scientific credence to the traditional use of these plants in the treatment of schistosomiasis and proves that the rich botanical knowledge of medicinal plants provides an incredible starting point for the discovery of new anti-schistosomal drugs for the local population.

The Effect of Hot Water Extract of Pluchea indica Leaf Powder on the Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Wet Noodles

Powdered Pluchea indica Less leaves have been utilized as herbal tea, brewing of pluchea tea in hot water has antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, because of phytochemical compound content, namely tannins, alkaloids, phenol hydroquinone, phenolics, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and sterols. Using of this extract on food, such as jelly drinks, buns, and soymilk can increase functional values and influence physic, chemical, and sensory characteristics of food. The study was carried out to assess the effect of various concentration of pluchea tea on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of wet noodles. A one-factor randomized design was applied with pluchea tea at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% (w/v). Physical properties analyzed included water content, swelling index, cooking loss, color and texture. Chemical properties measured were bioactive contents of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals and to reduce iron ions. Sensory properties determined were taste, texture, color, aroma and overall acceptance. The addition of various concentrations of extract offers significantly effects on parameters of physical, chemical and sensory properties of noodles, except color (redness, chroma and hue), cooking loss, water content, swelling index and aroma. Using of 10% (w/v) of pluchea tea resulted in the best sensory properties such as color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance with the scores of 5.62 (slightly like), 5.45 (slightly like), 5.46 (somewhat like), 6.53 (like), and 6.53 (like), respectively. Generally, the study concluded that wet noodles can be made by adding pluchea tea at 10% (w/v). Dried samples TPC, TFC, DPPH free radical scavenging and iron ion reducing power were 82.84 mg GAE/kg, 62.44 mg CE/kg, 130.68 mg GAE/kg and 51.33 mg GAE/kg, respectively.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FORMULATION, AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL HERBAL SOAP USING CURCUMA AMADA ROXBURGH AND PRUNUS DULCIS

Objective: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxburgh) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, a type of annual plant. It is commonly used for culinary and therapeutic purposes, which also has the maximum amount of health benefits. The main objective of the study is formulation of antifungal herbal soap which is alternate to chemical products. Methods: In the present study, aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform extract of mango ginger were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and determined the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Furthermore, the ash and moisture content of the rhizome was analyzed. The aqueous extract of mango ginger is used in the GC-MS study to identify the compounds present in the mango ginger. The oil was extracted from mango ginger and subjected to antifungal activity by the well-diffusion method against three fungi, namely, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, and Candida albicans. Using the extracted mango ginger oil and almond oil, antifungal Herbal Soap is formulated. Result: This study shows that aqueous extract of mango ginger has a greater number of carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity than other extracts. Antifungal activity is observed at various concentrations of extract, which shows that the highest zone of inhibition is 1.4 cm for C. auris. The formulated soap has a good aroma, and color – mustard yellow. This soap is base in nature and its pH is 8.9. Conclusion: According to the above studies, the formulated antifungal herbal soap may rectify the problems of fungal skin infections.

Antihelminthic Activity of Lophira Lanceolata on Heligmosomoides polygyrus Using an Automated High-Throughput Method.

There are about 13 parasitic infections that are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality but have not received the attention they deserve; thus, they are now known as "neglected tropical diseases" (NTDs). This study was aimed at evaluating the antihelminthic activities of Lophira lanceolata using an automated high-throughput method. The antihelminthic activity effect of the extracts against H. polygyrus was determined using an automated high-throughput method. For the egg-hatching test, 100 μL of embryonated egg suspension (60 eggs) was added to 100 μL of various concentrations of extracts, levamisole, and 1.5% DMSO in a 96-well round-bottom microtitre plate. After mixing, the 96-well microplate was placed in WMicroTracker and incubated for 24 h at 25°C; the movements were recorded every 30 minutes. The same procedure was used for the larval motility assays, where 100 μL of L1 or L2 larvae (50 larvae) were put in contact with 100 μL of various concentrations of extracts. The ovicidal activity (hatching) had an IC50 of 1.4 mg/mL for the ethanol extract. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of L. lanceolata showed larvicidal activity on the L1 larvae with IC50 of 1.85 mg/mL and 2.4 mg/mL, respectively, as well as on the L2 larvae with IC50 values of 1.08 mg/mL and 1.02 mg/mL for the aqueous and ethanol extracts, respectively. These results showed that the aqueous extract exhibited a stronger inhibitory power on the hatching rate of parasites than ethanol extracts, while the contrary effect was observed for the larval motility assays. This study provides scientific data on the use of L. lanceolata by the local population for the treatment of helminthiases. However, in vivo and toxicity tests are necessary to assess its activity and safety.

Nepeta paulsenii Briq. inhibits hepatic toxicity in albino rats: Phytochemical analysis and chemical profiling

Nepeta paulsenii is a less explored plant found in the South-Eastern hilly region of Pakistan. Local people consider it a medicinal plant. The protective effect of methanol extract of N. paulsenii leaves on carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) tempted liver damage in male rats was assessed. Forty-eight rats were equally divided into 8 groups and various concentrations of extract + CCl4 were induced for 30 days. Crude methanolic extract of N. paulsenii plant was examined through phytochemical analyses and gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometre (GC–MS) before biological testing on albino rats. Phytochemical analysis of extract showed coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and betacyanins, while GC–MS results revealed the existence of several compounds belonging to diverse classes, responsible for the hepatoprotective attribute of N.paulsenii. CCl4 exposure substantially decreased the antioxidant enzymes activity while increased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reactive oxygen species levels. A remarkable increase in the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels was observed in CCl4 treated rats. Comet-parameters were observed after CCl4 administration. N. paulsenii extract administration substantially improved the antioxidant enzyme activity, hepatic markers as well as comet parameters and reversed the CCl4 induced histopathological damages. The results revealed that N. paulsenii has therapeutic effects against CCl4-induced liver damages.

Study on developmental biochemical characteristics of Leishmania donovani promastigote and inhibitory effect of Achyranthes aspera Linn plant extract on it

Leishmania donovani is an obligatory intracellular digenetic parasite transmitted by insects, causing serious global health problems as it is endemic to most developing countries. Extensive use of antimony compounds as drugs poses high toxicity and cost; therefore, herbal medicine has identified a position. This study explored the developmental and biochemical characteristics of L. donovani promastigote and the effect of ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn (Amaranthaceae) plant on it. The parasites were incubated at 2.5×106 cells/well for 72 h at 23 °C in the presence of various concentrations of extract (µg/mL) dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with sterile phosphate-buffered saline and 1% DMSO as negative controls and meglumine antimoniate as positive control. Friedman’s repeated measures analysis showed that 96hr of development is the junction point in promastigotes ontogeny. Post 96hr, it grows with a long stationary phase with higher enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione (oxidized and reduced). Total protein estimated showed a linear relationship (R2 = 0.999). Phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, fixed oil and fats, saponin, tannin and phenolic compounds. It showed an effectual free radical scavenging in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with an inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 61.70 µg/ml. At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, the plant extract completely inhibited the promastigotes in vitro while at 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, the survival level declined by 25-50%. These findings corroborate the ethnopharmacological use of this plant for the treatment of leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani.

Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous activities of ethanol and hexane extracts of Urochloa ramosa

Urochloa ramosa is known for its environmental benefits such as stabilization and reclamation of polluted soils, in agriculture to control root-knot nematodes infecting crops, in medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases, duodenal ulcer, hyperglycemia, nephritis and snake bites. Qualitative analyses of phytochemicals in ethanol and hexane extracts were performed by standard methods. In vitro anti-microbial assay was performed against gram positive bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative bacteria viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and fungus Candida albicans by disc diffusion method. Hexane extract of Urochloa ramosa was found to be 70% effective against Candida albicans indicating potent antifungal property. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was performed by albumin denaturation assay, proteinase inhibition activity assay and membrane stabilization assay using various concentrations of extracts with Aspirin and Diclofenac sodium as standard. Heat induced protein denaturation was considerably prevented by ethanol and hexane extract at concentrations between 200-500 µg/ml resulting in 60 and 62% inhibition respectively. Heat induced haemolysis of erythrocyte was remarkably inhibited (59 and 68 % respectively) at concentration of 500 µg/ml. 62 and 65 % Hypotonicity induced haemolysis was also inhibited between concentration of 300-500 µg/ml in both extracts respectively. Inhibition of formation of new blood vessels by Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay proved anti-angiogenic effects of extracts. Purification, characterization and structural elucidation of bioactive molecules present in ethanol and hexane extracts are needed to be explored further for assessment of better biological activites than crude extract.

Studies on Cytotoxic and Genotoxic potential of Ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis leaves

Lawsonia inermis is widely known as henna and belongs to Lythraceae family. It contains various phytochemica constituents in every part of plant and shows various pharmacological properties. Secondary metabolites are acts as antioxidants and these are very high in this plant species. In this research studies, ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis was performed in the blood sample culture for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects. The both of the effects of plant extracts were evaluated through measurement of mitotic index (MI), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cell proliferation kinetics (CPK). The blood sample culture was treated with control and various concentrations of extracts (500μg/ml and 1000μg/ml). The mean of MI, SCE and CPK for control were found to be 4.51, 5.19 and 0.52 respectively where as for 500μg/ml of Lawsonia inermis extracts are 4.33, 4.87 and 0.50 respectively and for 1000 μg/ml extracts are 4.18, 4.68 and 0.48 respectively. From the results, we can conclude that the MI and frequency of SCES of ethanolic plant extracts are remarkably similar to that of control which indicates that the Lawsonia inermis plant extracts have no substantial cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects in cultured blood lymphocytes.

Anti-bacterial activity of Annona muricata Linnaeus extracts: a systematic review

Current analysis systematically reviews data available in the literature on the anti-bacterial activity of Annona muricata extracts (AME) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Search was undertaken at four electronic databases and studies’ quality were assessed. Results were summarized and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of AME (versus antimicrobial control) against S. aureus and E. coli was the main datum analyzed. The initial database search yielded 2,433 results. We selected 14 studies and four were used for meta-analysis. The MIC ranged between 156 µg/mL and 1,024 µg/mL against S. aureus and between 256 µg/mL and 1,024 µg/mL against E. coli. The different strains of E. coli studied were more sensitive to AME than those of S. aureus. The differences mean concentrations and standard deviations between AME and antimicrobials were 101.91 and 946.05 for E. coli, and 388.90 and 970.61 for S. aureus respectively. The heterogeneity of data is highlighted. Different methodologies were used, several studies didn’t include antibiotics as control, antibiotics were different and various concentrations of extracts were tested. Studies showed possibilities of the plant under analysis as a source of new phytochemical compounds against microorganisms.

Effect of Various Doses of Kenikir Flower Crown Extract (Targetes erecta L.) on Reducing Blood Glucose Levels in Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by the body experiencing disturbances in controlling sugar levels, and the insulin hormone is impaired or does not meet the requirements. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of various concentrations of extracts of the crown of kenikir flower (Tagetes erecta L.) maceration method on decreasing blood glucose levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The research approach used is a quantitative approach. Type of Research True Experimental Research, with the design of The Pre Test Post Test Control Group Design. Provision of kenikir flower crown extract (Tagetes erecta L.) using the maceration method with the help of n-hexane as solvent. This study used 5 treatment groups, namely a negative control group (alloxan), a positive control group (glibenclamide), an extract dose of 25 mg/kgBW, an extract dose of 50 mg/kgBW, and an extract 70 mg/kgBW. Blood glucose levels were measured on day 1 (three days after induction) and day 24 (after treatment). The conclusion of this study was that a dose of 25 mg/kgBW gave the greatest decrease in blood glucose levels with a percentage value of 70% compared to the treatment group with a dose of kenikir flower crown extract.

Hemoglobin Precipitation: An Index of In Vitro Vasoconstrictive Activities of Methanol Leaf Extracts of Croton megalocarpus Hutch and Lantana camara Linn.

The function of innate hemostasis aids the body in bleeding control, preventing the loss of excessive amounts of blood following low-degree injuries. However, injuries of a higher degree may require extrinsic intervention to stop life-threatening blood loss. Astringent agents' actions result in mechanical constriction of small blood vessels and shrinkage of body tissues, thereby stopping blood loss. This enhances the primary phase of hemostasis, where vasoconstriction is the main mechanism at play during the initial response to injury. The effects of plant extracts on protein precipitation have been linked to blood vessel vasoconstriction. Traditionally, the leaves of Croton megalocarpus Hutch and Lantana camara Linn plants are used by communities living in Makueni County, Kenya, for peripheral bleeding control. However, the effects of extracts of both plants on hemoglobin precipitation have not been evaluated scientifically. In the current study, the activities of methanol extracts of C. megalocarpus (H.) and L. camara (L.) on blood protein precipitation were investigated. The leaves were harvested, cleaned, air-dried, milled, and extracted in absolute methanol before being concentrated into dry powders. A qualitative phytochemical screen revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, and carbohydrates in the methanol extract of C. megalocarpus (H.). The methanol extracts of L. camara (L.) contained cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, reducing sugars, and carbohydrates. The hemoglobin precipitation ability of various concentrations of extracts using mice samples was presented as relative astringency following the tannic acid external standard method. Methanol extracts C. megalocarpus (H.) and L. camara (L.) had significantly higher relative astringency compared with the normal control, indicating a protein precipitating activity. The relative astringency observed in both plant extracts is linked to the activity of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins detected during preliminary phytochemical screening.

Efficacy of some Egyptian native plant extracts against\xa0Haemonchuscontortus in vitro and in experimentally infected sheep along with the associated haematological and biochemical alterations

BackgroundHaemonchosis is a serious disease affecting ruminants’ productivity worldwide. Medicinal plants are deemed one of the most natural bio-products safely used as alternatives to the synthetic anthelmintics. In the present study, comparative efficacy of crude ethanolic extracts (CEEs) of Artemisia herba-alba (A. herba-alba), Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) and Allium sativum (A. sativum) as alternative treatments was tested on Haemonchus contortus ( H. contortus). An in vitro test to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of various concentrations of extracts at 25, 30 and 50 mg/ml was accomplished on motility and viability of adult worms in comparison with albendazole, reference drug at 10 μg/ml at various time intervals. An in vivo test was carried out in lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus to detect anthelmintic activity of CEEs of A. herba-alba and B. aegyptiaca compared to albendazole. Fifteen parasite-free Baladi Egyptian lambs aged 4–8 months old were categorized into five groups, each of three lambs as follows: G1 was kept as uninfected untreated one, G2 was utilized as infected untreated group, G3 was given CEE of A. herba-alba, G4 was received CEE of B. aegyptiaca, and G 5 was treated with albendazole.ResultsThe in vitro test revealed that CEE of B. aegyptiaca had the most significant anthelmintic activity on adult H. contortus followed by A. herba-alba, while A. sativum was of the lowest effect. The in vivo test showed that the CEE of B. aegyptiaca achieved an excellent faecal egg reduction (100%) at the 7th day post-treatment. The most efficient treatments that improved the haematological parameters and regained the level of serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio, serum globulin, SGoT, SGPT, urea and creatinine to the almost normal levels were CEE of B. aegyptiaca, albendazole and CEE of A. herba-alba, respectively.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the marked anthelmintic potency of the CEEs of B. aegyptiaca and A. herba-alba on H. contortus and the superiority of CEE of B. aegyptiaca as a talented anti-parasitic medicinal plant for sheep.

Incorporation of Natural Blueberry, Red Grapes and Parsley Extract By-Products into the Production of Chitosan Edible Films.

The aim of the research was to produce edible packaging based on chitosan with the addition of various concentrations of extracts of blueberry, red grape and parsley marcs. Packaging was made from extrudate extracts, which were subsequently analyzed by physicochemical methods: zeta-potential, gas barrier properties, thickness, water content, solubility, swelling degree, textural properties, total polyphenol content (TPC), polyphenols by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant activity, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-Transform spectroscopy (FTIR), antimicrobial activity and determination of migration of bioactive substances. The results indicate that a higher content of plant extracts have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) influence on properties of experimentally produced edible films. Edible films produced with the highest concentrations of red grapes marc extracts showed the most advantageous properties since antimicrobial activity against E. coli were the highest in this kind of produced film. The physical properties of edible films were also improved by the addition of extracts; gas permeability toward oxygen can be defined as advantageous, as can swelling degree, which decreased with higher concentrations of extracts. The research emphasized the possibility to use plant foodstuffs by-products in the production of edible/biodegradable films, helping in the overall sustainability and eco-friendliness of food/package production.

The Impact of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Soursop on Glucose and Lipid Profile in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

The blood glucose, total serum cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Triglyceride (TRIG) levels of all rats in each group were determined before induction, post-induction with alloxan and post treatment with various concentrations of extract and standard drug. The alloxan diabetic rats treated with gliberclamide and aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata showed average means of body weights as; (235.73±3.14a, 263.94±2.25a and 236.5±1.74a) respectively after 4 weeks of treatment. The Glucose level revealed; 168.43±5.06e, 65.29±4.57f and 57.86±3.93e respectively. Lipid profile raised significantly post exposure of diabetic rats to both standard drug and extract after 4 weeks of treatment. Therefore, A. muricata compared favorably with the standard drug in the context of diabetes management.

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Lire (Hemigraphis repanda (L) Hall F) Sebagai Antipiretik Pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus)

Fever can be interpreted as a body temperature that is higher (&gt;37°C) than normal temperature because of the temperature control center in the hypothalamus, the temperature control center balances temperature during health or fever by regulating the formation and release of heat. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to determine the antipyretic effectiveness of various concentrations of extracts. In this study, 5% peptone was used to induce fever in 15 white rats which were divided into 5 treatment groups. Groups 1 was given 1% NaCMC as a negative control, groups 2 was given paracetamol 9 mg/200gBB) as a positive control, groups 3 was given 10% lire leaf extract (2 mg/200gBB), groups 4 was given 20% lire leaf extract (4 mg/200gBB), and groups 5 was given 40% lire leaf extract (8 mg/200gBB). This results of this study obtained extract levels of 7,44% and there was a weak antipyretic effect at concentrations of 10% and 20% lire leaf extract, while the greatest antipyretic effect was found in 40% lire leaf extract, almost comparable to 9 mg paracetamol.

Antibacterial activity of grapefruit peel extracts and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Background and Aim:The gradual loss of efficacy of conventional antibiotics is a global issue. Plant material extracts and green-synthesized nanoparticles are among the most promising options to address this problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial properties of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of grapefruit peels as well as their inclusion in green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).Materials and Methods:Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts (80% v/v) were prepared, and the volume and mass yields were determined. The synthesis of AgNPs was done in an eco-friendly manner using AgNO3 as a precursor. The nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet–vis spectrometry and photon cross-correlation spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested on three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, clinical Enterococcus faecalis, and S. aureus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (two clinical Escherichia coli) using various concentrations of extracts (100, 50, 25, 12, and 5 mg/mL and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide as negative control). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the microdilution method. Modulation of cefazoline and ampicillin on resistant E. coli and S. aureus strains was added to the mixture design response surface methodology with extreme vertices design, with the diameters of inhibition and the fractional inhibitory concentration index as responses and factors, respectively. The antibiotic, the ethanolic extract, and water varied from 0.1 MIC to 0.9 MIC for the first two and from 0 to 0.8 in proportion for the third. Validating the models was done by calculating the absolute average deviation, bias factor, and accuracy factor.Results:The volume yield of the EE and aqueous extract (AE) was 96.2% and 93.8% (v/v), respectively, whereas their mass yields were 7.84% and 9.41% (m/m), respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were very uniform and homogeneous, and their size was dependent on the concentration of AgNO3. The antibacterial activity of the two extracts was dose-dependent, and the largest inhibition diameter was observed for the Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 6538; AE, 12; EE, 16), whereas AgNPs had a greater effect on Gram-negative bacteria. The MICs (mg/mL) of the AEs varied from 3.125 (S. aureus ATCC 6538) to 12.5 (E. coli 1 and E. coli 2), whereas the MICs of the EEs varied from 1.5625 (S. aureus 1, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and E. faecalis) to 6.25 (E. coli 1). There was a significant difference between the MICs of AEs and EEs (p=0.014). The MBCs (mg/mL) of the AEs varied from 12.5 (S. aureus ATCC 6538) to 50 (S. aureus 1), whereas those of the EEs varied from 6.25 (S. aureus 1) to 25 (E. coli 1 and E. faecalis). Ethanolic grapefruit extracts demonstrated an ability to modulate cefazolin on E. coli and S. aureus but were completely indifferent to ampicillin on E. coli.Conclusion:Grapefruit peel extracts and their AgNPs exhibit antibacterial properties that can be exploited for the synthesis of new antimicrobials and their EEs may be efficiently used synergistically with other antibiotics against bacteria with intermediate susceptibility.