Variety Of Nanomaterials Research Articles

Applications of nanomaterials for gastrointestinal tumors: A review.

Nanotechnology is the emerging and advance field of research for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. With the development of nanotechnology, different nanoparticles are used in the treatment of cancer due to their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, surface effects, and small size effects. Nanoparticles are the particles which have the particular size from 1 to 100 nm. These nanoparticles are zero dimension, one dimension, two dimension and three dimension etc. In present scenario a variety of research is focused on the tailored synthesis of nanoparticles for medicinal applications that can be used for cancer treatment based on the morphology, composition, interaction with target cell. The gastrointestinal (GI) tumors are found one of the deadest cancer types with highest reoccurrence rates. The diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer is very challenging due to its deep location and complicated surgery. Nanotechnology provides fast diagnosis and immediate treatment for the gastrointestinal disease. A variety of nanomaterials are used for the diagnosis and treatment of GI disease. Nanoparticles target directly to the tumor cell as diagnostic and therapeutic tools facilitating the identification and removal of tumor cells. A number of nanoparticles are developed for the uses are quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), Dendrimers etc. This review article gives an overview of the most promising nanomaterials used for the diagnosis and treatment of GI diseases. This review attempts to incorporate numerous uses for the most current nanomaterials, which have great potential for treating gastrointestinal diseases.

Electrospun Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds: A Promising Prospect for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

Skeletal-related disorders such as arthritis, bone cancer, osteosarcoma, and osteoarthritis are among the most common reasons for mortality in humans at present. Nanostructured scaffolds have been discovered to be more efficient for bone regeneration than macro/micro-sized scaffolds because they sufficiently permit cell adhesion, proliferation, and chemical transformation. Nanofibrous scaffolds mimicking artificial extracellular matrices provide a natural environment for tissue regeneration owing to their large surface area, high porosity, and appreciable drug loading capacity. Here, we review recent progress and possible future prospective electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have demonstrated promising potential in bone tissue regeneration using a variety of nanomaterials. This review focused on the crucial role of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in biological applications, including drug/growth factor delivery to bone tissue regeneration. Natural and synthetic polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds are extensively inspected to regenerate bone tissue. We focused mainly on the significant impact of nanofibrous composite scaffolds on cell adhesion and function, and different composites of organic/inorganic nanoparticles with nanofiber scaffolds. This analysis provides an overview of nanofibrous scaffold-based bone regeneration strategies; however, the same concepts can be applied to other organ and tissue regeneration tactics.

3D Printing of Hybrid-Hydrogel Materials for Tissue Engineering: a Critical Review.

Key natural polymers, known as hydrogels, are an important group of materials in design of tissue-engineered constructs that can provide suitable habitat for cell attachment and proliferation. However, in comparison to tissues within the body, these hydrogels display poor mechanical properties. Such properties cause challenges in 3D printing of hydrogel scaffolds as well as their surgical handling after fabrication. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to critically review the 3D printing processes of hydrogels and their characteristics for tissue engineering application. A search of Google Scholar and PubMed has been performed from 2003 to February 2022 using a combination of keywords. A review of the types of 3D printing is presented. Additionally, different types of hydrogels and nano-biocomposite materials for 3D printing application are critically reviewed. The rheological properties and crosslinking mechanisms for the hydrogels are assessed. Extrusion-based 3D printing is the most common practice for constructing hydrogel-based scaffolds, and it allows for the use of varying types of polymers to enhance the properties and printability of the hydrogel-based scaffolds. Rheology has been found to be exceedingly important in the 3D printing process; however, shear-thinning and thixotropic characteristics should also be present in the hydrogel. Despite these features of extrusion-based 3D printing, there are limitations to its printing resolution and scale. Combining natural and synthetic polymers and a variety of nanomaterials, such as metal, metal oxide, non-metal, and polymeric, can enhance the properties of hydrogel and provide additional functionality to their 3D-printed constructs.

Engineered microbes as effective tools for the remediation of polyaromatic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals

Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become a major concern to human health and the environment due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Traditional treatment measures for removing toxic substances from the environment have largely failed, and thus development and advancement in newer remediation techniques are of utmost importance. Rising environmental pollution with HMs and PAHs prompted the research on microbes and the development of genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) for reducing pollution via the bioremediation process. The enzymes produced from a variety of microbes can effectively treat a range of pollutants, but evolutionary trends revealed that various emerging pollutants are resistant to microbial or enzymatic degradation. Naturally, existing microbes can be engineered using various techniques including, gene engineering, directed evolution, protein engineering, media engineering, strain engineering, cell wall modifications, rationale hybrid design, and encapsulation or immobilization process. The immobilization of microbes and enzymes using a variety of nanomaterials, membranes, and supports with high specificity toward the emerging pollutants is also an effective strategy to capture and treat the pollutants. The current review focuses on successful bioremediation techniques and approaches that make use of GEMs or engineered enzymes. Such engineered microbes are more potent than natural strains and have greater degradative capacities, as well as rapid adaptation to various pollutants as substrates or co-metabolizers. The future for the implementation of genetic engineering to produce such organisms for the benefit of the environment andpublic health is indeed long and valuable.

Recent progress and challenges on the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soil and water.

Currently, due to an increase in urbanization and industrialization around the world, a large volume of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) containing materials such as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), protective coatings, landfill leachates, and wastewater are produced. Most of the polluted wastewaters are left untreated and discharged into the environment, which causes high environmental risks, a threat to human beings, and hampered socioeconomic growth. Developing sustainable alternatives for removing PFAS from contaminated soil and water has attracted more attention from policymakers and scientists worldwide under various conditions. This paper reviews the recent emerging technologies for the degradation or sorption of PFAS to treat contaminated soil and water. It highlights the mechanisms involved in removing these persistent contaminants at a molecular level. Recent advances in developing nanostructured and advanced reduction remediation materials, challenges, and perspectives in the future are also discussed. Among the variety of nanomaterials, modified nano-sized iron oxides are the best sorbents materials due to their specific surface area and photogenerated holes and appear extremely promising in the remediation of PFAS from contaminated soil and water.

Selective Ion Sensing in Artificial Sweat Using Low-Cost Reduced Graphene Oxide Liquid-Gated Plastic Transistors.

Health monitoring is experiencing a radical shift from clinic-based to point-of-care and wearable technologies, and a variety of nanomaterials and transducers have been employed for this purpose. 2D materials (2DMs) hold enormous potential for novel electronics, yet they struggle to meet the requirements of wearable technologies. Here, aiming to foster the development of 2DM-based wearable technologies, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based liquid-gated transistors (LGTs) for cation sensing in artificial sweat endowed with distinguished performance and great potential for scalable manufacturing is reported. Laser micromachining is employed to produce flexible transistor test patterns employing rGO as the electronic transducer. Analyte selectivity is achieved by functionalizing the transistor channel with ion-selective membranes (ISMs) via a simple casting method. Real-time monitoring of K+ and Na+ in artificial sweat is carried out employing a gate voltage pulsed stimulus to take advantage of the fast responsivity of rGO. The sensors show excellent selectivity toward the target analyte, low working voltages (<0.5V), fast (5-15 s), linear response at a wide range of concentrations (10µm to 100mm), and sensitivities of 1µA/decade. The reported strategy is an important step forward toward the development of wearable sensors based on 2DMs for future health monitoring technologies.

Bioresponsive Nanomaterials: Recent Advances in Cancer Multimodal Imaging and Imaging-Guided Therapy.

Cancer is a serious health problem which increasingly causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. It causes abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Traditional cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and so on. These traditional therapies suffer from high toxicity and arouse safety concern in normal area and have difficulty in accurately targeting tumour. Recently, a variety of nanomaterials could be used for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanomaterials have several advantages, e.g., high concentration in tumour via targeting design, reduced toxicity in normal area and controlled drug release after various rational designs. They can combine with many types of biomaterials in order to improve biocompatibility. In this review, we outlined the latest research on the use of bioresponsive nanomaterials for various cancer imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and phototacoustic imaging) and imaging-guided therapy means (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy), followed by discussing the challenges and future perspectives of this bioresponsive nanomaterials in biomedicine.

New Developments in Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Automotive Brake Pad Applications and Future Challenges

The proper functioning of automotive brake pads is of utmost importance to ensure the safety of passengers. Therefore, brake pad materials must be chosen with utmost precision and care to ensure their optimal functioning for long durations. Through a thorough literature review, it is found that the materials used currently for this purpose pose multiple discrepancies. Therefore, it is imperative to shift our focus towards nanomaterials, as they are one of the essential novel materials in this field. This study discusses the multiple constituents used in commercial brake pads, their role in improving and stabilizing their operation, and their desired properties to achieve optimal functioning. Parallelly, this study also reviews some of the potential organic and carbon nanomaterials that could prove to provide tough competition to currently utilized materials for brake pad applications. From this review, the major future commercial brake pad materials obtained include the likes of banana peel powder, crab shell powder, coconut fibers, stark corn fibers, metal oxide composites, metal nitride composites, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and hybrid nanocomposites. These materials are studied on the basis of their performance under high-frictional force applications and analyzed by considering their mechanical, chemical, thermal, and tribological properties. Carbon nanotube-based composites showed improved tribological and braking performances making them more attractive than the materials in commercially available brake pads. In addition to these, the effects of usage of such nanomaterials on the environment and health are reviewed, in order to understand the feasibility of utilization of nanomaterials in automotive brake pad applications. From this analysis, this work suggests that there are a variety of nanomaterials that prove to be capable of automotive brake pad applications and, with further research and technological developments, would prove to be an asset to the automotive brake pad industry.

Recent trends in gelatin methacryloyl nanocomposite hydrogels for tissue engineering.

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a photocrosslinkable gelatin-based hydrogel, has been immensely used for diverse applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Apart from its excellent functionality and versatile mechanical properties, it is also suitable for a wide range of fabrication methodologies to generate tissue constructs of desired shapes and sizes. Despite its exceptional characteristics, it is predominantly limited by its weak mechanical strength, as some tissue types naturally possess high mechanical stiffness. The use of high GelMA concentrations yields high mechanical strength, but not without the compromise in its porosity, degradability, and three-dimensional (3D) cell attachment. Recently, GelMA has been blended with various natural and synthetic biomaterials to reinforce its physical properties to match with the tissue to be engineered. Among these, nanomaterials have been extensively used to form a composite with GelMA, as they increase its biological and physicochemical properties without affecting the unique characteristics of GelMA and also introduce electrical and magnetic properties. This review article presents the recent advances in the formation of hybrid GelMA nanocomposites using a variety of nanomaterials (carbon, metal, polymer, and mineral-based). We give an overview of each nanomaterial's characteristics followed by a discussion of the enhancement in GelMA's physical properties after its incorporation. Finally, we also highlight the use of each GelMA nanocomposite for different applications, such as cardiac, bone, and neural regeneration.

Nanomaterials based biosensors for the detection of organophosphate compounds: a review

ABSTRACT The extensive use of pesticides for enhancing crop productivity is posing a serious health concern to the living beings. No doubt, agricultural productivity has been increased to many folds using pesticides but due to the presence of toxic organophosphate (OP) compound in pesticides, they have become serious threat to the society. As these compounds inhibit activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme involved in normal functioning of body, it leads to birth defect, immature delivery, infertility, irritability, fatigue, nervousness and depression. So, it is necessary to detect the presence of these acutely toxic compounds in the food and environment samples. There are several conventional methods available such as colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) etc., but they are not much accurate, sensitive, time-consuming and lack selectivity. All these drawbacks are eliminated by use of nanomaterial-based biosensors, which can successfully screen the various samples for the presence of OP compounds. The review focuses on different categories of nanomaterials used for the fabrication of present-day inhibition-based biosensors using acetyl cholinesterase. In this, various properties of biosensors such as electrode material, mode of detection, detection limit, linearity range, sensitivity and selectivity are reported in tabular form. The enzyme-free sensors such as aptasensors are also discussed in the review. With the help of this review, the researchers can understand the mechanism of detection of OP compound using nanomaterials, variety of nanomaterials to develop fast and efficient detection of OP compounds.

A Review on Cutting Edge Technologies of Silicon-Based Supercapacitors

Despite Si-based materials and their derivatives have recently emerged as potential electrode materials in advanced energy conversion and storage applications, a review article has not been reported hitherto for Si-based supercapacitors. In this review, the representative progresses of Si-based materials have been illustrated including synthesis, properties, surface modification, and electrochemical properties. A variety of nanomaterials are presented regarding the electrode material design and booming device constructions. Effective strategies for the preparation of Si-based materials and their derivatives are summarized especially including silicon/silicon carbide nanowires, silicon substrates, silicon particles, three-dimensional silicon structures, and silicon-based doping materials. Meanwhile, the overall behaviors in supercapacitor application have been illustrated in terms of specific capacitance, rate capability, cycling life, and energy density. Furthermore, large-voltage microsupercapacitors are outlined for next-generation integration devices.

Non-oxidized cellulose nanofibers as a topical hemostat: In vitro thromboelastometry studies of structure vs function

Hemorrhage remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following trauma and during complex surgeries. A variety of nanomaterials, including oxidized cellulose nanofibers (OCNFs), have been studied to overcome the disadvantages of current commercial topical hemostats. However, the relationship between nano-structural characteristics and hemostatic efficacy of non-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) has not been elucidated. Herein, we present the first report of the correlation between structure and hemostatic performance of CNFs. In vitro thromboelastometry studies on CNFs, synthesized by ball-milling, showed that there is an optimum balance point between the aspect ratio (AR) and specific surface area (SSA) of nanofibers in terms of their maximum contribution to platelet function and plasma coagulation. The optimized CNFs with high SSA (17 m2/g) and a high AR (166) shortened normal whole blood clotting time by 68 %, outperforming cellulose-based hemostats. Additionally, CNFs reduced clotting time in platelet-deficient blood (by 80 %) and heparinized blood (by 54 %).

Nanomaterials Enhance the Immunomodulatory Effect of Molecular Targeted Therapy

Molecular targeted therapy, a tumor therapy strategy that inhibits specific oncogenic targets, has been shown to modulate the immune response. In addition to directly inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells, molecular targeted drugs can activate the immune system through a variety of mechanisms, including by promoting tumor antigen processing and presentation, increasing intratumoral T cell infiltration, enhancing T cell activation and function, and attenuating the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment. However, poor water solubility, insufficient accumulation at the tumor site, and nonspecific targeting of immune cells limit their application. To this end, a variety of nanomaterials have been developed to overcome these obstacles and amplify the immunomodulatory effects of molecular targeted drugs. In this review, we summarize the impact of molecular targeted drugs on the antitumor immune response according to their mechanisms, highlight the advantages of nanomaterials in enhancing the immunomodulatory effect of molecular targeted therapy, and discuss the current challenges and future prospects.

Nanomaterial-Integrated Cellulose Platforms for Optical Sensing of Trace Metals and Anionic Species in the Environment.

The development of disposable sensors that can be easily adapted to every analytical problem is currently a hot topic that is revolutionizing many areas of science and technology. The need for decentralized analytical measurements at real time is increasing for solving problems in areas such as environment pollution, medical diagnostic, food quality assurance, etc., requiring fast action. Despite some current limitations of these devices, such as insufficient detection capability at (ultra)trace level and risk of interferent effects due to matrix, they allow low-cost analysis, portability, low sample consumption, and fast response. In the last years, development of paper-based analytical devices has undergone a dramatic increase for on-site detection of toxic metal ions and other pollutants. Along with the great availability of cellulose substrates, the immobilization of receptors providing enhanced recognition ability, such as a variety of nanomaterials, has driven the design of novel sensing approaches. This review is aimed at describing and discussing the different possibilities arisen with the use of different nanoreceptors (e.g., plasmonic nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based fluorescent nanoparticles, etc.) immobilized onto cellulose-based substrates for trace element detection, their advantages and shortcomings.

Responsive Dual-Targeting Exosome as a Drug Carrier for Combination Cancer Immunotherapy.

Recently, combination immunotherapy, which incorporates the activation of the immune system and inhibition of immune escape, has been proved to be a new powerful strategy for more efficient tumor suppression compared to monotherapy. However, the major challenge is how to integrate multiple immune drugs together and efficiently convey these drugs to tumor sites. Although a variety of nanomaterials have been exploited as carriers for targeting tumor issues and the delivery of multiple drugs, their potential toxicity, immune rejection, and stability are still controversial for clinical application. Here, we proposed endogenic exosomes as drug carriers to deliver two antibodies acting as tumor-targeting molecules and block checkpoint inhibitors with specific response to the tumor microenvironment and costimulatory molecules for further improvement of therapeutic effect. The versatile exosomes exhibit excellent biocompatibility and provide a combination immunotherapy platform with synergistic advantages of activation of immune response and inhibition of immune escape.

Application of phototherapeutic-based nanoparticles in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death, which accounts for approximately 10% of all new cancer cases worldwide. Surgery is the main method for treatment of early-stage CRC. However, it is not effective for most metastatic tumors, and new treatment and diagnosis strategies need to be developed. Photosensitizers (PSs) play an important role in the treatment of CRC. Phototherapy also has a broad prospect in the treatment of CRC because of its low invasiveness and low toxicity. However, most PSs are associated with limitations including poor solubility, poor selectivity and high toxicity. The application of nanomaterials in PSs has added many advantages, including increased solubility, bioavailability, targeting, stability and low toxicity. In this review, based on phototherapy, we discuss the characteristics and development progress of PSs, the targeting of PSs at organ, cell and molecular levels, and the current methods of optimizing PSs, especially the application of nanoparticles as carriers in CRC. We introduce the photosensitizer (PS) targeting process in photodynamic therapy (PDT), the damage mechanism of PDT, and the application of classic PS in CRC. The action process and damage mechanism of photothermal therapy (PTT) and the types of ablation agents. In addition, we present the imaging examination and the application of PDT / PTT in tumor, including (fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging) to provide the basis for the early diagnosis of CRC. Notably, single phototherapy has several limitations in vivo, especially for deep tumors. Here, we discuss the advantages of the combination therapy of PDT and PTT compared with the single therapy. At the same time, this review summarizes the clinical application of PS in CRC. Although a variety of nanomaterials are in the research and development stage, few of them are actually on the market, they will show great advantages in the treatment of CRC in the near future.

Effect of graphene oxide on fresh, hardened and mechanical properties of cement mortar

Nanotechnology has already had an effect on a number of areas, including civil engineering. Cementitious composites containing a variety of nanomaterials have been identified as a novel material with enhanced microstructure, mechanical, and durability properties. In the world of civil engineering, graphene oxide has recently emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials. However, adding graph oxide to the cement mortar improves compression strength, tensile strength division, and bending strength. The ultra-high-resolution field scan microscope (FE-SEM) showed that the cement matrix was well dispersed and no aggregates were found in samples with fracture surfaces of 0.08 percent GO to weight from cement. When comparing the growth of calcium silicate hydrates in GO cement mortar to regular cement mortar, SEM results showed that GO cement mortar grew faster (C-S-H Gel).

New Approaches for Hydrogen Therapy of Various Diseases.

Hydrogen therapy has recently received increasing attention as an emerging and promising therapeutic technology due to its selective antioxidant property and cell energy regulatory capability in vivo. To solve the low solubility issue of hydrogen, a variety of nanomaterials and devices for hydrogen supply have recently been developed, aiming to increase the concentration of hydrogen in the specific disease site and realize controlled hydrogen release and combined treatment. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest advances in using hydrogen-generating devices and nanomaterials for hydrogen therapy. These developments include sustained release of H2, controlled release of H2, versatile modalities of synergistic therapy, etc. Also, bio-safety issues and challenges are discussed to further promote the clinical applications of hydrogen therapy and the development of hydrogen medicine.

Biotemplate-Mediated Green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials.

Green synthesis, an emerging field in bionanotechnology, refers to the utilization of non-toxic, biologically safe, and eco-friendly substances for the synthesis of desired materials. It provides both economic and environmental benefits along with simple, cost-effective, and reproducible synthesis approaches that result in the development of stable materials. The green synthesis approaches use living biotemplates, including plants and different microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes. The various metabolites present in different parts of the plants, such as leaves, fruits, seeds, flower, and others, serve as the reducing and stabilizing agents. At the same time, the diverse surface chemistry of microorganisms enables them to convert different substrates into a variety of nanomaterials. This review briefly describes the concept of 'green synthesis' and provides an overview of controlled and green synthesis of nanomaterials using the plants and microbial cells as biotemplates. It also discusses the effect of different reaction conditions such as temperature, pH, reaction time, precursor concentration, and the post-synthesis processing of nanoparticles (NPs) on the material properties. It further describes the applications of different NPs in pharmaceutical and environment sectors by considering their diverse antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antimalarial, reduction, and catalytic properties. Finally, it describes various future perspectives of nanomaterials to broaden the understanding of their synthesis mechanism and expand their applications to other fields.

Response of adhesively bonded single lap joint doped with MWCNT and Fullerene C60 in the adhesive to the tensile strength of the joints

The basis for this research is to create joints that have greater joint strength and capability of carrying greater damage load. The structural damage behaviour of adhesively bonded single lap joints (ABSLJ’s) was investigated. Laminates formed by carbon fibre woven in plane weave pattern and bonded by epoxy were used as adherend. Since a variety of nano materials are currently in use and are said to improve the damage strength of the composite when dispersed in them during the fabrication, two such nano materials namely multi walled carbon nano tube (MWCNT) and Fullerene C60 in different weight percentages of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% were introduced by the method of ultrasonication to disperse them in the adhesive. A two part epoxy ROTEX EP - 416 resin and ROTEX EH – 153 hardener mixtures were used as adhesive for creating the joints. Results stipulate that the addition of MWCNT nanofillers in 1 wt % and 3 wt % in the adhesive has lead to a considerable increase in the tensile damage load of the ABSLJ’s by about 93% and 199% respectively. While the addition of 1 wt % Fullerene C60 in the adhesive increased the failure load but there was not much significant improvement when compared with the same percent of MWCNT.