Variety Of Qualifications Research Articles

Regulation and applied science in psychotherapies

Background and objectivesPsychiatric and clinical–psychological practice must be based on the finest scientific knowledge. In Spain, the corresponding disciplines are official specialisations in the health sciences. The present article aims documentally to scrutinise the involvement of science in the psychotherapeutic activity of both. MethodsA non-systematic study of quality scientific literature, mainly using the PubMed directory and Google Scholar, and examination of the applicable regulations. Results(1) Scientific method: Scientific knowledge is critical, well-founded, methodical, verifiable, and systematic. However, psychiatry and clinical psychology are hybrids of the natural and psychosocial sciences. (2) Psychotherapies and psychiatry: Psychiatry uses psychotherapies as well as various other authorised treatments. The Spanish Constitution and ministerial planning regulate the best training for health specialisations in Spain and guarantee the correct use of scientific knowledge. The US National Institute of Mental Health specifies that psychotherapies should be carried out by mental health professionals. (3) Psychotherapies and psychology: As specialised treatments, only psychiatry and clinical psychology have the optimal body of knowledge for practising psychotherapy. However, the plurality of psychological–psychotherapeutic schools is innumerable and not all of them are supported by science, although their efficacy seems to be similar. Other types of conversational interventions may accompany patients and, as they are not strictly speaking treatments, may be practised by people with a variety of qualifications or none at all. ConclusionsPsychotherapies are non-formal health interventions. Intrusiveness is common, to the detriment of the best scientific information.

Knowledge and Feelings of Competence with Regard to ADHD Among Support Staff in All-Day Primary Schools

(1) Background: Schools report a high number of schoolchildren with poor attention and hyperactive behavior, with 5% being diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This causes specific problems during homework and classroom times, and the extension of all-day schooling in German primary schools makes this a challenge for support staff working in the after-school programs. Such staff have a very wide variety of qualifications, ranging from no formal teacher training to full teaching qualifications. (2) Methods: This study documents the knowledge of 196 support staff working in all-day primary schools about ADHD, and their subjective view of whether they feel competent with regard to homework situations in general and ADHD in particular. (3) Results: Those with an educational background have significantly more knowledge than those without such a background, staff feel less prepared to supervise children with ADHD, and there is a small but significant correlation here with knowledge about ADHD. (4) Conclusions: The importance of trained pedagogical staff in the supervision of children with concentration problems is emphasized.

KONSEKUENSI JOB INSECURITY PADA KARYAWAN ENTRY LEVEL

The existence of job insecurity (JIS) cannot be avoided by every individual, including employees. Competition in the tight working world requires a variety of qualifications that must be fulfilled by every employee, particularly in maintaining their existence in the working world, including entry level employees. As the lowest position in the corporate structure hierarchy, entry levels are vulnerable to JIS. This is because entry level at the early stages of career. However, generally, entry level is the spearhead of the company, thus directly or indirectly it will affect performance both individually and a whole of company. The aim of this study is to explain the influence of JIS on employees, particularly entry level. The census method was used in this study. The results of the study shows that JIS has a significant negatif effect on work performance and organizational commitment. Besides that the results also shows that there is no significant influence between JIS on satisfaction and intention to quit the employee. One of the implications of this study is to become a referral for managers, especially in managing JIS in the organization as a whole.

Juego de rol y educación, hacia una taxonomía general

La definición del juego de rol suele resultar ambigua y deja atrás alguna de las modalidades del mismo. Se propone por tanto una integración de los conceptos narración, representación y juego para hallar un término aceptable. Posteriormente se trabaja con un acercamiento taxonómico inicial en función de los siguientes criterios: modalidad básica, tipos o partes de manuales, mundos posibles en relación al mundo real y géneros. Para cada clase se hace un panorama de capacitaciones y aplicaciones pedagógicas. Todo queda como un marco genérico descriptivo a partir del cual puede empezar un acercamiento metodológico multidisciplinar con especialistas tanto de elaboración de contenidos como asesores pedagógicos.

Reliability of a Perinatal Outcomes Measure: The Optimality Index–US

The Optimality Index-US, a recently developed perinatal clinimetric index, has been validated with both clinical and research databases. Documentation of the reliability of the instrument for medical record abstraction is needed. This paper reports outcomes of interrater reliability assessments conducted for two projects. Abstraction was supervised by the same investigator, but staffed by different coders who had a variety of qualifications (perinatal nurse, nurse-midwife, clinical trial professional, student research assistants). Medical records were entirely paper at one site and partially electronic at another. Reliability (reproducibility) was assessed via percent agreement between pairs of coders on charts randomly selected for audits. Mean percentage agreement was 92.7% in both projects with a range from 89.1% to 97.8% in the first project, and a range from 88.5% to 96.2% in the second project. The sources of error differed between clinician and lay abstractors, but the number of errors did not differ. The average time per chart was assessed in the first project. Once proficiency was achieved, the average time needed to complete coding was 24 minutes, with some additional time needed for ordering paper charts. These analyses indicate that excellent reproducibility can be achieved with the Optimality Index-US.

Does access work? The relative performance of access students at a Scottish university

Since the mid-1980s there have been very considerable changes inparticipation rates of all age cohorts in higher education courses withinhigher education institutions and further education colleges in Scotland. Inparticular there have been disproportionate increases in the number ofentrants aged 21 and over to full time undergraduate and sub-degreecourses. The increasing heterogeneity of the undergraduate population raisesquestions of performance of the different populations of students. Whilstsome research has previously been carried out on the performance of mature,'non-standard' and 'non-traditional' students, existing data is constrainedby the restricted data sets of national admissions systems, and thelimitations of institutional record-keeping. In particular, littleinformation exists on students whose entry route is the Access Course despiteits designation as the 'third' route into higher education (DES 1987) and itsincreasing popularity as a mode of entry from the late 1980s to the presentday. In this study the performance of students admitted to the University ofStirling with a variety of traditional and non-traditional qualifications iscompared. Using detailed student records, fine distinctions by type of Accessprogramme or other mature entry qualifications and by points scores in GCE'A' levels and SCE 'Highers' are compared. We show that performance of formerAccess students bears a relationship to the extent of control that theuniversity exerts on the particular type of Access programme. We confirm thatnon-Access students who didn't enter the university direct from school, butwho came in with a variety of qualifications perform at least as well as'standard' entrants. Our studies of entrants with 'standard' qualificationsconfirms previous research that points scores are important indications ofsuccess or failure. Finally study of a discrete sub-set of former Accessstudents studying Mathematics and Science courses at the university showsthat their performance is slightly poorer than all Access students.

The Field Epidemiology Training Program at the LCDC

The Field Epidemiology Training Program at the LCDC

Distance education for nurses—1

DURIl'iG A RECENT VISIt to the eastern states of Australia I was able to visit several institutions which offer a wide variety of courses by external study. The object of my visits was to establish how successful these courses are and whether the mode of study could be suitably adapted to provide further professional education for registered nurses in this country. Because of the vast distances and comparatively small population in Australia distance education is a way of life, starting with the 'School of the Air' for :the children of families farming in the outback and icontinuing for people of all ages, who can gain a variety of qualifications by external study. The range of subjects which can be studied in this way is wide and surprising, and includes farming, viticulture, horticulture, horse husbandry, and nurse teaching, as well as the more usual subjects. In common with considerable numbers of other people I have in the past undertaken correspondence courses and have found some such courses to be stimulating and some so dull that it has required considerable effort to complete the work necessary to satisfy the course requirements. My further interest in distance teaching developed while I was employed as Lecturer in Nursing at a college in Australia which had a large enrolment of external students. During residential schools all staff were required to participate as group tutors, and although there were no external nursing courses, many nurses from all States were studying for qualifications in applied science or the humanities. Discussions during tutorials with these students brought home to me the advantages and disadvantages of external' study and I became aware of the vast potentiality of this mode of learning. I was able to introduce some of the concepts of the method into a learning package on geriatric nursing . which I wrote for my own basic nursing students to use while gaining clinical experience at some distance from the college, and although the number who used the material were insufficient to allow proper evaluation to be made, the units appeared to fulfil the needs of the students at that time. Currently I am involved with the education and registration of nurse teachers in England and \Vales, and I have become increasingly aware of the difficulty that registered nurses have in obtaining the

Primary recoil spectra and subcascade effects in ion bombardment experiments

Abstract The motivation of this work is to compare atomic damage configurations associated with neutron and fast-ion damage. The question we set out to answer was: Which choice of ion mass and kinetic energy provides the best simulation of fast neutron damage? The answer which emerges is that the primary damage state, i.e. the statistical distribution of free defects, and subcascade regions before annealing, is remarkably independent of the ion species and its PKA spectrum. This conclusion is sufficiently surprising to warrant careful examination, and is presented together with a variety of qualifications.