Variety Of Women Research Articles

BEBERAPA CATATAN TENTANG BAHASA PEREMPUAN: PERSPEKTIF WACANA KRITIS

It is already generally assumed that women possess characteristicsdistinguishing them from men. One of these characteristics is in their languageuse. Women’s language is considered different from men’s. In this context, theterm sexist appears. Sexist language represents women and men differently. Suchlanguage also represents women’s and men’s stereotypes, which is sometimesharmful to both sexes but is more often harmful to women only. Understandingwomen’s language involves at least four perspective. First, women’s language isperceived as a system of representation, meaning that it is a method of stating orverbalizing a certain event, experience, view, and reality in life. Second, women’slanguage is perceived as a site for social struggle containing a variety of women’sideologies. Third, women’s language is perceived as showing women’s corneredposition. Fourth, women’s language is perceived as showing a relation betweenlanguage and gender where there is asymmetry in language representationbetween men and women.Keywords : women’s language, representation, theory of domination, theory ofdifference, gender analysis

Willingness to provide is more important than ability to provide: women’s choice of a long-term male partner

According to evolutionary theory, women select men who have the ability and willingness to provide for their offspring. However, a man with an excellent resource-holding potential might distribute his resources to another woman or pursue short-term sexual opportunities with a variety of women. Indeed, the ability of a woman to identify a man’s ability to provide is useless if his resources are distributed to another woman or to his own mating efforts. Therefore, the ability to ascertain the willingness of men to provide for long-term partners is important to women. Although such willingness is not directly related to genetic quality, the ability to provide might be based on genetic factors and function as an indicator of “good genes.” We asked women during either their high- or low-fertility period to rate the desirability of six fictitious men described in a vignette that addressed their ability and willingness to gather and share resources. Ability and willingness to provide were less important when women considered short-term relationships, but these two factors affected mate preference for long-term relationships. Women did not value the absolute value of their mates’ long-term ability to provide, and they placed more importance on their willingness to share than on their ability to accumulate resources. Women’s menstrual cycle did not affect this pattern of preference.

The impact of perceived disease threat on women's desire for novel dating and sexual partners: is variety the best medicine?

Researchers in the evolutionary sciences have long understood men's desire to mate with a variety of women. Because men's obligatory investment in offspring production is relatively small, men can directly increase their number of descendants by mating with multiple partners. Relatively less is known, however, about the conditions that favor sexual variety seeking in women. Drawing on insights from evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology, we examined the relationship between the perceived pathogen load in an environment and women's desire for sexual variety. Across 5 experiments, we primed women with cues indicating that the rate of disease is increasing in their environment. We then measured their desire for novel sexual and dating partners. Results revealed that women with a history of vulnerability to illness respond to these cues by desiring a greater number of novel partners. This shift was not found in men and did not predict variety seeking in a nonsexual domain. In addition to providing evidence of a novel conceptual link between the pathogen load and patterns of human mating behavior, this research also provides new insights into women's mating psychology and the conditions that favor sexual variety seeking in the greater investing sex.

Preventing ‘robotised women workers’: women, sport and the workplace in Scotland 1919–1939

This article examines a new area of women's leisure; women's participation in work-related sport. The growth and development of industrial welfare in Scotland in the interwar period will be discussed. Within broader studies, Stephen Jones, Helen Jones and Melling have all indicated that there was a growth in industrial welfarism in Britain from the turn of the twentieth century. This development of welfarism, which included provision of educational classes, pensions and medical support, increasingly also encompassed a variety of sports and physical activities. By looking at case studies, developments in provision across a range of industries will be examined. This discussion will draw on a wide range of sources from a variety of women's employment, from factories to clerical positions and from the retail sector to the civil service. This article will examine the types of sporting opportunities open to women through their workplaces, including organised welfare schemes and independent employee-led activities. Moreover, it will explore working women's experiences of these activities and the ways in which they chose to participate in sport.

The Self -Effacing Role of Woman in Shashi Deshpande’s Selected Short Stories

Human civilization is divided into two parts- Man and Woman. Woman occupies nearly half of the civilization. Hence, woman and her travails, predicaments, turbulences have become the core part of Indian Writing in English in the hands of writers like Nayantara Sehegal, Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande ,Jai Nimbkar and so on. Indian society, being a male-ordained society causes the self-effacing portrayal of woman in literature. Shashi Deshpande, the most widely acclaimed Indian woman writer in English majorly probes into woman’s issues through her novels and short stories. The present paper is a modest attempt to analyze the image of woman in a self-denial mode as reflected in some of her short stories. The paper aims at studying the four selected short stories from her short story collection, The Intrusion and Other Stories (1993), which deals with a variety of women with their both bashful and forceful appearances. The First Lady depicts a story of a woman, who is agreed with her husband’s decision to adopt a celibate lifestyle on the ground that the purpose of sex i.e. ‘procreation’ is served. Being a wife of a political leader, she desires to be in her withdrawn status, as she is fed up with wearing masks in different occasions. The Intrusion, a title story deals with a newly married woman, whose self respect is dishonored by the appalling treatment by her husband, whom she thinks as an intruder. The Wall is Safer reflects a woman, who is willing to resign into isolation and rejoices at the wall as a symbol of safety. The woman in Death of Child appears to be little different comparing to the previous three female characters. Her being uninhibited while taking a decision of abortion finally makes her diffident and weary of herself. Thus, Shashi Deshpande emphasizes the self-effacing role of female protagonists in the short stories under study in a trenchant manner.

Doing Intersectionality

Intersectionality has been adopted as the preferred term to refer to and to analyze multiple axes of oppression in feminist theory. However, less research examines if this term, and the political analyses it carries, has been adopted by women’s rights organizations in various contexts and to what effect. Drawing on interviews with activists working in a variety of women’s rights organizations in France and Canada, I show that intersectionality is only one of the repertoires that a women’s rights organization might use to analyze the social experience and the political interests of women situated at the intersection of several axes of domination. I propose a typology of four repertoires that activists use to reflect on intersectionality and inclusiveness. Drawing on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the interview data, I show that hegemonic repertoires about racial or religious identity in one national context shape the way activists and organizations understand intersectionality and its challenges. The identity of organizations, as well as their main function (advocacy or providing service), also shape their understanding of intersectional issues.

Book-hunters and Book-huntresses: Gender and Cultures of Antiquarian Book Collecting in Britain,c. 1880–1900

The late-nineteenth century saw private book collecting gain a renewed respectability and cultural cachet as a leisure pursuit for the upper- and middle classes. This paper examines representations of collectors in the literature belonging to a new genre of writing which emerged for the ‘book-hunter’: a late-Victorian variant of the book-collecting passion which could encompass aesthetes and antiquarians as well as aspiring amateurs of more moderate means. It will show how, during the 1880s and 1890s, this particular type of collecting practice was used rhetorically in a range of printed material to venerate ‘gentlemanly’ book-buying, in contrast to feminine forms of engagement with old books in particular. In spite of women's comparative lack of advantage in the market for antiquarian editions, however, I argue that such a critique would not have been articulated so forcefully had women not been taking a determined interest in rare books. Evidence from central London booksellers during this period suggests that a variety of women were making antiquarian collections of their own. Male bibliophiles who denigrated female book-buyers in the periodical press were attempting to partially invent a homosocial tradition of collecting in order to distance their own pursuit from what they saw as the more emasculating elements of modern consumerism. This was a response not just to developments in contemporary print culture, but also to the growing appreciation of second-hand goods of all kinds among affluent female consumers with aesthetic and literary tastes shaped independently of male judgments.

The Prodigious Muse. Women’s Writing in Counter-Reformation Italy by Virginia Cox (review)

The Prodigious Muse. Womens Writing in Counter-Reformation Italy. By Virginia Cox. (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press., 2011. Pp. xxvi, 440. $60.00. ISBN 978-1-4214-0032-7.)After the acclaimed Women's Writing in Italy 1450-1650 (Baltimore, 2008), in which Virginia Cox offered a crucial critical overview of the phenomenon of Renaissance women writers, she now develops the most critically innovative section of her previous work with this important, intriguing, impressive, beautifully written, and comprehensive new book. The work under review concerns the way in which the Counter-Reformation, traditionally considered repressive for women, affected the literary production of post-Tridentine women. Cox notices an incredible proliferation, originality, and variety of women's writings produced between 1580 and 1635 and convincingly argues that this occurred thanks to-and not in spite ofCounter-Reformation politics. According to Cox, by promoting women-friendly religious and decorous literature, Counter-Reformation politics encouraged women's literary activity. Thus, within the general post-Tridentine tendency to convert secular literature into sacred or at least into decorous and acceptable literature, both laywomen and nuns with literary ambition-the principal addressees of this kind of safe literature-had more possibilities to publish their works and to experiment with different acceptable literary genres, approaching both sacred and secular subject matter often in very original ways.In the first chapter, Cox defines the chronological boundaries of her study, analyzes the cultural context, and offers a general survey of women's writings of the period. She then considers and discusses the works written by women in the period, both printed and in manuscript, dividing them by literary genres and themes treated but taking into account the specificities of individual works and the possible contamination between genres. Cox examines women's lyric production, which, after the Council of Trent, tended to become mostly sacred, but she offers some interesting secular examples (chapter 2). Drama, formerly a genre almost unexplored by women, became particularly popular in the period among female authors, especially in its pastoral form (chapter 3). Sacred narrative-mainly represented by hagiographies in ottava rima, one of the most popular and underinvestigated genres of the period-offered to several women (such as Lucrezia Marinella) the opportusuch nity to write a number of works and to convert the previous epic-chivalric tradition into something more suitable to the time (chapter 4). …

Robin Jackson: Restoring Women's Literary Culture

This essay reprises the scholarly conditions facing scholars a generation ago when the first attempts were made to enlarge the canonical prospect of British Romanticism and the role of J. R. deJ. (Robin) Jackson in providing the bibliographical framework that allowed for its expansion, first in terms of our knowledge of poetic texts published between 1770 and 1835 and, secondly and crucially, in restoring our awareness of the depth and variety of women's culture during this period.

‘A TANGLE OF PEOPLE MESSING AROUND TOGETHER’

This paper explores how Taiwanese women's variety television shows mediate social expectations about women's work, both waged and unwaged. In particular, I argue that the 2011 women's variety programme Shounü Buman Zu 《熟女不 滿族》, lit. unsatisfied mature-women tribe) negotiates both the feminization of everyday domestic risk and expectations surrounding the embodied practices of women's affective labour. I propose that the programme's mediation of these issues takes place at three levels: thematic, performed and formal. First, offering ‘expert’ advice on managing the opportunities and risks associated with women's everyday lives in late-modern consumer culture, the discussion themes on Unsatisfied Shounü readily lend themselves to analysis in terms of the feminization of risk and risk management. Second, the embodied performances of the programme's presenters – including their speech, movement and on-screen interactions – model hegemonic formations of feminine habitus, especially the emotional work it involves. Third, the formal properties of this genre, especially the use of post-production effects, instantiate an amplification of the bodily-affective work of normative feminine social interaction. In representing the labours of femininity on these three levels, these programmes make readily visible some of the defining features of available formations of feminine subjecthood in Taiwan today, while highlighting commercial television's role in the socialization of women's affective capacities.

Gender, Violence, and Citizenship in the Post-Civil War South

Gender, Violence, and Citizenship in the Post-Civil War South Giselle Roberts (bio) Hannah Rosen . Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009. 424 pp.; ill. ISBN 978-0-8078-5882-0 (pb). Micki McElya . Clinging to Mammy: The Faithful Slave in Twentieth-Century America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. 336 pp.; ill. ISBN 978-0-674-02433-5 (cl). Kimberly Wallace-Sanders . Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008. ix + 224 pp.; ill. ISBN 978-0-472-11614-0 (cl). Larry Eugene Rivers and Canter Brown Jr. eds. The Varieties of Women's Experiences: Portraits of Southern Women in the Post-Civil War Century. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009. xvi + 432 pp.; ill. ISBN 978-0--8130-3412-6 (cl). Over a decade ago, the historian Laura F. Edwards's pioneering work entitled Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction, shifted the historiographical focus of the post-Civil War period to the household. Mining the legal and political records, newspapers, and family papers of Granville County, North Carolina, Edwards argued that the race to redraw boundaries around white southern governance was founded on family ties and domestic relations. White men, she contended, used property ownership to propel themselves toward a self-made model of masculinity defined by hard work, earned wealth, and individual achievement, while white women aspired to a domestic ideal to distinguish themselves from African American and poor white women. "Political and civil rights," asserted Edwards, "still hinged on how households were defined, who qualified as household heads, and what rights they and their dependents could exercise."1 Edwards forced a shift in our understanding of the political importance of gender and the postwar household, creating a legacy that is reflected in [End Page 172] current scholarship by Hannah Rosen, Micki McElya, Kimberley Wallace Sanders, and the essay collection edited by Larry Eugene Rivers and Canter Brown Jr. Hannah Rosen's Terror in the Heart of Freedom examines how gender informed the white South's struggle to reclaim racial exclusivity over citizenship and suffrage. Drawing upon case studies including the Memphis Riot, the Arkansas constitutional convention, and the evolution of the Ku Klux Klan, Rosen argues that both the representation of and violence toward African Americans—and in particular, the rape of African American women by white men—sought to destabilize freedpeople's claims to suffrage and a voice in public affairs. Micki McElya's Clinging to Mammy and Kimberly Wallace-Sanders's Mammy both cast a broad interdisciplinary gaze over the evolution of the mammy and Aunt Jemima figures from the 1820s to the 1930s. McElya selects historical snapshots—including the Marjorie Delbridge custody case and the United Daughters of the Confederacy's (UDC) campaign to erect a national mammy monument—to explore white America's reworking of the mammy figure in an effort to understand, and to master, the shifting economic, social, and racial tensions of the period. Wallace-Sanders similarly provides a synthesis of mammy iconography in literature, art, and popular culture; embracing both historical and contemporary readings to understand the complexity of this figure's powerful presence in the American consciousness. Rivers and Brown Jr.'s The Varieties of Women's Experiences provides a biographical overlay to these other more theoretical studies on representation. Offering readers fourteen essays on a diverse group of women, Rivers and Brown Jr. highlight the individual's negotiation of the historical currents and ideologies that shaped the postwar South; where daily struggles and achievements charted a course of generational change. These books explore different times and events, and adopt contrasting methodological approaches, but they come together under Edwards's original premise: to understand how gender informed the strife, confusion, and violence of the post-Civil War period in the American South. Violence and Virtue Hannah Rosen's Terror in the Heart of Freedom is, in many ways, a companion piece to Gendered Strife and Confusion. Drawing upon Edwards's research on the postwar household, Rosen's compelling work explores the ways in which white southerners used sexual...

'Other Sensations'

Written in 2005 – at which point research into sensation fiction was seen to have reached a ‘crossroads’ – the sentiments expressed by Andrew Maunder resonated widely with those working within the field. Thanks, in part, to the work of Maunder himself, we have made considerable progress in effecting this ‘shift’, not simply in our thinking, but also in the subject of thought. I have in mind here his six volume collection, Varieties of Women’s Sensation Fiction: 1855–1890 (2004) which, together with the scholarly editions published by Broadview Press, Valancourt Books, and, most recently, Victorian Secrets, has served to broaden substantially the field of study and alert us to the breadth and diversity of the genre as a whole. For many of us, myself included, Maunder’s collection represented the first opportunity to read the novels of such ‘forgotten’ sensationalists as Florence Marryat, Felicia Skene, Mary Cecil Hay, and Dora Russell. The fruit of such recovery work has been evident in a number of recent publications, such as Kimberley Harrison and Richard Fantina’s Victorian Sensations: Essays on a Scandalous Genre (2006), as well as a range of journal articles, most obviously those published by Women’s Writing, that move us beyond sensationalism’s most famous triptych of texts.

Beyond Gentility

This article examines the variety of women’s performance of music in the respectable middle and working-class world of colonial Ballarat, in the decades following the gold rushes. For many women, music was far more than a genteel accomplishment. Through music women achieved personal, social and aesthetic rewards. They gained public approval and made a real difference to their community. Within the context of performance, women used music to situate themselves at the forefront of activity, and in positions of power. This article has been peer-reviewed.

Philanthropy, Feminism, and Left Liberalism, 1960–1985

Spanning the 1960s through the 1980s, this article tracks the relationships between one of the leading national Left-liberal philanthropies in the post–WWII era United States—the Field Foundation—and a variety of women’s and feminist issues and organizations. Field was one of the largest and most iconoclastic philanthropies of its time. Founded during the early nineteen-forties and steeped in Popular Front and New Deal social democratic impulses, it provided generous, sustained support to grassroots movements for civil rights and antipoverty years—often decades—before other philanthropies dared. This article explores how such an organization, primarily concerned with poverty and civil rights, was drawn into supporting feminist organizations in the period from the sixties through the eighties, and what that support meant for feminism and Left liberalism. Field’s support for feminist organizations was shaped by its own agenda, which was dominated by the African American civil rights struggle. The foundation began by providing generous funding to programs for poor and nonwhite women, and then moved on to support African American women’s groups directly. Its largesse aided the development of political, economic, and organizing capacity among African American women. Their organizations consisted of both small, local community organizations like the Gee’s Bend, Alabama, Quilting Collective, and large, grassroots national membership organizations like the National Welfare Rights Organization. Though different in size and scope, these organizations and the many others Field supported often developed proto-feminist or feminist politics, integrating feminist analysis with lived experiences of poverty, discrimination, lack of jobs and services, and disrespect. In fostering the feminisms of nonwhite, non-middleclass groups, this article argues, the Field Foundation influenced the fate of second-wave feminism. The foundation’s support helped women who produced feminisms that were more conscious of poverty and more antiracist than mainstream, middle-class feminisms. When, by the early eighties, mainstream, white feminist organizations heeded the call of African American and poor women, and placed antipoverty activism high on their agendas, the Field Foundation funded them, too. The fertile terrain shared by Left liberalism and some feminists in the late twentieth century provides a new vantage point from which to view the period. Dominant narratives of post-1960s liberalism portray it as listless and fractious, its decline hastened by internal divisions over civil rights, antipoverty programs, and women’s rights. But this article suggests an opposite history: a variety of energetic organizations flourished in this period. In addition, far from being divided by issues of race and gender, both the Field Foundation and African American women’s organizations, and over time some mainstream national feminist organizations, were united by their work on these issues. Such interrelated civil rights, antipoverty, and women’s rights work suggests that the period from the 1960s through the 1980s ought to be seen as a vibrant and forceful moment in the history of Left liberalism in the United States.

Different Transitions into Working Motherhood: Discourses of Asian, Hispanic, and African American Women

Little is known about how diverse women perceive, talk about, and enact their transitions into working motherhood in ways that reflect (and are shaped by) their social identities. While we do not mean to imply that these 16 Asian, Hispanic, and African American women are representative of the variety of women who self-categorize themselves in these particular identity groups, we do want to display the ways in which their discourses about their transitions are suggestive of different constructions within and across their ethnic categories. As such, their discourse conveys their struggles over and the interplay among mainstream United States and diverse cultural values in work and family considerations as well as their family structures of support.

The Varieties of Women's Wage Work in Colonial Korea

This discussion reveals that industrialization did not initiate Korean women’s work but merely differentiated between paid and unpaid forms of female labor. During the colonial era, a woman’s role in household production depended on her marital status. While the family remained a productive unit, the structural changes and transformations of labor brought on by modernization necessitated the familial adoption of the wage system. I review how colonial modernization influenced the work and living conditions of married and unmarried women. Apart from performing unpaid domestic duties, married women took on jobs flexible enough for simultaneous childcare, such as household industrial labor, agricultural wage work, urban service work, and labor in small- to medium-scale food processing and rubber factories. Despite a few exceptions, the majority of poor, single, young women entered factories, continuing their supportive roles in family economies. Thus, I examine the expansion of female labor intensive industries, particularly those recruiting single women, in the 1920s and 1930s. Finally, I interpret why these women entered the factories, their rationales, and motivations, all of which strongly suggests that women’s contributions to political economies were moved by familial ties.

Duloxetine in women awaiting surgery

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition affecting millions of women worldwide. It has a significant impact on the quality of life (psychosocial, social and economic well-being) of sufferers and their families. Until recently, treatment options for SUI were limited to conservative treatments such as pelvic floor muscle training, which usually has a poor compliance over time, or surgical procedures that carry the risk of complications and are mainly an option for more severely affected women. Duloxetine, a potent and relatively balanced serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, has been evaluated in phase II and phase III clinical trials and was found to be efficacious and safe in the treatment of women with moderate to severe SUI symptoms. Even in a subgroup of women with severe SUI awaiting surgery, with or without the presence of intrinsic sphincter deficiency, duloxetine was found to be effective. In addition, a good correlation was found between efficacy outcome measures and ratings of global impression scores. Women begin to perceive themselves as being better with treatment when their incontinence episodes frequency (IEF) decreases by 46% or their Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL) score improves by 6.3 points. The improvements in IEF and I-QOL obtained with duloxetine were well above these threshold levels, whereas these with placebo were not. All duloxetine responses were observed within 2 weeks. Overall, duloxetine is an effective treatment for a wide variety of women presenting with SUI symptoms. It has been approved in Europe for the treatment of women with moderate to severe SUI symptoms and is now available in many European countries.

Bringing nations in: Some methodological and conceptual issues in connecting feminisms with nationhood and nationalisms

The recent explosion of case studies about women's involvements in national projects reveals considerable diversity ranging from hostility and alienation, to affiliation or participation. Feminist analysis is just starting to explore the causes and effects of such diversity, however, since a single, common relationship usually was theorized between ‘gender’ and ‘nation’. This article addresses some methodological and conceptual issues concerning the systematic comparison of these diverse relationships. It is argued that comparison is required to explain ‘linkages between ideologies, religions and conflicts’ from a gendered perspective and to incorporate the wide variety of women's experiences regarding national projects. Especially significant in this diversity is that, while national projects in ‘the West’ are rarely a site for women's liberation and most ‘western’ feminists are alienated from nationalism, globally women are more often mobilized by national projects than any other form of politics (Bystydzienski 1992). Moreover, some women's movements affiliate with national projects with positive outcomes. To understand how women's diverse involvements in national projects affect domestic and international conflicts, we need to identify factors producing this diversity in gender/nation relationships. The article reports on a ‘test’ of six hypotheses concerning three modal cases drawn from a larger project eventually concerning thirty countries.

Varieties of Women's Sensation Fiction: 1855-1890 ed. by Andrew Maunder (review)

Varieties of Women's Sensation Fiction: 1855-1890 ed. by Andrew Maunder (review)

Sexual Behaviour, HIV-Related Knowledge and Condom Use by Intra-City Commercial Bus Drivers and Motor Park Attendants in Lagos, Nigeria

A study was undertaken among 395 intra-city commercial bus drivers, conductors and motor park attendants in a sub-urban community in Lagos, Nigeria. It was aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge of the participants on sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS, their sexual practices and perceived vulnerability to these diseases and, in particular, their attitude to and use of condoms. A semi-structured interview schedule was used for data collection. The men were found to have a strongly woven network of sexual relationships. Their sexual network included, apart from their wives and regular partners, commercial sex workers, young female hawkers, schoolgirls, and market women within and outside the motor parks. More than two thirds (74.3%) of the men had multiple sex partners and many of them had had sexually transmitted diseases at one time or another. Condom ever-use rate was 65.6% but consistent and regular use rate with casual partners was 11.6%. Almost all the respondents (96.4%) knew themselves to be at high risk of contracting STDs, while 87.6% felt that it was impossible for them to "catch" AIDS. Poor knowledge of risk factors for STDs was exhibited, as many of them attributed their previous STDs to excessive exposure to the sun, having sex in the sun, and their partners remaining in the bath for too long. Intra-city commercial bus operators and men at motor parks are a high risk group for acquiring HIV infection. Their sexual networking with a variety of women within and outside the parks also seems to suggest that they play a major role in transmitting HIV infection in urban communities in Nigeria. There is a need for intervention programmes with a focus on men at motor parks and similar high risk groups.