Various Concentrations Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Systems toxicology study reveals reduced impact of heated tobacco product aerosol extract relative to cigarette smoke on premature aging and exacerbation effects in aged aortic cells in vitro

Aging and smoking are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Our in vitro study compared, in the context of aging, the effects of the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS; an electrically heated tobacco product) and 3R4F reference cigarette smoke (CS) on processes that contribute to vascular pathomechanisms leading to CVD. Young and old human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMC) were exposed to various concentrations of aqueous extracts (AE) from 3R4F CS [0.014–0.22 puffs/mL] or THS aerosol [0.11–1.76 puffs/mL] for 24 h. Key markers were measured by high-content imaging, transcriptomics profiling and multianalyte profiling. In our study, in vitro aging increased senescence, DNA damage, and inflammation and decreased proliferation in the HAoSMCs. At higher concentrations of 3R4F AE, young HAoSMCs behaved similarly to aged cells, while old HAoSMCs showed additional DNA damage and apoptosis effects. At 3R4F AE concentrations with the maximum effect, the THS AE showed no significant effect in young or old HAoSMCs. It required an approximately ten-fold higher concentration of THS AE to induce effects similar to those observed with 3R4F. These effects were independent of nicotine, which did not show a significant effect on HAoSMCs at any tested concentration. Our results show that 3R4F AE accelerates aging in young HAoSMCs and exacerbates the aging effect in old HAoSMCs in vitro, consistent with CS-related contributions to the risk of CVD. Relative to 3R4F AE, the THS AE showed a significantly reduced impact on HAoSMCs, suggesting its lower risk for vascular SMC-associated pathomechanisms leading to CVD.

Tridax procumbens leaf extract elicits relaxation of rat mesenteric artery by activation of Na+ -K+ ATPase / Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger

Background: Tridax procumbens leaf extract has been reported to show antihypertensive actions through its vasodilatory effects. Although several mechanisms of action have been reported, the sub-cellular mechanism of action of the extract is yet to be fully elucidated. Aim and Objectives: In this study, we investigate the involvement of Na+ - K+ -pump and Na+- Ca2+ exchanger in the vasorelaxant activities of T. procumbens extract (TPE) in isolated rat superior mesenteric arteries. Materials and Methods: Superior mesenteric artery isolated from healthy, young adult Wistar rats (250–300 g) and pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE) (10-7M) were treated with various concentrations of aqueous extract of TPE (0.5–9 mg/mL). The changes in arterial tension were recorded and interaction between TPE with the selective blocker of Na+ - K+ ATPase (ouabain) and putative Na+-Ca2+ exchanger inhibitor (NiCl2) was evaluated. Results: The result indicated that TPE significantly inhibit the cumulative concentration response curves to PE (10-9 - 10-5 M) in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with both ouabain and nickel chloride (NiCl2), abolished the vasorelaxant responses of TPE. Furthermore, TPE reduced the relaxant effect with decreased extracellular Na+ concentration. TPE-induced vasorelaxation was completely abolished in a Na+ -free solution, a condition that eliminates the influence of the forward mode of the exchanger. Conclusion: The results provide direct hypothetical evidence that the activation of Na+ - K+ ATPase and stimulation of the forward mode of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger contribute to the vasorelaxation induced by TPE in mesenteric artery.

Effect of some Botanical Fungicide and Chemicals As Forest Seed Dressing on Quality of The Seeds تأثیر بعض مبیدات الفطریات النباتیة والمواد الکیمیائیة کعلاج لبذور الغابات على جودة البذور

An experiment was conducted to study the antifungal activity of different concentrations aqueous extracts from three local plants, Hypericum triquetrifolium, Salix alba, Salvia rosmarinus and also different concentrations of fungicide (Captan) and Salicylic acid were evaluated for their efficacy as seed dressing on Catalpa and Albizia that seeds were soaked separately for 30 mints in various concentrations of aqueous extract and fungicide. Forest seeds were grown in pots which were inoculated by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum that one petri plate/pot in 2018 in a greenhouse at the University of Sulaimani, College of Agricultural Sciences Engineering. The results showed that seed germination percentage, shoot length, root length and number of leaves was significantly (p≤0.05) increased with all the treatments. Captan (0.5%) was more effective in comparison with Captan (0.3%) and seed germination, shoot length, root length and number of leaves was gradually increased with increase of the doses of fungicides. It can be suggested that fungicide Captan have antifungal effect and can be used to treat seed against seed borne pathogens of forest, increase seed germination and shoot length, root length and number of leaves.

Effect of some botanical fungicide and chemicals as forest seed dressing on the quality of the seeds

أجريت التجربة لدراسة النشاط المضاد للفطريات لمستخلصات مائية مختلفة من ثلاثة النباتات المحلية وهي Hypericum triquetrifolium -Salix alba - Salvia rosmarinus وكذلك تم تقييم تركيزات مختلفة من مبيدات الفطريات كابتان وحامض الساليسيليك من حيث فعاليتها كمعاملة للبذور في الكتالبا والألبيزا أن البذور تنقع بشكل منفصل لمدة 30 دقيقة بتركيزات مختلفة من المستخلص المائي ومبيدات الفطريات. نمت بذور الغابات في أصص التي تم تلقيحها من قبل sclerotiorum Sclerotinia و Fusarium oxysporum التي طبق واحد/ وعاء بتري في عام 2018 في داخل البيت الزجاجي في جامعة السليمانية- كلية هندسة العلوم الزراعية. أوضحت النتائج زيادة نسبة إنبات البذور وطول الساق وطول الجذور وعدد الأوراق بشكل معنوي (p≤0.05) مع كل من المعاملات. كان الكابتان (0.5%) أكثر فعالية مقارنة بالكابتان (0.3%) وإنبات البذور وطول الساق وطول الجذور وعدد الأوراق زادت تدريجياً مع زيادة جرعات مبيدات الفطريات. يمكن الإشارة إلى أن مبيد الفطريات كابتان له تأثير مضاد للفطريات ويمكن استخدامه لعالج البذور ضد مسببات الأمراض التي تنقلها البذور في الغابات، وزيادة إنبات البذور وطول الساق وطول الجذور وعدد الأوراق.

Larvicidal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract against Aedes aegypti.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has been achieved by eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. The present study was conducted to evaluate the larvicidal efficacies of AgNPs synthesized using aqueous leaf extracts of Excoecaria agallocha against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The 3rd and 4th instar larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to various concentrations of aqueous extracts of E. agallocha, synthesized AgNPs and also crude solvent extracts (methanol and chloroform) for 24 h. The formation of AgNPs using aqueous leaf extracts was observed after 30 min with a characteristic colour change. The results recorded from UV-Vis spectrum, XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM and HR-TEM were used to characterize and confirm the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The highest larvicidal efficacy of synthesized AgNPs was observed against 3rd instar larvae at LC50 4.65 mg/L, LC90 14.17 mg/L and 4th instar larvae with a concentration of LC50 6.10 mg/L, LC90 15.64 mg/L. A significant larvicidal activity was also observed with crude methanolic extracts against 3rd instar larvae at a concentration LC50 41.74 mg/L, LC90 123.61 mg/L and 4th instar larvae at a concentration of LC50 52.06 mg/L, LC90 166.40 mg/L as compared to the chloroform extract.

Mechanism of vasorelaxation induced by Tridax procumbens extract in rat thoracic aorta.

Background/Aim:Tridax procumbens (Linn) (Asteraceae) is one of the herbs widely distributed in many parts of the world. Its leaves have long been used for the treatment of hypertension in Nigeria. Previous studies have shown that aqueous leaves of T. procumbens extract (TPE) lowers blood pressure through endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanism in the aortic rings isolated from normotensive rats. The aim of the present study was to further investigate mechanisms of TPE-induced relaxation in the aortic artery by assessing its mechanistic interactions with nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).Materials and Methods:The aortic artery isolated from healthy, young adult normotensive Wistar albino rats (250-300 g) were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE) (10–7 M) and KCl (60 mM) and were treated with various concentrations of aqueous extract of TPE (0.5-9.0 mg/ml). The changes in arterial tension were recorded using Ugo Basile model 7004 coupled to data capsule acquisition system model 17400. The interaction between TPE with cAMP and cGMP inhibitors was also evaluated.Results:The results showed that the TPE (0.5-9.0 mg/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the contraction induced by PE in a concentration-dependent manner. The vasorelaxant effect caused by the TPE was significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated with pre-incubation of cGMP (Rp-8Br PET cGMPS) and cAMP (Rp-AMP) inhibitor, respectively.Conclusion:These results suggest that TPE causes vasodilatory effects in a concentration-dependent manner in the isolated rat aortic artery. The mechanism of action of TPE is complex. A part of its relaxing effect is mediated directly by blocking or modulating cGMP and cAMP.

ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. AND CYNODAN DACTYLON L. ON PHYSICO- CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

In agricultural systems, allelopathy can be part of the interference between crops and between crops and weeds through soil mediated mechanism and thereby affecting the economical outcome of the plant production. Allelopathic influence of various concentrations of aqueous extracts of two weed species ie.Cyperusrotundus L. and Cynodan dactylon L. were assessed on physico-chemical and biological properties of rice seedlings grown experimental pot soil. The results revealed that the percentage of NPK levels was minimum in the lower concentrations of two weed extracts than their higher concentration. Among NPKcontents, the nitrogen was found higher percentage followed by potassium and phosphorus in all the experimental soil. The population of bacterial, fungi, actinomycetes and total microbial populations were gradually decreased with increasing the concentration of weed extracts and more reduction on microbes wasfound in C.rotundus than C.dactylon applied soil

Allelopathic potential of leaves and flowers extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and physiological effects of aqueous extracts from both the leaves and flowers of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira mansa), when using lettuce as a test organism. The physiological effect was evaluated by first count, germination, root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) testing. We tested five extract concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% v/v) with five replicates of 100 seeds per treatment, kept at 25 °C. To analyze cytotoxic effect we assessed the mitotic index. A statistically significant difference in the first count and germination tests, showing a reduction in germination, SL, and RL with increasing concentration, with the 25% extract showing the highest inhibitory effect was observed. The seeds treated with aqueous extracts above 50% presented no germination. The mitotic index did not differ statistically for the various concentrations of aqueous extract S. terebinthifolius . Under the experimental conditions used, the allelopathic activity of the aqueous extract S. terebinthifolius became more significant with increasing concentration, negatively influencing germination, and growth of seedling lettuce (used as the bio-indicator), but causing no change in the process of cell division.

Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Triphala and their active compounds chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid prevented epithelial to mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells, by inhibiting SMAD-3 phosphorylation.

Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium is involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) that often leads to retinal detachment. In this study, Triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and two of its active ingredients, namely chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid were evaluated for anti-EMT properties based on in vitro experiments in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) under TGFβ1 induced conditions. ARPE-19 cells were treated with TGFβ1 alone or co-treated with various concentrations of aqueous extract (AqE) (30 - 300 μg/ml); alcoholic extract (AlE) (50 - 500 μg/ml) of triphala and the active principles chebulagic acid (CA) and chebulinic acid (CI) (CA,CI: 50 - 200 μM). The expression of EMT markers namely MMP-2, αSMA, vimentin and the tight junction protein ZO-1 were evaluated by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. The functional implications of EMT, namely migration and proliferation of cells were assessed by proliferation assay, scratch assay and transwell migration assay. AqE, AlE, CA and CI reduced the expression and activity of MMP-2 at an ED50 value of 100 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μM and 100 μM, respectively. At these concentrations, a significant down-regulation of the expression of αSMA, vimentin and up-regulation of the expression of ZO-1 altered by TGFβ1 were observed. These concentrations also inhibited proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGFβ1. EMT was found to be induced in ARPE-19 cells, through SMAD-3 phosphorylation and it was inhibited by AqE, AlE, CA and CI. Further studies in experimental animals are required to attribute therapeutic potential of these extracts and their active compounds, as an adjuvant therapy in the disease management of PVR.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using floral extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L.--potential for malaria vector control.

Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. The use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides synthesized of natural products for vector control have been a priority in this area. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were green-synthesized using a floral extract of Chrysanthemum indicum screened for larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by using UV-vis absorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The textures of the yielded Ag NPs were found to be spherical and polydispersed with a mean size in the range of 25-59nm. Larvae and pupae were exposed to various concentrations of aqueous extract of C. indicum and synthesized Ag NPs for 24h, and the maximum mortality was observed from the synthesized Ag NPs against the vector A. stephensi (LC50 = 5.07, 10.35, 14.19, 22.81, and 35.05ppm; LC90 = 29.18, 47.15, 65.53, 87.96, and 115.05ppm). These results suggest that the synthesized Ag NPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of A. stephensi. Additionally, this study provides the larvicidal and pupicidal properties of green-synthesized Ag NPs with the floral extract of C. indicum against vector mosquito species from the geographical location of India.

Physicochemical, Thermomechanical, and Swelling Properties of Radiation Vulcanised Natural Rubber Latex Film: Effect of Diospyros peregrina Fruit Extracts

A range of radiation vulcanised natural rubber latex (RVNRL) films were prepared using various concentrations of aqueous extracts of mature Diospyros peregrina fruit, which acted as a cross-linking agent. The surface of the RVNRL films exhibited an aggregated morphology of the rubber hydrocarbon with increasing roughness due to increasing fruit extract contents in the latex. An improvement in tensile strength, tensile modulus, and storage modulus of RVNRL films was observed with the addition of fruit extracts compared to the control film due to their cross-linking effect. The glass transition (Tg) temperature of all the RVNRL films was found to be at around −61.5°C. The films were also observed to be thermally stable up to 325°C, while the maximum decomposition temperature appeared at around 375°C. The incorporation of fruit extracts further revealed a significant influence on increasing the crystallinity, gel content, and physical cross-link density of the RVNRL films.

Allelopathic potential of sunflower and caster bean on germination properties of dodder ( Cuscuta compestris )

Allelopathic impacts of two crops, sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) and caster bean (Ricinus communis L.) were evaluated against dodder (Cuscuta compestris) germination properties. Different plants residue, plant parts (root, shoot, leaf and whole plant), various concentrations of aqueous extract and decay durations were employed as study factors under completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement by three replications in this study. The results indicated that germination percentage, germination rate, emergence rate, seedling length of dodder was sharply influenced by sunflower and caster bean residue application. Aqueous extract of sunflower inhibited dodder seed germination more efficiently in comparison with caster bean especially in higher concentrations. Moreover, shoot aqueous extract allelochemicals showed substantial potential to the inhibition of dodder germination in contrast with other parts of plants. However, fresh leaf solid residue indicated great potential to dodder germination suppression. Increasing aqueous extract concentration significantly inhibited dodder germination and emergence under controlled conditions. In conclusion, dodder germination can be controlled by sunflower and caster bean allelochemicals. Therefore, allelopathic potential of these two plants can be consider as a sustainable approach in integrated management systems. Key words: Allelochemicals, aqueous extract, decay duration, Cuscuta compestris

Evaluation of in vitro anthelminthic activity of Leucas aspera extracts

Helminths infections are also among the most common infections in human, affecting a large proportion of the world's population in developing countries and produce a global burden of disease. Pherithema posthuma a helminthes is commonly known as earth-worms, Leucas aspera herb is distributed throughout India. The anthelminthic property of Leucas aspera was evaluated using Pherithema posthuma as an experimental model. Piperazine citrate was used as the standard reference. Earthworm belonging to control group showed paralysis time as 64.33 min and death time as 200 min. Among the various concentrations of aqueous extract tested, concenration at 250 mg/ml showed efficient anthelminthic activity and among all the concentrations ethanol extract tested, concentration at 250 mg/ml gave significant results. This investigation revealed that ethanol extract of Leucas aspera showed significant anthelminthic activity against Pheretima posthuma when compared aqueous extract. Ethanol extract also proved to be efficient than the standard drug. This investigation supported the ethnomedical claims of Leucas aspera as anthelminthic plant.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves on Biochemical Indices of Liver Function in Rats

The effects of various concentrations of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaves; 100mg/kg (high dose) and 50 mg/kg (low dose) on some indices of liver function; serum bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated) alanine and asparate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were investigated in albino Wistar rats. The classes of chemical components of the aqueous extract of the plant were determined. Anthracene glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins were found to be present. Acute toxicity test in rats gave an LD50 of 500 mg/kg. The activities of asparate aminotransferase increased significantly for all concentrations administered (P0.05) for all the concentrations administered. Also the increase of the mean value of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels for all the concentrations administered were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results therefore, strongly suggest that Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract may not have hepatotoxic effect when used as therapeutic or nutritional agents.

&lt;i&gt;Lawsonia inermis&lt;/i&gt; And &lt;i&gt;Hibiscus sabdariffa&lt;/i&gt;: Posible Histological Stains

The ability of various concentrations of aqueous extracts of Lawsonia inermis and Hibiscus sabdariffa to stain histological tissues was demonstrated. The results with sections of tongue and kidney of the laboratory rat, cut at 6microns thickness showed that only the cellular cytoplasm was stained. However, combinations of the extracts of L. inermis with haematoxylin and H. sabdariffa with eosin gave good tissue staining with high contrast and cellular clarity. The result was compared with the usual staining with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E). It is concluded that the extracts of L. inermis and H. sabdariffa can be used as substitutes for eosin and haematoxylin respectively in routine histological preparations. Keywords: Lawsonia inermis, hibiscus sabdariffa, water extract, tissues. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (1 & 2) 2006: pp. 1-5

Is Vernonia amygdalina hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective? Response from biochemical and toxicity studies in rats

The effects of various concentrations of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves on some biochemical indices of liver function were investigated in albino Wistar rats. Acute toxicity tests of the extract gave an LD50 of 500 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis of the plant material showed that anthracene glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins were present. Liver function tests revealed that the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased significantly (p 0.05) increase in both alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities for all the concentrations administered. Also the increase in mean values of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin for all the concentrations administered were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results, therefore, strongly suggest that V. amygdalina leaf extract is not hepatotoxic in rats. The findings are of nutritional, clinical and veterinary relevance considering the diverse applications of the plant in almost all African populations.

Differences in Autotoxicity among Seven Alfalfa Cultivars

AbstractThere is a need to determine if alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) can be selected for low concentrations of allelopathic compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate alfalfa cultivar differences in autotoxic traits in relation to various concentrations of aqueous extracts. Plant extracts from seven alfalfa cultivars (Apollo‐Supreme, Arrow, Vernal, DK‐125, Dawn, Pioneer 5472, and Magnum III) were evaluated in the laboratory for autotoxic effects on the same cultivar at four levels of extract solution (10, 20, 30, and 40% w/v). Double‐distilled water was used as a control. Germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling dry weight were measured to determine the effect of the same cultivar extracts on alfalfa growth. These parameters were significantly reduced as the extract concentration increased. The highest concentration (40%) caused the greatest reduction in hypocotyl and radicle length, seedling dry weight, germination percentage, and seedling vigor in all cultivars. It also significantly increased the time required for germination. Autotoxicity effects were significantly different among the various cultivars. Cultivars may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: Pioneer 5472, Arrow, Magnum III, Vernal, Apollo‐Supreme, DK‐125 and Dawn. The results indicate that there may be genetic differences among cultivars for resistance to alfalfa autotoxicity, and that selection for low autotoxicity may be possible.