Various Concentrations Of Extracts Research Articles

Film seeds coating with hexane extracts from Illicium verum Hook.f. and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis L.

The application of film seed coating with some plant extracts against stored insect pests was an alternative approach for insect protection instead of using chemical insecticides. The overuse of insecticides has contributed to both human health and environmental problems. The hexane extracts of Illicium verum (HS) and Syzygium aromaticum (HC) were evaluated against bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis). The insecticidal activities and enhancing seed germination after being coated by various concentrations of extracts, purified fraction (PF) of extracts, standard chemicals of PF, fipronil insecticide (FI), and coating agent groups were evaluated after stored. Both HS and HC at 3% concentrations were more effective against C. maculatus than C. chinensis with LT50 values of 1.60-1.90 and 3.44-3.62 h, respectively. They could also kill those insects with a higher number than that of standards. The HS and HC could inhibit the progeny population of those insects over 95.6% with no significant difference compared to the FI group. The eugenol standard was the most effective and completely inhibited the emergence compared with trans-anethol standard and PFs. The seed that was coated with 1% of HS and stored at 4 °C for 6 months showed no effect on seed germination with no significant difference between FI and control groups. The application of 1% of HS incorporated in the film seed coating against bruchid beetles and did not affect seed germination quality after 6 months. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antioxidant and Antitumor Properties of Wild Blueberry (Sideroxylon mascatense)

Background: Sideroxylon mascatense is a wild blueberry plant that traditionally known as “boot” in Oman. Studies on health beneficial effects of this fruit are very limited. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antitumor properties of Sideroxylon mascatense under different drying methods. Materials and Methods: Freeze (−20°C) and air drying (60 and 90°C) methods were used. The antioxidant potential properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assay. Moreover, the antitumor activities of blueberry extracts were determined using Alamar blue assay. Results: The results of this study revealed that a blueberry extract at 20 mg powder/mL provided the maximum amount of vitamin C, reaching a value of 19.45 mg/100 g dry-basis in the flesh dried at 60°C and 14.24 mg/100 g dry-basis in seed dried at 90°C. The freeze-dried blueberry exhibited the highest percentage of free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) from both fruit flesh (50.8%) and seeds (39.4%) at a concentration of 20 mg/mL indicating a higher antioxidant activity. There was no significant difference in the ability of blueberry extracts to scavenge radical cations (ABTS+) at various concentrations of extracts. However, there was a 40% reduction of ABTS+ radical formation in blueberry flesh extracts obtained from freeze-dried berry at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. On the other hand, blueberry seeds showed variation in the scavenging activity of the ABTS+ radical of 38% after different processing methods. Breast MCF7 and ovarian Ov2008 tumor cell lines were the most sensitive to the dried blueberry. The 50% growth inhibition (IC50) of the freeze-dried blueberry extract at both cell lines was 64 and 69 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicated a potent antioxidant activity of Sideroxylon mascatense, but further research is required to isolate the active compounds in the fruit and test their effects in an experimental animal model.

New potential and characterization of Andrographis paniculata L. Ness plant extracts as photoprotective agent

The species Andrographis paniculata L. Ness, family Acanthaceae grows in many parts in the island of Java in Indonesia. In this research, new potentials of photoprotective agents from A. paniculata plant extracts, along with their characteristics, were investigated. The phytochemical test, infrared analysis, ultraviolet characterization, fluorescence identification, flavonoid content by thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) and photoprotective analysis were performed in the extracts. The new potentials of A. paniculata plant extracts were studied at various concentrations of extracts and shown by the value of the sun protection factor (SPF). Based on phytochemical test, A. paniculata plant extracts contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids and polyphenols. A. paniculata plant extracts have 2 maximum wavelengths at 230 nm and 362 nm. The excitation peak at 300 nm (552.11 a.u) and the emission peak at 605 nm (516.02 a.u). The flavonoid content of the extracts was 0.022 µg/mL quercetin with Rf value of 0.61. The chromatogram of the LCMS/MS is similar to quercetin-3-glycoside standard at a retention time of 2.77. The photoprotective activity of A. paniculata plant extracts had ≥ 15 SPF. Its shows the possibility to use this extract as photoprotective agent in pharmaceutical preparations.

Teratogenic potential of traditional Malaysian vegetables (ulam) in the zebrafish model

PurposeTraditional Malaysian vegetables, also known as ulam, are believed to have healing properties among the local community. Ulam is commonly reported to have high antioxidant content which makes it a popular food. The purpose of this paper is to determine the teratogenic potential of eight ulam, using zebrafish model. The tested ulam were Cosmos caudatus, Gynura procumbens, Labisia pumila var. alata, Phaleria macrocarpa, Polygonum minus, Piper sarmentosum, Premna foetida and Sauropus androgynous.Design/methodology/approachMethanol extract of ulam was prepared using the maceration method. Various concentrations of extracts were tested against fish embryo short-term toxicity test. The lethal concentration (LC50) and teratogenic effect of the ulam were determined.FindingsAmong all tested species, L. pumila, P. foetida and S. androgynous showed 100% lethal effect towards zebrafish embryos at concentrations of 10 µg/mL, 1,000 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively. The three ulam have exhibited teratogenic effect on zebrafish embryos after 72 h post-fertilization. L. pumila had induced yolk sac edema at 1.0 µg/mL for normalized measurement of 108.3 ± 2.0% (which is higher than negative control, p < 0.05, median = 110.7%), while P. foetida had induced pericardial edema at 100 µg/mL for normalized measurement of 124.0 ± 4.6% (which is higher than negative control, p < 0.05, median = 124.3%). On the other hand, S. androgynus induced curve trunk at 30 µg/mL for the presence of 70.9 ± 4.2%.Originality/valueThe teratogenic effect of L. pumila, P. foetida and S. androgynous suggests the possible disruption in the embryogenesis in zebrafish, namely Notch, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and retinoic acid pathways. The results of ulam gave possible implications and insights on the cancer pathways involved, which could be a useful target for cancer research. This is the first report on teratogenicity evaluation of Malaysian ulam showing relationship to cancer pathways by using zebrafish embryo model.

In-vitro protoscolicidal and immunomodulatory effects of Cinnamomum camphora and Ziziphora tenuior against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices

Objective: Owing to side effects, drug resistance and recurrence of Echinococcus granulosus infestation following conventional therapies, seeking novel therapeutic approaches such as herbal medicines seems necessary. The aim of this study was assessment the antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effects of Cinnamomum camphora and Ziziphora tenuior herbal medicines against E. granulosus protoscolices. Methods: Various concentrations of extracts were prepared including 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml. BALB/c mice liver samples were obtained from slaughter house and the protoscolices were taken under sterile conditions. Mouse CD11c + CD11c + dendritic cells were purified from other mononuclear cells and confirmed by flow cytometry. Results: C. camphora and Z. tenuior exhibited dose-dependent and time-dependent antiparasitic effects against E. granulosus protoscolices. Notably, the effect of C. camphora was higher than Z. tenuior. The 5 mg/ml of C. camphora and 25 mg/ml of Z. tenuior killed 100% of protoscolices during 10 min. Extracts had insignificant macrophage cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Z. tenuior at 10 and 50 mg/ml decreased CD86 (P = 0.212) and MHC II (P = 0.0711) markers, but increased CD40 (P = 0.181) and at 100 mg/ml increased CD40 (P = 0.002), CD86 (P = 0.091) and MHC II (P = 0.113). Furthermore, C. camphora at 10 and 50 mg/ml increased CD40 (P = 0.0311) and MHC II (P = 0.0184) significantly. At these concentrations, decreased CD86 nonsignificantly, but at 100 mg/ml decreased all markers significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: C. camphora and Z. tenuior herbal medicines exerted substantial antiparasitic effects against hydatid cyst protoscolices. Future formulations of these herbal medicines will be promising because of low side effects and potential effects.

Green synthesis and evaluation of n-type ZnO nanoparticles doped with plant extract for use as alternative antibacterials

Emergence of resistance to antibiotics in bacterial pathogens and prevalence of residual effects of drugs pose serious challenges to public health worldwide. Diminishing efficacy of antibiotics calls for an expedited development of alternative antimicrobials. In this regard, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) signify a latent and versatile inorganic nanostructure that possesses enhanced antimicrobial effects. In the present study, green synthesis of n-type ZnO-NPs was undertaken, which was then doped with various concentrations of extracts from ginger and garlic roots. The synthesized product was applied in low and high dosage to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic E. coli. The results were compared to those obtained from chemically synthesized ZnO. Characterization of NPs was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and photoluminescence (PL) emission. Strong absorption at 362 nm was observed for green synthesized NPs. HR-TEM exhibited interlayer spacing of 0.317, 0.312 and 0.308 nm, which is consistent with XRD results. Significant inhibition zones of 2.95–4.00 mm were observed for ZnO-NPs doped with ginger extract at an optimized concentration of 6 ml: 1. Similarly, garlic-doped NPs exhibited 1.85 and 2.75 mm inhibition zones at low and high dosage, respectively. The photodegradation study of synthesized products was undertaken using methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light source, where ZnO exhibited nearly complete decolourization of MB dye following a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The present study exemplifies an eco-friendly green nanomaterials synthesis technique using natural products (i.e., garlic and ginger), which can be expanded to include other green synthesized metal oxide NPs.

Comparative cytotoxic analysis of extracts obtained from leaves and roots of sweet flag (Acorus Calamus L.) on rat bone marrow cells in vitro

The aim of this study was to identify cytotoxic activity and to compare severity of cytotoxic activity of de-alcoholized alcohol-water extracts obtained from the leaves and roots of Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus L.) on rat bone marrow cells in vitro.Rat bone marrow cells were isolated from the femoral diaphysis of the animals under cold temperatures.To obtain various concentrations of extract from the leaves (LEA) and roots REA, the initial extracts (concentration 1.0 g/mL) were immunologically titrated by rolling method. A quantitative assessment of cytotoxicity was made by testing plasma membrane damage in the Trypan Blue dye exclusion test.It was found that the cytotoxicity of a substance obtained from the roots of Sweet Flag (REA) depends on the dose and time of contact with rat bone marrow. REA has a cytotoxic effect at concentrations of 0.03-1.65 g/mL. When in contact with rat bone marrow cells for 15 minutes it causes an increase in the number of dead cells by 0.48–1.56×106 per milliliter (p&lt;0.05). For REA in all studied concentrations, an increase in the effect of cytotoxicity is shown as the time of contact of cells with the active substance increases from 15 to 90 minutes (p&lt;0.05).The substance obtained from the leaves of Sweet Flag (LEA) does not cause cell membrane destruction and does not have a significant effect on the viability of rat bone marrow cells in all studied concentrations

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Talinum triangulare&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Waterleaf) Methanol Leaf Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor on Mild Steel Surface in H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;

The inhibition effects of methanol leaf extract of Talinum triangulare on the corrosion of mild steel in 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 2.5M H2SO4 solution were determined in this study. The inhibition efficiency was evaluated and the mechanism of inhibition determined, with a view to determining the inhibitive potentials of the inhibitor with regard to corrosivity of acid solutions used in oil pipelines, water treatment systems and descaling of equipment. Weight loss and gasometric techniques were used for the corrosion study of the metal. The weight loss method of corrosion tests was carried out at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours of exposure using various concentrations of extract (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) g/L at different temperatures (303K, 313K and 323K) in varying acid concentration (0.4M, 0.5M and 0.6M). The gasometric measurements were carried out at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes exposure time using various concentrations of extract (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) g/L in 2.5M H2SO4 solution. Weight loss measurements were also carried out concurrently with gasometric measurements to compare methodological variation in data between them. The phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of tannins, saponnins, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids. From the results, the corrosion rates decreased with increase in inhibitor concentration. The maximum inhibition efficiency of the extract for the weight loss measurements are 70.77% for 0.6g/L in 0.4M H2SO4 at 303K, 54.86% for 0.6g/L in 0.5M H2SO4 at 303K and 61.66% for 0.6g/L in 0.6M at 303K. In 2.5M H2SO4, the maximum inhibition efficiency was observed to be 59.31% for 0.6g/L inhibitor concentration at 308K for the gasometric method and 53.38% for 0.6g/L at 308K for the weight loss method. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies showed that the activation energy (Ea) in the presence of inhibitor is greater than in the absence of inhibitor at all the temperatures studied. The reaction was proposed to be first order having shown good correlation (R2≈1) with the first order rate law, and the half-life (t1/2) values were obtained from the graphs of the rate law. The mechanism of physical adsorption was proposed for the extract, as within the temperature range investigated the Ea and ∆Goads values are less than 80kJ/mol and -20kJ/mol respectively.

The effect of Prosopis farcta extract on the expression of some key genes of the glycolysis pathway and the genes involved in insulin signaling in HepG2 cells

ObjectiveHyperglycemia in patients with Diabetic Mellitus (DM) results from the demolition of islet β cells in the pancreas as well as failure in insulin action or poor response to insulin secretion and there are no further methods to treat diabetes apart from insulin injection and oral hypoglycemic medicines. Thus, the main objective of the current research investigates hydro-alcoholic extracts of Prosopis farcta on impact on the Pyruvate kinase (Pk), Phospho fructokinase (PFK), Glucokinase (GK) and signaling insulin Phosphotidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K), Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS1), Glucose Transporter type2 (GLUT2) in HepG2 cells. MethodBy various concentrations (0–10 mg/mL) of the extract (leaf-root – fruit) for 24 and 48 h, HepG2 cells were cultured and treated in this experimental research. MTT test evaluated cell proliferation by ELISA Reader measured the optical density of the colored solution at 570 nm wavelengths. Real-time-PCR method defined the fold changes of genes expression against β-actin. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Variations with P-value < 0.05 were considered significant. ResultsOur results showed cells were treated with various concentrations of extract (leaf-root – fruit) for 24 and 48 h had markedly declined cell viability in HepG2 cell line as compared to controls in a time and dose-dependent methods, an evident deviation is seen between different concentrations of the extracts. Real Time-PCR analysis showed that the expression of glucokinase, phosphofructo and pyruvate kinase were down regulated and expression of IRS1-PI3K-GLUT2 genes were up regulated in compare to control cells (P < 0.05). ConclusionIt appears the anti-diabetic impact of the Prosopis farcta plant not to be over the glycolysis path. This acts mechanisms via enhancing the gene expression in the insulin signaling pathway. The plant, thus, may serve to enhance the insulin secretion function through triggering insulin signaling paths and, in turn, inhibiting increased blood glucose impact on diabetic patients. It is, therefore, expected that the various extracts of such plant may have an impact on diabetic patients, type-2 diabetes in particular.

ANALISIS AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum americanumL.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acnes

Acne is skin disease caused due to a blockage of the oil gland channel and infection by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Ethanol extract of 70% basil leaves has been known to be potent as antibacterial to Propionibacterium acnes. This study aims to determine the physical quality of gel preparation and antibacterial activity analysis of gel ethanol extract preparation of 70% basil leaves (Ocimum americanum L.) to Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. In this research, ethanol extract 70% of basil leaf is formulated into gel preparation form with various concentration of extract that is 45%, 55%, and 55% then in physical quality test include: organoleptic test, pH, spreading, and viscosity. The gel preparation was then analysed for its antibacterial activity using the diffusion method for the wells. Based on ethanol extract research, 70% of basil leaves had antibacterial activity with drag zone diameter of 5,20 mm (45% extract concentration), 6,06 mm (concentration of extract 50%) and 7,13 mm (concentration of extract 55%). In this study can be concluded that the higher concentration of ethanol extract 70% basil leaves the higher the inhibit zone diameter.

Antimicrobial activity of Zamzam water against Salmonella typhii in vitro

Objective To determine the antimicrobial effect of zam zam water against Salmonella typhi in vitro. The antimicrobial effect was measured from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of zamzam water against Salmonella typhi. Design This experimental study used post-test only control group design with four time repetition. Step one was cultivating bacteria in liquid medium with various concentration of extract, that was 1 %, 1.25 %, 1.5 %, 1.75 %, 2 % with two control, extract control and bacterial control. Results The MIC (Minimal Inhibition Concentration) is 1.5 % concentration of extract. Step two was plating in NAP (Nutrient Agar Plate) medium. The MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) is 1.75 % concentration of zamzam water. The result of experiment was knew there are different average of Salmonella typhi colony from every group. The result experiment was analyzed by One Way Anova Test. The hypothesis test of MBC show significant differentiation, and then was continued with regression test. The conclusion of this study was zamzam water have antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhii in vitro.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF BANGUN-BANGUN LEAVES (PLECTRANTHUS AMBOINICUS LOUR.) ETHANOLIC EXTRACT

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the antioxidant activity and cardioprotective activity of bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract.Methods: Bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration process. The antioxidant activity test was performed by 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radical scavenging method with various concentrations of extract. The absorbance was measured by visible spectrophotometric method and calculated the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for antioxidant activity analysis. Cardioprotective activity test was performed by measuring the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level, creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB) level, and histology of the heart tissue. Animals induced with doxorubicin at the 8th day and the 9th day, bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract was administered from the 1st day to the 9th day with various doses of extract.Results: Bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract had IC50 value of 57.79 μg/mL. Difference dose of bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract shows difference cardioprotective activity. Bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract at dose 300 mg/kg bw did not differ significantly to the positive control group and normal group. The higher the dose of an extract the greater the decrease in cTnT and CK-MB levels and increase protection against heart damage.Conclusion: Bangun-bangun leaves ethanolic extract had strong antioxidant and had cardioprotective activity.

Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Some Algae from Western Libyan Coast

Seaweeds are considered as one of the largest biomass producers in marine environment that is rich in bioactive metabolites and a source of natural ingredients for functional foods. The potential antioxidant activity and the potential inhibition of Caco2 cell proliferation, of crude extracts of: Chlorophyta (Ulva lactuca, and Codium tomentosum), Phaeophyta (Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira stricta, and Sargassum vulgare), and Rhodophyta (Gelidium latifolium, Hypnea musciformis, and Jania rubens) were collected from western Libyan coast and evaluated in vitro. The antioxidant activity was determined by reducing power and DPPH assays while cell proliferation, morphological changes and the cell cycle arrest were assessed by MTT, inverted light microscope and flow cytometry methods respectively. The polyphenols and flavonoids rich extracts showed remarkable reducing power and antiradical properties. After exposure of Caco2 cells to various concentrations of extracts (50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/mL) especially from brown algae for 72 h, cell proliferation was reduced significantly. The antiproliferative effect of algae extracts was correlated with their polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Cell cycle analysis further showed that cells were arrested in G phases along with an increment in sub-diploidal cell population (sub-G) after extract application. These results imply that seaweeds which are rich in bioactive compounds may be used in anticancer drug research programs. However, further investigations are essential to reveal the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer activities of these algae.

Antiviral Effect of Sub Fraction Cassia alata Leaves Extract to Dengue Virus Serotype-2 strain New Guinea C in Human Cell Line Huh-7 it-1

Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most common viral infections found Indonesia and tropical regions, and no specific antiviral for DENV. Indonesia has several of herbal medicine that were not explored of their potency as antiviral DENV. This study was done to evaluate the activity and toxicity of 4 derived fractions: Hexane (CA1), ethyl acetate (CA2), buthanol (CA3 ) and water (CA4) of Cassia alata leaf extract (CA) as an antiviral drug to DENV. The DENV was treated with various concentration of extract and added to Huh-7 it-1. The decrease of virus titer was determined by Focus assay. The toxicity of extract was measured by MTT assay. In our previous study, we found that CA on Huh-7 cells showed IC50, CC50 and SI values of <10 μg/mL, 323.45 μg/mL, and more than 32.3, respectively. For the fractions, CA3 showed best antiviral activity among other, with IC50, CC50 and SI of <10 μg/mL, 645.8 μg/mL, and more than 64.5, respectively. CA and CA3 were proven to possess antiviral activity that is potent when tested against DENV-2. Future study was needed to explore the inhibition mechanism and compound of CA that have potency as antiviral drug to DENV.

Neuroprotective effects of Cassia tora against paraquat-induced neurodegeneration: relevance for Parkinson’s disease

The aim of the present study was to determine whether Cassia tora extracts could reverse the oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration in a Parkinson’s disease in vitro model. The leaves were treated with ethyl acetate (CtEA) or methanol (CtME). The extracts were first analysed by HPLC for their phenolic content and then tested for their neuroprotective effects in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Cells were pre-treated with various concentrations of extracts followed by incubation with paraquat (14 μM). Firstly, pre-treatment of SK-N-SH cells with 100 μg/mL of CtEA or CtME significantly reduced the paraquat-induced production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, both CtEA and CtME reduced the paraquat-induced apoptosis. Moreover, there was a significant reduction of paraquat-induced DNA damage in SK-N-SH cells pre-treated with CtEA or CtME. Finally, both extracts significantly inhibited paraquat-dependent lipid peroxidation. Altogether, these in vitro data establish C. tora as a possible anti-Parkinson natural remedy.

Biocontrol activity of the extract prepared from Zingiber zerumbet for the management of rhizome rot in Zingiber officinale caused by Pythium myriotylum

Zingiber zerumbet Smith or wild ginger is remarkable for its inherent resistance to Pythium spp., which cause soft rot disease in Zingiber officinale Rosc. In the present study, various concentrations of extract prepared from Z. zerumbet were screened for its activity against Pythium myriotylum. Microscopic observation of P. myriotylum in presence of Z. zerumbet extract has confirmed the complete lysis of pathogen within 10 h. However, the same treatment with Z. officinale extract was found to have partial antifungal effect even after 24 h due to inability of its metabolites to prevent the growth of P. myriotylum. Due to the antifungal activity, extract from Z. zerumbet was subjected to GC–MS and LC-QTOF-MS which has identified Zerumbone with m/z 219 as the major compound. Further, in vivo study and the subsequent microscopic analysis have confirmed the applicability of extract from Z. zerumbet as a phytomedicine to control rhizome rot in ginger.

Caspase-mediated Apoptotic Effects of Ebenus boissieri Barbey Extracts on Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line HeLa.

Background:Ebenus boissieri Barbey is an Antalya, Turkey-endemic plant belonging to Fabaceae family. The aerial parts and the roots of E. boissieri Barbey were used in this study.Objective:In the present study, we have examined the apoptotic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of E. boissieri Barbey in human cervical cancer cell line HeLa.Materials and Methods:To determine the cytotoxic effect, cells were treated with various concentrations of extracts for 24, 48, and 72 h incubation periods. Cytotoxic effects were examined by Cell Titer 96 aqueous nonradioactive cell proliferation assay and the results were corrected by live/dead viability/cytotoxicity assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. Apoptotic effects were studied with multicaspase kit. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:According to the results, E. boissieri Barbey extract caused significant increase in caspase levels. Thus, we suggest that the extract induces cells to undergo apoptosis. Especially, there was a sharp induction in caspase-3 activity. Levels of both TNF-α and IFN-γ in extract-treated groups were significantly and dose dependently exalted as compared to their relative controls.Conclusion:The effects of the extract on caspase-3, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels mediate the plausible mechanism of apoptosis induction in HeLa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report indicating any pharmacological properties of E. Boissieri on HeLa cells.SUMMARY HeLa cell viability was reduced in dose-dependent manner for 72 h with an IC50 of approximate 28.03 μg/mL for aerial and 41.02 μg/mL for rootHeLa cells, exposure to the aerial extract led to 1.9, 3.8, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.45 fold induction of all caspases activities (-2, -3, -6, -8, and -9, respectively)Both 30 μg/mL of aerial and 45 μg/mL of root extracts allowed the production of anticancer cytokines (TNFalpha; IFNgamma) in HeLa cell culture supernatants. Abbreviations used: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); Interferon gamma (IFN-γ); 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS); Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS); Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS); para-Nitroanilin pNA; Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA); Sodium Dodesyl sulphate –Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); Tris-Buffered Saline (TBS); Hydocloric acid (HCl); Standart Error of Mean (SEM); National Cancer Institute (NCI); half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)

PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF SAPONIN-REDUCING Carica papaya LEAVES EXTRACTS ON HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLAST CELL (IMR90)

Carica papaya belongs to Carricaceae family, which has been proven traditionally to treat dengue fever due to its pharmacological properties to increase platelet count. However, during the critical phase of dengue fever, the platelet count will decrease due to the blood vessel rupturing. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to reduce the bitterness of Carica papaya extract by removing saponin and to study the effect of saponin-reducing extract on the proliferative activity of human lung fibroblast cell (IMR90). For preparative isolation of the saponin compound, peleg model was used to determine the maximum extract concentration, exhaustive time of extraction and total saponin content (TSC) using different weights of dry Amberlite® IRA-67 resin. The remaining saponins in the extract were quantified by mean of RP-HPLC prior to material balance. Then, approximately 1.0 x 104 cells of IMR90 were seeded onto 96-well plate and later treated with various concentrations of extracts for 3 days of incubation. The results showed that, the amount of saponin left in the extract was approximately the same as in the untreated extract (p&lt;0.05). A short adsorption incubation time (2 hrs) was believed to affect the saponin adsorption efficiency. In fact, other bio-active constituents (e.g. polyphenolic compounds) might have been adsorbed as there was a significant depreciation of antioxidant properties on the treated extract (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, after three consecutively days of extracts-IMR90 cell incubation, the best EC50 values of both untreated and saponin-reducing extracts were observed to be more than 24 hrs of exposure ranging from 104.08 ± 0.90 to 17040.47 ± 2.30 µg/ml. Meanwhile, saponin-reducing extract has been proven not to affect any normal cell growth but in fact it decreased 1.2-fold as compared to the extract containing saponin (control).

SCREENING ANXIOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC FRUIT EXTRACTS OF SPONDIA PINNATA PLANT

This Present study was surpassed to investigate t he methanolic extracts of Spondias pinnata fruit for anxio lytical activities. S. pinnata is a plant of Anacardiacea family. The methanolic crude extract were scr eened for a nxiolytic activities using h ole board test met hod (***p < 0.001) and elevated plus maze t est method (***p < 0.001) in mice. Test results found 40.25±2.98 times for 400mg/ml extract in hole - board and 152.5±44. 78, 147.5±, 9.25±1.79 times in elevated plus maze r espectively as comparison with standard. The use of crude extracts of fruits of Spondias pinnata as anxiolytics have been confirmed that the fruits extracts displayed potential anxiolytic activity against mice for head dipping and stay in open and enclosed arms in the study. Various concentrations of extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time. In conclusion, the methanol extract of the fruits and plant of Spondias pin nata displayed anxiolytic activity.

ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF LEGUMINOUS TREES AGAINST SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII.

Background:Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a destructive soil-borne plant pathogen that infects over 500 plant species and causes significant yield losses in many economically important plant species. Synthetic fungicides used to combat the menace also pollute the environment and cause health hazards. In order to search environmental friendly alternatives from natural resources, methanolic extracts of three leguminous tree species namely Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. were evaluated for their antifungal activity against S. rolfsii and A. nilotica subsp. indica exhibited the maximum fungicidal potential.Materials and Methods:Two hundred grams dried leaf material of each of the three test plant species were extracted with methanol for two weeks. After filtration, methanol was evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Malt extract broth was used to make various concentrations of the crude methanolic extracts and their antifungal potential was determined by comparing the fungal biomass in various treatments with control. Chemical composition of methanolic leaf extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica was determined through GC-MS analysis.Results:Methanolic leaf extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica showed the highest fungicidal activity. Fungal biomass was decreased by 17-55% due to various concentrations of this extract over control. Different concentrations of P. juliflora reduced fungal biomass by 3-52%. Fourteen compounds were identified in methanolic extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica. 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z,)- (16.59%) was the most abundant compound followed by 1-pentanol, 2 methyl-, acetate (14.80%); hexanedioic acid, dimethyl ester (13.10%) and cyclotriaconta- 1, 7, 16, 22-tetraone (10.28%).Conclusion:This study concludes that methanolic leaf extract of A. nilotica subsp. indica can be used for management of S. rolfsii.