Diverse Motivations Research Articles

Assessing computational thinking in libraries

ABSTRACT Background and Context: Computational thinking (CT) is an essential skill for all youth to succeed in our technology and information-rich world. While CT has a growing presence within K-12 classrooms, libraries play an essential role in introducing these critical skills to all. Objective: Assessing learning in libraries is difficult given their informal nature. This is especially true when trying to assess a new and ill-defined construct like CT. A first step towards better supporting informal educators is to identify the motivations for bringing CT into informal spaces and to understand the current state of assessing CT in public libraries. Method: Thirty-seven interviews with library staff from across the United States were conducted and analyzed. Findings: This work reveals the variety of motivations justifying the inclusion of CT programming for youth in libraries, the challenges associated with assessing CT in libraries, and identifies the assessments library staff would like to be able to conduct for their own CT-related programming. Implications: This work advances our understanding of the current state of CT assessment in public libraries and lays the groundwork for future work seeking to meet the needs of those tasked with bringing CT to youth beyond the classroom.

Lower Bounds on Bandwidth Requirements of Regenerating Code Parameter Scaling in Distributed Storage Systems

In a fault-tolerant Distributed Storage System (DSS) that depends on regenerating codes, there may be a variety of motivations for the system or the user to switch from one set of code parameters ( $n$ , $k$ , $d$ , $\alpha $ , $\beta $ ) to another. For example, the user may change their demand on reliability or the system may want to change the configuration due to implementation challenges, cost considerations and issues related to availability/ accessibility of geographically-distributed nodes. This can be managed by a well-designed DSS capable of dynamically scaling the parameters. In this letter, we present lower bounds on the bandwidth requirements for moving from a regenerating code configuration to another. In case of functional repair, our lower bounds are achievable, which helps the system designers identify the minimum-cost scaling strategy.

Regulation of Law Enforcement in Prevention and Handling of Fire Forests in Environmental Hazards

Forest is an ecosystem that provides oxygen, wood and a place to live for a variety of flora and fauna andplaces where interactions between plants (flora) and animals (fauna) are present. But in its development,environmental pollution carried out by most humans that can cause environmental damage, especiallyforests continue to occur with a variety of motives and types. Environmental damage is getting worse. Thiscondition has directly threatened the life of ecosystems in the forest. One example of forest destruction byhuman activity is exploitation of natural resources by burning the forest. Forest fires have a wider impact onsociety, both local, national and international communities. Areas of Indonesia that have many forests withvariations in community behavior are quite prone to fires. Knowledge about natural phenomena in the formof forest fires does need to be disseminated to the community. This is important, in order to avoid the impactof the danger caused by the fire.

Motives underlying water sport tourist behaviour: a segmentation approach

ABSTRACT Sport tourism is a heterogeneous phenomenon with diverse motivations. However, the field of water sport tourism has not yet been intensely analyzed. The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, the study aimed to unfold the consumer profile of water sport tourists. Secondly, the role of demographic variables and behavioural attributes concerning flow experience in the activities was unveiled. Since flow has the potential of sustaining participation in physical activity pursuits as well as raising destination loyalty, its analysis in the field of leisure and tourism is of utmost interest. A quantitative research method was chosen. The subjects were 297 Hungarian water sport participants. Data were analyzed through k-means clustering and a multivariate general linear model using SPSS software. First, the cluster analysis yielded four clusters based on sport and tourism motivations, namely: Sport-oriented, Leisure-ignoring, Leisure-oriented, Social-oriented groups. Second, in the “Absorption in the Activity” dimension of flow experience, females demonstrated higher scores than males, and participants showed significant differences according to their skill levels. Furthermore, as a predictor variable, flow Absorption influenced expenses on sport lessons, while desired skill level affected the frequency of practising. These findings contribute to reaching water sport tourists more adequately.

Allied Internment Camps in Occupied Germany: Extrajudicial Detention in the Name of Denazification, 1945–1950 by Andrew H. Beattie

Reviewed by: Allied Internment Camps in Occupied Germany: Extrajudicial Detention in the Name of Denazification, 1945–1950 by Andrew H. Beattie Brian E. Crim Allied Internment Camps in Occupied Germany: Extrajudicial Detention in the Name of Denazification, 1945–1950. By Andrew H. Beattie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. xii + 248. Paper $32.99. ISBN 978-1108720731. In May 1946, the British chairman of the Nazi Arrest and Denazification Subcommittee lectured his colleagues representing the other three Allies: "We are trying to educate Germany to democracy and useful work, not to look upon the world from inside of a Concentration Camp" (56). The meeting concerned the nature of internment in the occupied zones of defeated Germany, an issue Andrew Beattie rightfully identifies as underrepresented in the historiography of World War II and the postwar period. Beattie has written a thoroughly researched comparative study of internment that not [End Page 618] only closes this gap in our knowledge, but also corrects more simplistic interpretations depicting the Soviet Union as a cruel and vindictive occupier and the Western powers as intrinsically constructive and democratic. More than 400,000 Germans were interned from one to three years in the Western zones and five years in the Soviet zone. Especially in the first year of occupation, each power used internment to isolate those suspected of crimes by virtue of belonging to dangerous organizations as designated by the International Military Tribunal, the SS for example, and individuals who could endanger the Allies' postwar agenda by virtue of NSDAP affiliations. One of the many lessons from Beattie's study is that the process of building a democratic Germany involved far more antidemocratic and coercive measures than originally assumed. When it came to deciding whom to intern, why, and for how long, the four powers shared more commonalities than differences. Beattie begins by tracing the development of internment policy between 1943 and 1946, noting that the diverse motives and objectives of internment were entangled from the outset. The Allies conceived of draconian measures in anticipation of continued resistance from a heavily armed populace and only altered their policy after the zones achieved an acceptable level of security. Internment was originally planned as a temporary measure before the formal prosecution of war criminals and others designated as Nazi followers. The second chapter compares how internment worked in practice between 1945 and 1950, when the last Soviet internment camps closed. One of the strengths of the book is Beattie's coverage of the French zone and Austria, regions barely mentioned in previous work on the subject. Internment was preventative, political, and lasted longer than often believed. Beattie is careful to distinguish internment from denazification, a term not easily defined, especially when one considers how differently each power approached denazification in its respective zone. Chapter 3 provides a collective profile of internees, breaking down the demographics in each zone and the relative involvement of internees in NSDAP organizations. While "high-value" internees like the top leadership and desirable scientists were held in well-known camps like Ashcan and Dustbin in the American zone, most internees belonged to the so-called Mittelbau of the party, those nameless functionaries who kept the regime running. The fourth chapter explores camp life, describing differing approaches to reeducation, retraining, recreation, religious activity, death, and burial. Unsurprisingly, the Allies were forced to leverage the expansive concentration camp system already in place in addition to constructing separate camps. Although Beattie consistently highlights Allied similarities in internment policy and infrastructure, Soviet camp conditions were markedly worse. Calculating a shockingly high 35 percent death rate for internees in Soviet camps, Beattie concludes: "The Soviets' failure to keep their internees alive was inhumane and amounted to answering one injustice with another" (144). Beattie ends the book with a thoughtful discussion of internment's relationship to [End Page 619] denazification efforts across the zones. Indeed, Beattie's important work reveals that internment is linked to several interrelated issues, including demilitarization, POWs, reparations, war crimes prosecutions, and forced labor. Moreover, Beattie suggests it is more accurate to define internment as extrajudicial as opposed to prejudicial since the vast majority of internees never saw the inside of a courtroom or underwent a formal...

Hidronimija desnog sliva Srednjeg Ibra

The subject of this work are the names of springs, streams and rivers which make up a tributary of the right basin of the Middle Ibar at the territory of the municipality Leposavić. The research covers hydronyms from Šaljska Bistrica all over to Bistrica which, in some way, represent a natural mark over which this municipality spreads around. The material is collected with the use of the field exploration and each of the hydronyms has an accent, so each is determined by a dialect. There have been three classifications according to the collected material. The first division, having in mind the shape of hydronyms, differentiates between those that are liquid and those that are still. The second one, called the structural, divides the hydronyms into single membered, two-membered and three-membered. A criterion of motivation for the third division divides hydronyms into those which are of physiogenic origin (natural names) and into those of anthropogenic origin (names created by men). Single membered hydronyms derived from nouns or derivation, most commonly by adding suffixes to the end of a stem. A greatest number of the two-membered hydronyms was created in the process of derivation with the adjectival suffix where the most productive suffix is that on -ski. Three-membered hydronyms have a well established structure: in the first place there is hydronymic appellative, in the second there is a preposition and in the third some of the appellatives. Hydronyms with natural names imply the use of hydronymic and geographical appellations. Due to the origin of motivation, a group of hydronyms of anthroponimic origin differentiates much more than the others and even contains more subgroups. Diverse motivation when naming hydronyms is absent in all the groups while the most numbered hydronyms of toponymic origin have been created in the process of metonymy at the relation of place-name-hydronym.

The Midwest: Cradle of Vocational Education

The MidwestCradle of Vocational Education Steve Grineski (bio) Many important educational reforms were rooted in the Midwest, which, according to Susan Clark Studer, “played a defining role in the development of American educational institutions and ideas.” Reform movements “that furthered the development of industry, home arts, and the science of farming in elementary, secondary, and higher education” prospered, Studer asserts, due to the agrarian and egalitarian nature of midwestern states.1 These reforms were central to a promise for more prosperous living and greatly contributed to the rise of what would become vocational education in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.2 The Manual Labor Movement was the precursor to occupation-directed education. Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg created the first such school in Hofwyl, Switzerland, in 1805. Educational institutions influenced by Fellenberg offered students programs comprised of broad liberal arts courses that were balanced with manual labor in the school’s fields and shops. These programs were framed by a vision of holistic education: useful physical work that supported and complemented academic learning and provided students with means to offset schooling costs.3 Maine’s Gardiner Lyceum Manual Training School, founded in 1823, was the first institution in the United States to follow Fellenberg’s ideas. Two years later, the New Harmony, Indiana, Manual Training School became the first midwestern school of this type. Presbyterian minister John J. Shipherd founded two private liberal arts colleges in the Midwest offering academic work paired with physical labor: Ohio’s Oberlin College (which Shipherd cofounded with Philo P. Stewart in 1833) and Michigan’s Olivet College (1844). Both schools featured an inclusive admissions policy that welcomed women and students of color. Shipherd held that manual labor was a necessary element [End Page 45] for a comprehensive education and essential to forming proper habits of the mind.4 The Manual Labor Movement slowed in the mid-1850s, giving rise to the Manual Training Movement. This next generation of occupationally directed schooling promoted the importance of hands-on learning within the general education program. Its intent was to broaden and enhance liberal arts learning through training in practical arts, rather than industrial skill specialization. By 1894, 15 manual training schools were offering instruction to 3,362 students; twenty years later, 16,770 manual training schools and their 183,571 students were involved with manual training. However, there were critics advocating for these schools to be framed by purely economic purposes. The Vocational Education Movement emerged, demanding that greater emphasis be given to employment-driven education designed to meet the needs of industry. The state of Minnesota provides excellent illustrations for many of these developments.5 Minnesota played an active role in moving manual training and vocational education into the nation’s public schools. Two outstanding examples are St. Paul’s Mechanics Arts High School (1896) and Minneapolis’s Girls Vocational School (1914).6 Dr. Charles Prosser (1879–1952), appointed director of Dunwoody Institute in Minneapolis in 1915, guided the private institute to national prominence in vocational education over a thirty-one-year period.7 As noted by curriculum historian Herbert M. Kleibard, vocational education would prove to have more impact on public schooling than any other curriculum development in the twentieth century.8 The Dunwoody model, with Prosser’s brand placed squarely on it, later provided the outline for vocational education throughout the nation via the National Vocational Education Act, commonly known as the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917.9 Its passage was the watershed event for vocational education in the U.S. and became known as the Magna Carta of Vocational Education. As vocational education gained acceptance as a necessary part of schooling, many vocationally directed programs, extracurricular organizations and clubs (such as 4-H and Future Farmers and Future Homemakers of America) emerged.10 Diverse motivations pushed various groups to advocate for this jobtraining legislation, such as satisfying work demands of the new industrial age, enhancing productivity, improving the lives of the poor, and encouraging students to remain in school. It is hard to ignore the self-interest demonstrated by some industrialists who demanded a well-trained workforce—at no personal cost to them—that would increase their profit margins. Leading [End...

Digital Identity Levels in Older Learners: A New Focus for Sustainable Lifelong Education and Inclusion

Identifying the digital identity of older adults entails an essential step for their effective digital inclusion grounded in a holistic and sustainable human development in hyperconnected societies. This paper proposes a theoretical framework with three levels of digital identity based on motives and practices: location, action, and significance. This framework was used for designing an ad-hoc scale, tested with a sample of senior learners (n = 659) aged 55 and over involved in active aging programs in Adult Education in Spain. Participants filled out a five-point 20-item Likert scale measuring their agreement with the digital identity factors, along with two complementary scales evaluating their internet uses and motivations, as well as other items on living arrangements and perceived social support. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses showed a factorial structure with three levels of digital identity for older adults. The results revealed that active older adults with diverse motives for using the internet and variety in digital practices recorded a higher digital identity level, as did those who felt more isolated or with less social support. As a conclusion, the educational implications according to instrumental, social, and motivational variables are key for the progressive construction of a digital identity in older adults and for their digital inclusion.

The role of environmental managers in knowledge co-production: Insights from two case studies

Transdisciplinary collaborative processes like knowledge co-production have been promoted as valuable mechanisms to address complex environmental management issues. Their value is based on epistemic and participatory ideals involving academic and non-academic knowledge and values being elicited and deliberated upon. While idealised processes of participation have been described, the actual nature of non-academic contributions including those of environmental managers has received scant attention. We explore the role and input of environmental managers in knowledge co-production, drawing on two cases from Australia and South Africa. We use an analytical frame based on the co-production idiom which focuses on process legitimacy when involving lay participants in science-informed dialogue. Environmental managers tend to be treated as part of a homogeneous group of ‘policy-makers’ but our research reveals that this characterisation masks individuals with a diversity of motivations, skills and responsibilities who contribute empirical, pragmatic and normative knowledge to co-production. Our results also suggest that environmental managers were not always able to contribute meaningfully to the critical early step of issue definition. These new insights suggest better conceptualisation of decision-maker expertise and roles, and flexibility in design and implementation of collaborative processes, are required if knowledge co-production is to achieve a participatory ideal and substantively better environmental management decisions.

The Role of Member State Governments in Migration Litigation before the ECJ

Abstract It is habitually presumed that Member State governments primarily articulate themselves in litigation before the Court of Justice for the purpose of voicing opposition to an overly activist court. This view is especially pronounced in migration law. Although the presumption is invigorated by several high-profile judgments, it provides only a glimpse into the diversity of motives that Member State governments may pursue in court. Based on a comprehensive collection of judgments in the field of migration law, this article revisits the role of Member State governments in migration litigation before the Court of Justice. It advances a nuanced understanding of national governments’ litigation activity, highlighting the variety of motives and patterns of argument.

Alternation in two-way finite automata

The study of alternation in two-way finite automata ( 2 fas) has been quite non-systematic. Since the 1970's, various authors with a variety of motivations have studied 2 fas with various types of alternation and a variety of names, creating a fairly long list of sporadic contributions with little internal consistency. This article attempts to organize the subject into a single unifying framework.We start with a detailed account of all contributions to date, that reveals the large variety of approaches and the lack of consistency between them. We then identify and name four types of automata that these contributions have really studied over the years: general two-way Boolean finite automata ( 2 b fas); monotone 2 b fas; basic 2 b fas; and (monotone basic, or) alternating 2 b fas ( 2 a fas). Next, we identify four different ways by which authors have described how such automata compute, each offering a distinct view onto their operation: the circuit view, where computation is modeled by a circuit of Boolean gates; the formula view, where computation is modeled by a Boolean formula over configuration-variables; the run view, where decisions are determined by the existence of appropriate trees of configuration-goal pairs, called “runs”; and the (most classic) tree view, where computation is modeled by a tree of configurations.After carefully defining each 2 b fa type and each view, we prove the following. First, that within each type, every two of the four views are equivalent to each other, in the strong sense that each of them closely mimics the other at every step of the computation. Second, that not all types of 2 b fas are equivalent: although general 2 b fas are as powerful as monotone 2 b fas, and basic 2 b fas are as powerful as 2 a fas (up to polynomial differences in the number of states), general 2 b fas may need exponentially fewer states than 2 a fas.

HUKUMAN MATI BAGI ORANG YANG MURTAD DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS

Many Muslims who come out of their religion and embrace other religions with a variety of motives and reasons depending on their respective interests. This phenomenon seems to be a trend and lifestyle in the midst of the swift currents of globalization, democratic life, respect for Human right and religious freedom. In Islamic Criminal Law, apostasy (murtad) is a crime that is included in jarimah hudud. The punishment for apostates/riddah is the death penalty, and in the hereafter will get a reply in hell, this is in accordance with the message contained in the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. This article explains the differences of opinion of the ulama regarding the punishment for the perpetrators of riddah / apostasy. Al-Qur'an does not specifically explain the punishment for apostates, it only stipulates the vanity of charity and in the hereafter will be given severe punishment. In the hadith of the Prophet which expressly punishes apostates with the death penalty. From the two sources of Islamic law as if there was a conflict. Therefore, it is very interesting to study considering that the problem of riddah is one of the problems in the study of Islamic criminal law which is always a concern of ulama and experts in contemporary Islamic law.
 Keywords: Riddah/Apostasy, Death penalty, Jarimah, Ta`zir

DAYA DUKUNG LINGKUNGAN TERKAIT PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH BATIK DI KAMPUNG BATIK GIRILOYO, KABUPATEN BANTUL, YOGYAKARTA

Title: Carrying Capacity Related to Batik Waste Processing in Giriloyo Batik Village, Bantul District, Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is one of the areas in Indonesia that still maintains its cultural heritage, one of the cultural heritages that is still a source of pride is Batik. This cultural heritage is increasingly in demand by many people because of its very diverse motives and usually these batik motifs describe the characteristics of an area so that they can be used as souvenirs. This higher market demand has made batik production increase, causing new problems, namely environmental pollution as a result of the waste of batik making itself. The purpose of this study was to determine how to dispose of batik waste in Kampung Batik Giriloyo, Yogyakarta, and to analyze its impact on environmental quality. This research uses qualitative research methods with a case study approach. The results showed that some of the batik home producers still dispose of their waste directly into the river, some of them dispose of it in wells without filtration, and some have disposal sites that meet standards. Discharge in the river results in dirty river water and causes the fish in it to die. Direct dumping into the soil causes the surrounding plants to die. Meanwhile, disposal in soil wells without filtration causes soil contamination and there is a concern that it will contaminate nearby well water.

African Physician Migration to High-Income Nations: Diverse Motives to Emigrate ("We Are not Florence Nightingale") or Stay in Africa ("There Is No Place Like Home") Comment on "Doctor Retention: A Cross-sectional Study of How Ireland Has Been Losing the Battle".

Research in assessing the global and asymmetric flows of health workers in general, and international medical graduates in particular, is fraught with controversy. The complex goal of improving health status of the citizens of home nations while ensuring the right of health workers to migrate generates policy discussions and decisions that often are not adequately informed by evidence. In times of global public health crises like the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic, the need for equitable distribution and adequate training of health workers globally becomes even more pressing. Brugha et al report suboptimal training and working conditions among Irish and foreign medical doctors practicing in Ireland, while predicting large-scale outward migration. We comment on health personnel migration and retention based on our own experience in this area of research. Drawing from our examination of medical migration dynamics from sub-Saharan Africa, we argue for greater consideration of health workforce retention in research and policy related to resource-limited settings. The right to health suggests the need to retain healthcare providers whose education was typically subsidized by the home nation. The right to migrate may conflict with the right to health. Hence, a deeper understanding is needed as to healthcare worker motives based on interactions of psychosocial processes, economic and material determinants, and quality of work environments.

The Meaning of Mass Atrocities Beyond Our Moral Fate

Abstract Philosophical accounts of moral progress commonly acknowledge the problem of mass atrocities. But the implications of such events for our ability to perceive, and achieve, progress are rarely considered in detail. This paper aims to address this gap. The paper takes as its starting point Allen Buchanan’s evolutionary theory of moral progress in his 2020 book Our Moral Fate. Through critical analysis of Buchanan’s theory, the paper shows that moral philosophers seeking to draw evidence from atrocities must pay closer attention to social scientific research into such crimes, and particularly to findings concerning the diverse motives, intentions, and ideological influences on perpetrators. At the same time, the paper suggests that mass atrocities exhibit the action-guiding influence not only of moral norms, but also of social and legal norms. The paper concludes by briefly considering the significance of mass atrocities for theories of moral progress beyond Our Moral Fate.

Foraging in Czechia: The nation’s precious hobby

ABSTRACT The article fills the gap in the geographical literature on foraging in a Central and Eastern European context. Its goals are to investigate the extent and character of foraging practice and the population of foragers in Czechia, as well as to uncover what motivates the practice of foraging for non-timber forest products. A mixed methods approach was used in the reported study, which combined the triangulation of data from official statistics, three waves of a representative data survey, and a case study of mushroom pickers in Prague, the capital city of Czechia. The results show that foraging is a widespread practice in Czechia with stable but fluctuating harvest volumes. Czechs gather mainly mushrooms and edible berries. The results also show that foraging is a traditional practice of people with different demographic characteristics and from diverse socio-economic backgrounds, with a myriad of diverse motivations and connotations far from mere economic ones. Strolling outside in the fresh air and in forests is clearly a dominant motive. Thus, the author concludes that foraging in Czechia is far from being limited to livelihood strategies to tackle food insecurity.

2,4 dinitrophenol: It's not just for men

Background2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) is an organic compound which causes thermogenesis resulting in fat burning and weight loss. Although not licensed for human consumption, the globalised access to and information about this compound on the internet has prompted a renewed interest in DNP making it readily available to purchase online. Studies into user experiences remain scarce and much of the previous literature has focused on DNP use in male dominated bodybuilding communities. While online accounts of female DNP use are plentiful, this group are under researched. MethodTen online forums containing female discussion of DNP were identified and 440 threads subjected to a thematic analysis. Semi structured interviews were conducted with four forum moderators (all men) and one woman who reported use of DNP. ResultsThe findings highlighted diverse motivations for why women use DNP as well as differences in experiences, dosing regimens, willingness to take risks and adverse effects. Many women reported using online forums to seek advice and trusted the information they received. However, much of the discussion and protocols for use online is perpetuated by and geared towards men, with DNP seen as a ‘hard core’ drug that is not suitable for women. Female DNP use was frequently stigmatised because the potential risks were seen to be at odds with women's roles as mothers and caregivers. Women who used DNP were often ignored, ridiculed or seen as novice users, while men were viewed as the DNP experts. ConclusionThis study provides an overview of female experiences of DNP use. There is a growing body of evidence as to the harms associated with this compound and there are no guaranteed ‘safe’ regimens that can be advocated for any potential user. Users equate deaths or ill harms from DNP with incorrect dosing or insufficient knowledge of the impact of the drug on the body. This leads women to incorrectly assume that if they are not suffering ill effects they are using DNP safely. Of key concern from this study is that within a vacuum of harm reduction advice, women are reported to be accepting DNP advice circulating in male-dominated forums and adopting the protocols of male bodybuilders with potentially fatal consequences. Furthermore, women using DNP are doing so without any ‘real world’ support, gender sensitive treatment pathways or interventions in place.

Poetics, Perversions, and Passing: Approaching the Transgender Narratives ofThesmophoriazousai

AbstractAristophanes’s Thesmophoriazousai offers a complex engagement with transgender identity and practice. It explores up to seven different transgendered modes through a variety of motivations and audience response. While embracing fictional/dramatic performance, these modes are best understood within the larger social and cultural framework that the play directly and indirectly suggests. Perched, like much Old Comedy, on the horns of social conservatism and conceptual flexibility, but also acknowledging a broad transgender continuum, the play’s creative tension allows for it to be recuperated and re-used by queer audiences and readers.

Elaborating Motive and Psychological Impact of Sharenting in Millennial Parents

The phenomenon of parental care shared through social media (sharenting) is increasingly widespread. This research aimed to elaborate on the motives, strategies, and psychological effects of sharenting by millennial parents. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The subjects are millennial parents who have a habit of sharing parenting on social media and are members of the professional community. Determination of the sample uses purposive sampling, so that as many as ten people consisted of five females and five males. Interviews, observations, and documentation are the methods used in data collection. Data were analyzed using reduction techniques, data presentation, and verification. The results showed that the motive of sharenting parents is to receive affirmation and social support, demonstrate the ability to care for children, social participation, and documentation. Millennial parents with a peer-oriented communication model do Sharenting. Sharenting for millennial parents has both positive and negative impacts, namely by providing new information and knowledge, making new friends, and support. The negative effects include feeling insecure, comparing her child with someone else's child, causing animosity and dissent. Thus, it can be concluded that sharenting by millennial parents is carried out with a variety of motives, carried out with a peer approach strategy, and has both positive and negative impacts at the same time. The implication is that millennial parents are more knowledgeable about parenting, understand good sharenting, and are psychologically trained in responding to netizens for their sharenting.

Early evidence of trepanation along the Yellow River Basin in Neolithic China

Trepanation is a long-lasting ancient practice found around the world with diverse motivations. However, the distribution and motivation of intentional trepanation in China remain unclear. This study presents one of the earliest trepanations on a male adult individual who is unearthed from the Shuanghuaishu site in Gongyi, Henan, dating back to the late Yangshao cultural period (3500–2900 BC). The macroscopic and microscopic observation, alongside with micro-CT scan, are conducted to further evaluate the conditions on the edges of the perforation and intracranial situation. The oval perforation is located on the occipital bone, and neither fracture nor apparent healing signs are observed on the margins. Archeological evidences and simulated experiment indicate that the trepanation could be conducted by drilling the tables of the skull with a V-bladed stone tool. In view of the location of the perforation and the limited details on the edges, the motivation behind the trepanation could be due to the medical treatment of trauma on the occipital bone or a postmortem ritual. The analysis of the early trepanation along the Yellow River Basin provides further evidence on the ancient human behavior and enriches our understanding of the origin and distribution of trepanation in Neolithic China.