Various Classes Of Immunoglobulins Research Articles

Immunoglobulin profile of the mucous membranes of the large intestine in lambs in early postnatal ontogenesis

The paper presents data reflecting the dynamics of immunoglobulins of classes G and A in the mucous membrane of the blind, colon and rectum of lambs in colostrum, milk and mixed periods of nutrition, compared with similar data of sheep 3-5 years of age. Various biotopes of the digestive system of animals perform not only the digestive, but also a protective function. It is known that about 80% of all immunocompetent cells of organism are located in the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines in sheep. An important role in protecting against pathogens is played by various classes of immunoglobulins, the dynamics and functions of which, in the mucous membrane of the cecum, colon and rectum of sheep, are still being debated. In connection with the foregoing, the aim of the work was to quantitatively characterize IgG and IgA in the mucous membranes of the large intestine and their functional relationship with microflora (Bifidobacterium). In lambs, during the period of early postnatal ontogenesis in the mucous membrane of the large intestine, the content of immunoglobulins of classes G and A is different. It was established that the level of IgG and the quantitative content of bifidobacterium in the large intestine are functionally independent; in the colon and rectum, IgA and Bifidobacterium correlate. Thus, the concentration of IgG depends on the flow of colostrum into the intestines of the lamb in the first day after birth, and the level of IgA from colonization of the large intestine by dominant microflora.

Laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 involves the detection of viral nucleic acid, viral protein antigens, and the antibody response. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 is the only diagnostic test currently available in acutely or recently infected individuals. In contrast, serological testing is typically performed once viral RNA has been cleared and symptoms have resolved. This leads to some confusion among clinicians as to which test to order and when each is appropriate. While SARS-CoV-2 assays can suffer from poor sensitivity, all FDA authorized assays to date are intended to be qualitative. Serological tests have multiple assay formats, detect various classes of immunoglobulins, and have a distinct role in seroprevalence studies; however, the association with long-term protection remains unclear. Both molecular and serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 have complementary roles in patient management, and we highlight the challenges faced by clinicians and laboratorians alike in the evaluation and interpretation of the currently available laboratory assays.

ABILITY OF THE NEW IMMUNOSTIMULATOR SAPOMAX TO STIMULATE A SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE TO GENE-ENGINEERED PROTEINS OF HEPATITIS

It was shown that adjuvant Sapomax effectively stimulates the formation of levels of various classes of immunoglobulins against gene-engineered proteins of the viruses of hepatitis B and C. Moreover, the absence of stimulation of IgG3 levels indicates the absence of allergic manifestations of the developed immunostimulator.

THE ROLE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS

The basis for the development of atopic dermatitis (AtD) is a complex interaction between genetic disorders, environmental factors, lack of the skin barrier and immunological disorders. In view of the importance of immunological disorders in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, the study of these parameters in patients with AtD is a necessary aspect to assess the severity of the course, prognosis of complications and recurrence. Purpose. Comprehensive assessment of clinical and immunological parameters in adolescents with atopic dermatitis. Materials and methods. The study included examination of 28 patients with atopic dermatitis aged from 12 to 16 years, with disease duration from 10 to 15 years, which included analysis of complaints and anamnesis data, evaluation of disease severity on the SCORAD scale, General clinical and immunological studies. The peculiarities of cellular and humoral immunity in the relapse stage were determined. The main indicators of phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils were also investigated. Results. In the analysis of anamnestic data of patients, a history of diseases associated with atopia in 16 (57.1%) of 28 adolescents (AtD, bronchial asthma in relatives of the first and second line of kinship) was revealed. When assessing the disease severity on a scale of SCORAD, prevailed patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis over — 19 (67,9%) patients, the average score of the assessment of the severity of AtD amounted to 29.3 ± 1,25. The conducted immunological examination with assessment of cellular and humoral immunity showed significant changes in immunological reactivity in patients with AtD. On the part of the cellular immunity level it is necessary to note a clear decrease in CD3+ and CD8 + , as well as an increase in the subpopulation of T-lymphocytes — CD4 + and b-lymphocytes — CD20 + in most patients compared to normal indicators characteristic of this age group. Compared to healthy adolescents, there were high rates of IRA and NK cells (CD16 + ). In all patients there was an increase in immunoglobulin M and G, a high content of immunoglobulin E. The formation of secondary immunodeficiency, manifested by a decrease in phagocytic activity of leukocytes and incomplete phagocytosis, which is a factor predisposing to the development of pyoderma. Conclusion. Changes in immune status in patients with AtD are expressed by imbalance of population Of T-lymphocytes, increase of various classes of immunoglobulins and considerable oppression of practically all indicators of functional activity of neutrophils of blood.

Massive fetal hemorrhage and fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia from human platelet antigen 5b incompatibility: an unusual association

Massive fetal hemorrhage and fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia from human platelet antigen 5b incompatibility: an unusual association

Kinetic studies on the interactions between glycolipid biosurfactant assembled monolayers and various classes of immunoglobulins using surface plasmon resonance

Kinetic studies on the interactions between self-assembled monolayers of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which are glycolipid biosurfactants abundantly produced by microorganisms, and various classes of immunoglobulins including human IgG, IgA, and IgM were performed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The effect of the MEL structure on the binding behavior of HIgG was examined. Assembled monolayers of MEL-A having two acetyl groups on the headgroup gave a high affinity ( K d = 1.7 × 10 −6 M) toward HIgG, while those of MEL-B or MEL-C having only one acetyl group at C-6′ or C-4′ position gave little affinity. Our kinetic analysis revealed that the binding manner of HIgG, HIgA ( K d = 2.4 × 10 −7 M), and HIgM ( K d = 2.2 × 10 −7 M) to the assembled monolayers of MEL-A is not the monovalent mode but the bivalent mode, and both the first and second rate association constants ( k a1, k a2) increase with an increase in the number of antibody binding sites, while those for dissociation ( k d1, k d2) changed little. Moreover, we succeeded in directly observing great amounts of HIgG, HIgA, and HIgM bound to MEL-A monolayers using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Finally, we found that MEL-A assembled monolayer binds toward various IgG derived from mouse, pig, rabbit, horse, goat, rat, and bovine as well as human IgG (HIgG), and the only exception was sheep IgG. These results clearly demonstrate that MEL-A assembled monolayers would be useful as noble affinity ligand system for various immunoglobulins.

Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in Thailand: direct immunofluorescence study.

Studies of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) lesions by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) were heterogeneous with respect to classes of immunoglobulins and sites where these were deposited. Most of the studies were done in the USA and European countries. To obtain representative data from Asiatic countries, we analyzed the direct immunofluorescent abnormalities of 100 DLE lesions in Thai patients who were diagnosed on the basis of clinical and histologic criteria. Granular deposits at the dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) were detected in 90% of cases. The common immunoreactants at the DEJ were IgG (63%) and IgM (47%). The deposits were usually combinations of various classes of immunoglobulins, mostly IgG (53%) and IgM (41%). Deposits of IgG and IgM alone at the DEJ were observed in 12% and 8%, respectively. Deposits at colloid bodies, dermal blood vessel walls, and epidermal nuclei were sometimes also seen. The DIF test of skin biopsy specimens is diagnostically significant in chronic DLE. Our study in Thai patients showed that the most common deposit was a combination of various classes of immunoglobulins, mostly IgG and often IgM as well as C3, and occurred at the DEJ of the involved area.

Effect of the synthetic regulatory peptide thymohexin on the production of various classes of immunoglobulins

Some mechanisms of the immunoregulatory effect produced by the new drug thymohexin (immunophan), which contains synthetic hexapeptide as a pharmacological agent, are studied. Administration of the drug in a culture of polyclonally activated mononuclear cells from healthy donors intensifies IgM, IgG, and IgA production and inhibits IgE synthesis. Treating intact mononuclear cells with thymohexin does not significantly affect the production of immunoglobulins. The drug is found to intensify IgA synthesis in cases of genetically determined insufficiency and to suppress the production of IgE by lymphocytes in patients with atopic dermatitis. The immunoregulatory effect of the drug is shown to be mediated via cell-cell interaction in the system of transfer of thymohexin-activated mononuclears.

Immunoglobulin-containing cells in the colonic mucosa in patients with human intestinal spirochaetosis.

The relative proportions of cells containing the various classes of immunoglobulins in the colonic mucosa were determined in eight patients with human intestinal spirochaetosis (HIS) and in eight controls. All specimens were taken from colonic resections performed because of adenocarcinoma. None of the cases with HIS showed an inflammatory reaction in the mucosa as judged subjectively by light microscopy. Cases with HIS had smaller proportions of IgD- and IgE-positive cells and a larger proportion of IgA cells as compared with the controls, whereas the proportions of IgG and IgM cells were similar in the two groups. Taking into account the large individual variations in the proportions of immunoglobulins in both groups, our findings must be interpreted with caution. However, our results do not support the previous demonstration of increased percentages of IgE-positive cells in patients with HIS.

Specificity of antibodies present in human periapical lesions

Various classes of immunoglobulins have been found in human periapical lesions. The specificity of secreted antibodies against antigens egressing from the root canal system has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to test the specificity of antibodies present in human periapical lesions. Human periapical biopsies were removed and cultured as organ culture explants. Antibodies present in the lesions were extracted in the cell culture fluids. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the presence, type, and concentration of different classes of antibodies against a number of commonly found bacterial species present in the root canal system. The data show the presence of specific antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) against all 16 microorganisms tested. Peptostreptococcus micros, Actinomyces israelii, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Fusobacterium nucleatum produced significantly high levels of IgG antibodies in these lesions.

Plaque Assay with Protein A‐coated Erythrocytes for the Evaluation of Human Immunoglobulin‐secreting Cells Induced by Pokeweed Mitogen

Cells secreting IgM, IgG and IgA were evaluated in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with pokeweed mitogen by a haemolytic plaque assay using protein A-coated erythrocytes in the presence of class-specific antisera. Kinetic study revealed that immunoglobulin-secreting cells appeared after 3 days of culture and peaked between days 5 and 7. IgM-secreting cells predominated throughout the culture period. This plaque assay is a useful and sensitive in vitro test for the evaluation of polyclonal B-cell activation in humans and may provide a good approach to the study of disturbances in the synthesis of the various classes of immunoglobulins.

Relationships Between Immunoglobulins and the Intestinal Epithelium

The intestinal epithelium is intimately associated with immunoglobulins. This association may begin in neonatal life with the ingestion of large quantities of immunoglobulins in breast fluids. These ingested immunoglobulins probably have a local protective action in the intestinal lumen. In some mammalian species a large portion of the maternal immunoglobulins is translocated intact across the intestinal epithelium into the circulation, providing additional immunological protection. In rodents, the transepithelial translocation of IgG from breast fluids is initiated and critically dependent upon receptors on enterocyte surface membranes for the Fc region of IgG. Close epithelial-immunoglobulin relationships continue throughout life with the transfer of various classes of immunoglobulins across the epithelium into the intestinal fluids. In man and other mammalian species, IgA and IgM are selectively transported through enterocytes, principally in the crypts of intestinal glands. This transfer may involve binding of polymeric forms of these immunoglobulins to receptors on the abluminal surfaces of the enterocytes. The secretory component, a glycoprotein synthesized by enterocytes, may be such a receptor. IgE and IgG enter the gut lumen by mechanisms that are not defined but seem to be distinct from those involved in the translocation of IgA and IgM. Secreted antibodies in intestinal fluids and mucus bathe the luminal surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells but appear not to be firmly bound to their apical plasma membranes or glycocalyces. The intimate association of immunoglobulins with intestinal epithelial cells illustrates the close relationships that exist between the gut and lymphoid cells and their products. These relationships suggest the possibility that the gut epithelium is affected by a large variety of immunological reactions in health and disease; these possibilities, which have been explored only minimally, warrant much attention in the future. Studies on the binding, uptake, and intracellular transport of immunoglobulins by enterocytes could contribute much to the understanding of receptors for immunoglobulins on many other types of cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and the lining cells of placental or yolk sac membranes.

Immunoglobulins of various classes in the mouse intestine after oral contamination with Escherichia coli

Changes in the levels of the various classes of immunoglobulins in the intestinal contents of NMRI/HAN mice were studied after oral contamination of the animals withEscherichia coli (serologic group 055). The quantity of IgA in the intestinal contents was found to be increased and that of IgG reduced 20 days after administration of the bacteria. It is concluded that immunoglobulin synthesis in the intestine (especially that of IgA) is one of the first protective responses to microbial action in intestinal infections.

Ultrastructure of immune deposits in renal glomeruli.

Immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy are mutually complementary in the characterization of immune deposits in renal glomeruli. Deposits differ in [1] composition: various classes of immunoglobulins, components of complement, fibrinogen, and sometimes also specific antigens; [2] form: granular, nodular, linear; [3] location: mostly in the capillary wall (under the epithelium, under the endothelium, in the basement membrane) but sometimes also or predominantly in the mesangium; [4] ultrastructure: fine-grained, coarse-grained, "organized," virus-like. These features combine to form patterns that may be specific for particular glomerular diseases.

Relationship of antibodies detected by the immunofluorescence method with the various classes of immunoglobulins in cases of untreated syphilis.

Relationship of antibodies detected by the immunofluorescence method with the various classes of immunoglobulins in cases of untreated syphilis.