Mango Cultivars Research Articles

Application of Plant Growth Regulators During Early Fruit Development Stage Increased Perceived Sweetness of Mango Fruit

This study investigated the optimal strategies for improving sugar biosynthesis in mango fruits. Randomized block design was used for experimental treatments. The mango cultivar “Renong-1” was sprayed with five green plant growth regulators, including solutions of SBP (sucrose-based polymers, a new highly efficient and eco-friendly plant growth regulator), SPM (sucrose + potassium dihydrogen phosphate + microelement fertilizer), TPM (taurine + potassium dihydrogen phosphate + microelement fertilize), PFA (potassium fulvic acid), and SOP (seaweed oligosaccharide peptide) at different fruit development stages. Indicators, such as soluble solid content, soluble sugar and starch contents, and activities of 11 enzymes associated with sugar metabolism in physiologically mature and in full ripening fruits were evaluated. The results showed that SBP solution diluted 100-fold exerted the strongest effect on the soluble sugar content and sweetness value of “Renong-1” mango fruits. Based on the linear regression analysis, a significant negative correlation was observed between the activity of acid invertase and the perceived sweetness of physiologically mature fruits, while the activities of other enzymes were significantly negatively correlated with the perceived sweetness of full ripening fruits. According to multiple regression (by lars function in R) and other comprehensive analysis, A1B3 (spraying SBP solution one time in the young fruit stage) was selected as the optimal treatment combination for enhancing “Renong-1” mango perceived sweetness, followed by A1B2 (spraying SBP solution for the first time in the young fruit stage and the second time at medium maturity) as the alternative treatment combination.

Identification of Mango Cultivars’ Resistance Against Red Spider Mite: Impact of Climate Elements on Resistance Performance

The use of resistant plants is recognized as an environmentally friendly measure for mite control. Oligonychus mangiferus, known as the mango red spider mite (MRSM), is a dangerous pest for mango production. To date, the resistance levels of the mango germplasms against the MRSM remain largely unknown. Furthermore, the environmental factors potentially influencing resistance performance have been seldom discussed. To fill those knowledge gaps, this study aimed to identify the resistance level of twelve mango cultivars against the MRSM. Based on three rounds of greenhouse and five seasons of field tests, cultivars with distinct resistant levels were identified. When exploring the climate impact, we found that for the susceptible cultivars, precipitation is the primary external environment factor altering the resistance performance, while temperature presents a secondary effect, and air humidity did not show a significant impact on MRSM resistance. By contrast, MRSM-resistant cultivars were not prone to be affected by changing climate conditions. Furthermore, yield tests indicated that the resistant cultivars can better reduce the yield losses compared with the susceptible ones. This study illustrated the climate element-driven effect on mango tree resistance performance against the MRSM, which can provide insight into insect pest management under changing climate conditions.

Analysis of genetic profiling and diversity in mango cultivar using SSR

The present study was conducted to show genetic variation and investigate inter-relationships between 30 mango genotypes. We are selected 9 SSR markers with 30 genotypes cv. Kalepad, Neelum, Swarnarekha, Alphonso Rumani, Sendura, Banganapalli, Mulgoa and Bangalora etc. The genomic DNA was extracted from mature leaf samples with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Samples were run by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) they produced 350 amplified products, of which 258 were polymorphic and 132 monomorphic. The sizes of the alleles detected ranged from 120 to 290 bp. SSR markers were highly polymorphic with an average of 3.04 alleles per primers. SSRs gave moderate polymorphic information content (PIC) range value of 0.147 to 0.778. The amplified products varied between 2 (MSSR 152, MSSR 155 andMSSR173) to 3 and 4 (MSSR 106, MSSR140, MSSR146, MSSR156, MSSR160 and MSSR190) bands per primer. We obtained moderate genetic diversity, with Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient values ranging from 0.065 between cluster I and II to 0.25 between clusters II and III. The dendrogram generated from the unweighted pair group arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis broadly placed 30 mango cultivars into three significant clusters at co-efficient similarity of 0.65. The cluster size varied from 1 to 27 and cluster I was the largest cluster comprising twenty-seven cultivars, followed by cluster II possessing two and clusters I possess one variety. Cluster I had the highest diverse cultivars namely, Mallika, Gundur pacharichi, Rumani, Sajahan, Dillpasanth, Senthuram, Amarapalli, Arka aruna, Banganapalli, Sundar langra, Sothuparai local etc. cluster II contain the cultivar Neelgoa, Arka puneet Cluster III contain the cultivars viz., Neelphonso. Unique fingerprints were identified in the cultivars. The tendency of clustering among mango cultivars revealed that they have a strong affinity towards further breeding programmes.

Evaluation of genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) collected from Ba Den mountain, Tay Ninh province based on Simple Sequence Repeats markers

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a perennial fruit tree and belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. In the Ba Den Mountain area of Tay Ninh province, the ancient mango trees are intercropped with other plants in an area of about 530 ha. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of mango trees collected from the Ba Den mountain in Tay Ninh province based on Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers for the conservation of genetic resources. A total of 9 SSR markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 30 mango cultivars. The results displayed a total of 21 amplified fragments, averaging 2.33 fragments per primer. Of these, 20 out of 21 fragments were polymorphism, resulting in a polymorphic percentage of 94.4%. Molecular sizes ranged from 200 bp to 330 bp. Cluster analysis revealed high genetic diversity among the 30 mango samples, with genetic polymorphism levels ranging from 0 to 0.43 and an average genetic polymorphic distance of 0.29. The dendrogram was divided into 3 main groups, in which group I consisted of 18 mango samples, group II included 7 samples and group III comprised 5 samples. The results achieved could be useful information in assessing genetic diversity for genetic conservation and developing mango varieties in the future.

Comparative Effects of Drying Methods on Physicochemical Properties of Puree Blends of Some Indigenous Varieties of Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>), Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i>) and Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) Fruits

This study evaluates the comparative effects of freeze-drying and spray-drying methods on the physicochemical properties of composite fruit puree powders produced from local varieties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), orange (Citrus sinensis), and mango (Mangifera indica) in Benue State, Nigeria. Composite formulations were developed by blending fruit purees in ratios of 50% watermelon, 30% orange, and 20% mango. Freeze-drying and spray-drying methods were employed to produce powders, which were subsequently analyzed for proximate composition, sensory attributes, and physicochemical properties. Freeze-dried powders retained higher vitamin C content (21.4 mg/100 g) compared to spray-dried powders (16.3 mg/100 g). Moisture content was significantly lower in freeze-dried powders (2.5%) than spray-dried powders (4.3%), while sensory evaluation showed no significant differences in overall acceptability (p>0.05). These findings suggest that freeze-drying is superior for nutrient preservation, whereas spray-drying is more energy-efficient. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing fruit powder production in agrarian settings.

Naturally russeted and wound russeted skins of mango (cv. ‘Apple’) show no differences in anatomy, chemical composition or gene expression

The mango cultivar ‘Apple’ is commercially important in Kenya but highly susceptible to russeting. Russeting refers to an area of fruit skin where the primary (epidermal) surface has been replaced by a secondary (peridermal) surface. The objective was to establish histologies, gene expressions and chemical compositions of a natural periderm, a wound-induced periderm and of cuticles of an un-russeted skin. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a suberized phellem in natural and wound-induced periderms. Wound-induced periderms had more cell layers and a higher mass than natural periderms. Compared with cuticles, periderms showed decreased expressions of cuticle-related genes (MiSHN1, MiGPAT6, MiCUS1, MiCER1, MiWCB11) and increased expressions of periderm-related genes (MiMYB93, MiNAC058, MiCYP86A1, MiCYP86B1, MiGPAT5, MiABCG20). Natural periderms and wound-induced periderms contained cutin and suberin monomers (C16-C28), including carboxylic, dicarboxylic, and ω-hydroxy acids and primary alcohols. Cuticles of the primary skin contained cutin monomers of similar chemistry but shorter chain lengths (C16-C22). The wax composition in natural and wound-induced periderms was similar to that in cuticles. Lignin monomers in natural and wound-induced periderms contained p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl and syringyl units, but only traces of these occurred in cuticles. In ‘Apple’ mango, the histologies, gene expressions and compositions of natural and wound-induced periderms are largely the same.

Socio-Economic and Physical Factors Affecting Mango Performance and Productivity in Makueni County, Kenya

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the most popular fruit in many countries and among millions of people in the world. Mango is an emerging tropical fruit produced in over 90 countries worldwide. Mango production stands at 180-200 pieces per tree against a potential of 500 pieces per tree, necessitating a high demand. This study sought to examine the factors influencing mangos’ performance and productivity in the dry lands of Makueni County, Kenya. Across-sectional descriptive research was used and case study of two farms in extreme parts of the county was also deployed. A total of 382 farmers were selected for the study using simple random sampling methods. Purposive sampling was used to get sub-county, ward officers, chiefs, sub-chiefs, elites and village elders for Key Informant Interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages and modes, regression. Qualitative data was analyzed by creating themes and patterns and then validating the usefulness of the information obtained. The study found that mango was one the major source of livelihoods in Makueni County necessitating increase in acreage under mango cultivation. Findings unearthed, the acreage increased from 46,364 ha to 65,453ha between 2015 and 2021. Overally, mango production and performance were found to be increasing. Introduction of commercial mango varieties which are highly yielding. The varieties which include Tommy Atkins, Kent, Van dyke, Haden and Apple have been widely adopted by farmers and this has led to increase in production levels in Makueni county. Production increased by 29.13% between 2010 and 2021 yearly. However, there were seven major constraints that posed great challenge to the agrarian farmers. Climate change, drought, access to market, land ownership, access to capital, access to technology, pests and diseases and mango species were found to be major constraints affecting mango cultivation. The study found out that the increase in mango productivity and performance was due to majorly an increase in acreage but not really due to good agronomic practices. Therefore, it is recommended that multi agency efforts are highly required to curb the impact of Climate change, drought, access to market by incorporating appropriate post-harvest technologies such as storage, transport of mangoes to ensure production doesn’t decline. Post –harvest behaviors of different cultivars of mango on their shelf life should be explored to improve performance and productivity of mango.

Impact of ripening stages and drying techniques on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of apple mango chips.

Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are valued for their rich nutrients, including vitamins A, B, C, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. However, high moisture content and seasonal availability contribute to post-harvest losses of up to 50%. To reduce these losses and extend shelf life, drying methods like solar, convective, and freeze-drying are used, each impacting dried mango quality differently. This study examines how ripening stages and drying methods affect the physicochemical and sensory qualities of apple mango chips, analyzing attributes such as moisture (7.81%-11.50%), protein (2.49%-2.89%), fat (0.78%-1.11%), pH, total soluble solids, and color parameters (L* and a* values). Results show that solar drying, especially for fully ripe mangoes, enhances color and sensory qualities, with fully ripe, solar-dried mango chips receiving the highest ratings for color, taste, flavor, and aroma. This emphasizes the importance of optimizing ripeness and drying techniques to improve dried mango quality. Although solar drying is cost-effective and preserves sensory qualities, limitations include nutrient loss and limited access to advanced drying technologies like freeze-drying, especially in developing regions. The study's focus on apple mangoes and a small, non-trained sensory panel may limit generalizability, suggesting that future research could explore additional drying methods across more mango varieties. Larger sensory panels with trained evaluators may provide broader insights. This study offers valuable strategies for enhancing dried mango production and marketability. By optimizing ripening stages and drying techniques, industry professionals and researchers can improve product quality, meet consumer preferences, and support sustainability, benefiting local farmers and global markets.

Genetic Variability and Morpho-Agronomic Characterization of Some Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars and Varieties in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Mango stands as a critical tree crop with significant economic value on a global scale. This is attributed to the advantageous effects of its mineral content, abundance of vitamins, and biologically active compounds, all of which contribute to the overall health and well-being of consumers. Therefore, it needs special attention for its emergence through the phenotypic characterization of the existing varieties. To do this, we characterized agro-morphologically different mango varieties in some parts of Nigeria. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variation and morpho-agronomic traits of different mango varieties in Nigeria. Qualitative and quantitative data from mango leaves were recorded from 10 mature leaves and mango fruits in 4 States of different agroecological zones of Nigeria. The genetic variability, phenotypic and genotypic variances, coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation, broad sense heritability, and genetic advance, based on morpho-agronomic traits, were evaluated. Analysis of variance and descriptive analysis through the coefficient of variability revealed an extensive diversity and the prospect of genetic selection for profitable characters. Broad sense heritability for all the characters varied from 44.61% for petiole length to 98.48% for pulp weight and fruit weight, indicating moderate to high inheritability. Genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM) was high in all the traits studied and ranged from 28.27% to 172.58%. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), demonstrating the extent of environmental effects. Edible rate is significantly and positively corrected with fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, peel weight, pulp weight, seed length, seed width, pulp%, and pulp thickness.

Effect of bioactive compounds on enzymatic regulation and shelf life of mango during post-harvest

The effects of melatonin, salicylic acid (SA) and brassinosteroids on the post-harvest quality and shelf life of two mango varieties, Alphonso and Sindhura, were investigated with respect to physiological, biochemical and enzymatic changes. The study assessed physiological loss in weight (PLW), Total Soluble Solids (TSS), titratable acidity, sugars, total phenolics, carotenoids, ripening related enzymes (pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, amylase and cellulase) and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase). According to the results, the shelf life of mango was considerably increased by 200 µM melatonin, 2.0 mM salicylic acid and 25 ppm brassinosteroids, which also decreased PLW to 9.81 %, 10.12 % and 9.79 % in Alphonso and 9.48 %, 9.51 % and 9.92 % in Sindhura. These treatments maintained a balance between TSS, sugars and acidity, while preserving higher concentration of total phenolics and carotenoids. Treated fruits exhibited lower ripening enzyme activity, particularly polygalacturonase, which declined by 16.7 %, 11.2 % and 17.0 % in Alphonso and 11.5 %, 10.9 % and 11.2 % in Sindhura with 200 µM melatonin, 2.0 mM salicylic acid and 25 ppm brassinosteroids treatments respectively. Similarly, pectin methyl esterase (PME) was reduced by 12.2 %, 11.6 % and 10.5 % in Alphonso and 12.1 %, 10.3 % and 12.1 % in Sindhura corresponding to these treatments, delaying cell wall degradation and maintaining fruit firmness. Additionally, antioxidant enzymes were upregulated, mitigating oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserving fruit quality. These treatments were effective in delaying ripening, enhancing stress resistance and extending the marketability of mangoes during storage. This study highlights the potential of melatonin, salicylic acid and brassinosteroids as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals for improving post-harvest mango management.

Mangiferin Content in N-Hexane and Diethyl Eter Fractions of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves Var. Gedong Gincu

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit plant with high economic value and potential as a source of phytopharmaceuticals. One well-known variety of mango is Gedong Gincu from Majalengka Regency, West Java, which contains active compounds such as mangiferin, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, all of which have various therapeutic effects. This study aims to compare the mangiferin content in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Gedong Gincu mango leaf extract using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Mango leaves were extracted using ethanol, followed by fractionation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. After obtaining the fractions, the mangiferin content was analyzed using the HPLC method. The weights of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were found to be 13.418 grams and 8.21 grams, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins. The HPLC results showed that the two fractions had different mangiferin contents, with retention times (RT) of 1.599 minutes for the n-hexane fraction and 1.473 minutes for the ethyl acetate fraction, indicating differences in solubility and interactions with the mobile phase. Mangiferin content analysis using HPLC revealed that the n-hexane fraction contained 690.8 mg/g of mangiferin, while the ethyl acetate fraction contained 547.3mg/g . This study provides important information regarding the comparison of extraction solvents for mangiferin, which can be developed for herbal preparation production.

Phytochemical Composition and Functional Properties of Fruit Purees Produced from Some Indigenous Varieties of Mango, Orange and Watermelon

This study explores the phytochemical content, and functional properties of mango, orange, and watermelon purees to evaluate their potential in food formulations and post-harvest loss reduction. Key findings revealed that watermelon puree exhibited the highest total phenolic content (559.03 mg/100 g), tannins (60.85 mg/100 g), and water holding capacity (93.03%), while mango puree had the highest bulk density (1.11 g/cm³), viscosity (3.84 cP), and oil holding capacity (27.01%). Orange puree contained the highest levels of flavonoids (37.78 mg/100 g) and alkaloids (22.52 mg/100 g). The results for bulk density recorded 1.11g/cm3 for mango, 0.89g/cm3 for watermelon and 0.93g/cm3 for orange. Specific gravity recorded higher value for mango 1.13 followed by orange 1.05 then watermelon 0.92. Viscosity also recorded higher value for mango (3.84cP) then orange 2.04cP and least for watermelon (1.53cP). Water holding capacity took a different trajectory as it recorded higher in watermelon (93.03%), followed by orange (84.49%) then mango (83.74%). Oil holding capacity had mango with the highest (27.01%), orange with 23.01% then the least was watermelon with 18.03%. The results suggest that these fruit purees can be effectively utilized in various food products, contributing to both nutritional diversity and reduced food wastage in regions with high fruit production.

Robust YOLO Approach for Mango Fruit Detection Using Computer Vision

In precision agriculture, on-tree fruit detection is a solution for automating many tasks which governs yield estimation, harvesting and quality monitoring. Among all tropical fruits, mangoes are the most widely consumed fruit and is a member of the cashew family. Mangoes have been cultivated in South and Southeast Asia for thousands of years. There are several cultivars of mango, which vary in size, shape, sweetness, skin colour and flesh colour. Mango is India’s most important commercial fruit crop, accounting for over 54% of all mangoes produced globally. This paper is a study conducted to detect the fruit using a simple non-destructive YOLOv7 deep architecture, a highly accurate object detection method with less error rate. A robust dataset, MangoNet of mango images which are annotated using labelImg tool, is used in the study. The detection of on-tree mangoes will be beneficial for the yield estimation of fruits. The YOLOv7 deep model is employed, incorporating transfer learning to enhance model efficiency and accuracy. The performance of the model is evaluated using the metrics mean average precision (mAP) and Intersection over Union (IoU). 99.5% accuracy is met in mAP@0.5. The results show the feasibility of on-tree mango detection with high precision and recall for automated agricultural systems. Python programming language with pyTorch library is used for the transfer learning. This work highlights the potential of YOLO approach to optimize the mango farming practices and contribute to the smart agriculture technologies.

Estimating Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Mango Varieties from Foliar KNO3 Application Using a 15N Tracer Technique

Commercial mango growers commonly spray potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution to enhance flowering and fruit quality, yet there is limited information on the uptake efficiency of nitrogen (N) by mango cultivars through leaf cuticles. The study aimed to assess N uptake efficiency (NUpE) from foliar application of KNO3 solution and compare NUpE among mango varieties. Mango cultivars were ‘Kensington Pride’ (‘KP’), ‘B74’ (‘Calypso®’), and ‘NMBP 1201’ (‘AhHa!®’), ‘NMBP 1243’ (‘Yess!®’), and ‘NMBP 4069’ (‘Now®’) grafted onto ‘KP’ seedlings. Leaves of six-month-old seedlings were dipped in 15N-enriched KNO3 solution and analyzed for total N and 15N contents. A significant correlation was observed between the leaf area and the amount of solution retained after dipping the leaves in the KNO3 solution. Moreover, leaves treated with the KNO3 solution had higher 15N levels than the natural 15N abundance, indicating successful N uptake from the KNO3 solution. The NUpE ranged from 27% to 44% and varied with variety. Cultivar ‘NMBP 4069’ had the highest NUE (44%) which was comparable with that of ‘B74’ (40%). ‘NMBP 1201’ showed the lowest (27%) NUpE which was comparable with that of ‘NMBP 1243’ (30%) and ‘KP’ (33%). These data on 15N uptake through the mango leaf cuticle demonstrates the effectiveness of foliar application as a method of supplying N to mango trees, highlighting important varietal differences in foliar 15N uptake efficiency. Considering these differences in NUpE among mango varieties will help in making informed decisions about cultivar selection and N management strategies for sustainable mango production.

Physicochemical, Structural, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Mango Seed Starch from Five Cultivars

Large quantities of seeds are generated and discarded during agro-industrial mango processing. However, mango seeds still contain valuable components such as starch, which has applications in various industries. This study aimed to obtain and characterize starches from the seeds of five mango cultivars (Ataulfo, Manililla, Piña, Tapana, and Tommy Atkins). The isolated starches were evaluated for their physicochemical, morphological, structural, thermal, and rheological characteristics. The starches showed creamy white colorations, and their granules had spherical and oval shapes. This starch source contains a high percentage of apparent amylose, greatly influencing its thermal, rheological, and functional properties. Structural and molecular studies showed that all starches presented an A-type X-ray diffraction pattern, impacting their water absorption and viscosity. The transition temperatures were relatively high, which could be influenced by the length of the amylopectin chains and their intermediate components, the apparent amylose content, and other components such as lipids and anomalous amylopectin. The starches evaluated behaved as pseudoplastic materials, while oscillatory tests revealed that the pastes formed with mango starches are more elastic than viscous. In conclusion, research on the seed starch properties of different mango cultivars provides interesting results for their potential application in foods. It could contribute to the value-added processing of mango seeds as a potential starch source.

Physiological parameters dictate bearing pattern in different mango cultivars: Study from Sub-tropical India

The bearing habit of mango has long been a subject of interest for pomologists. The difference in bearing pattern among various mango cultivars is attributed to complex physiological interaction. Despite multiple studies on mango bearing, detailed investigations in this area remain limited. This study aims to explore the interrelationship between the bearing patterns and the associated physiological changes in different mango cultivars. The physiological parameters were examined at various growth stages in Baramasi (a perennial bearer), Amrapali (a regular bearer) and Langra and Alphonso (irregular bearer) of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Significant variations were observed in chlorophyll content, internal carbon dioxide concentration, photosynthetic rate and flowering intensity. An increase in internal carbon dioxide concentration led to reduced carbon dioxide uptake, which impacted net photosynthesis production. A direct correlation between flowering intensity and photosynthetic rate was identified, while a nonlinear relationship between photosynthetic rate and total carbohydrate content was also noted. The study suggests that variations in the photosynthetic rate and the subsequent source-sink relationship may contribute to the differences in bearing patterns across mango cultivars. While further studies are needed for more conclusive results, this research can be valuable for pomologists, physiologists and breeders working with mango.

Pyramiding Descriptors Contributing Drought Stress Tolerance to Six Polyembryonic Rootstocks of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

A better understanding of the drought stress on mango varieties is essential in an effort to keep the production and the quality of mango to meet the growing demand globally. Since drought stress has been one of the major abiotic stress affecting both production and quality of mango, we studied to understanding the drought stress phenomenon in mango, especially to evaluate the descriptors for drought stress tolerance in mango rootstocks. Irrigation was withhold for fifteen days in six polyembryonic mango rootstocks namely ‘Goa’, ‘Vellaikulamban’, ‘Nekkare’, ‘Starch’, ‘Kitchner’ and ‘M 13-1’ and then rehydrated up to five days. Morphological parameters, membrane stability index (MSI), wax content, chlorophyll content, gas exchange attributes were recorded at 0, 15th and 5th day of rehydration. MSI, chlorophyll content and gas exchange parameters such as intercellular CO2, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were reduced while cuticular wax content increased in all the polyembryonic mango rootstocks under drought stress and after rehydration same were recovered back up to greater extent. Rootstock ‘M 13-1’ showed more capacity to recover under drought stress as compared to five others rootstocks of mango. Therefore, rootstock ‘M 13-1’ can be recommended for scion varieties for frequent drought prone areas for taking sustainable mango production.

Physico-Chemical and Biochemical Characteristics of the <i>Assabonou</i> Mango Variety with a View to Valorization

In Côte d'Ivoire, mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) is one of the most widely consumed fruits after banana. However, the <i>assabonou</i> variety, an existing wild variety, is less consumed because of its fibrous character. With a view to promoting its consumption, the aim of this work is to characterize this mango from a nutritional point of view, with a view to its possible valorization. The physico-chemical and biochemical characteristics of this mango were analysed. For the analyses, 10 kg of <i>assabonou</i> mango were collected from each of the five villages in the Yamoussoukro district (Apkessekro, Assabonou, Logbakro, N'gokro and Sahabo). The physico-chemical analyses carried out showed that the pH of <i>assabonou</i> variety mangoes juices from these various towns ranged from 4.20 ± 0.17 to 4.53 ± 0.05. The titratable acidity varied from 0.56±0.01 to 0.063±0.01%. Titratable acidity ranged from 0.56±0.01 to 0.063±0.01%. Soluble sugar content ranged from 12.16±0.28° Brix to 14.83±0.57° Brix. Dry matter content ranged from 13.75±2.20% to 20.38±1.81%. Biochemical analysis showed that <i>assabonou</i> mango variety samples were essentially rich in Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium, with averages of 55.56 mg/100g MS, 12.61 mg/100g MS and 19.30 mg/100g MS respectivelyMacronutrients included digestible carbohydrates (15.192 g/100 g DM), fiber (2.44 g/100 g DM), protein (0.73 g/100 g DM), total sugars (13.69 g/100 g DM) and reducing sugars (1.72 g/100 g DM). In view of its nutritional potential, steps should be taken to limit losses due to rotting during harvesting periods, by planning its transformation into fermented products for the production of beverages or novel foods.

Screening of Mango Varieties against Anthracnose Diseases Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Its In vitro Management through Biocontrol Agents and Fungicides

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), known as the "King of Fruits," is a major fruit crop cultivated in India and worldwide. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a primary biotic stress affecting mango production, yield, and export quality in all mango-growing regions. This study evaluated the response of mango varieties to anthracnose and its management using effective fungicides and biocontrol agents. Ten C. gloeosporioides isolates were isolated from samples collected from the Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts in Kerala. Among them, isolate C10 from Thiruvananthapuram was the most virulent. Among five local mango varieties (Kottukonam, Priyoor, Neelam, Rumani, and Totapuri) screened through artificial inoculation, Totapuri displayed the lowest disease severity (45.4%), followed by Neelam and Rumani, while Kottukonam exhibited the highest (72.33%). In vitro, the study of different biocontrol agents showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VLY24 showed 37.08% inhibition against the pathogen, followed by 32.87% inhibition by Bacillus velezensis PSCE-10. Carbendazim 50% WP at 0.1% and 0.2% exhibited 100% mycelial growth suppression.

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Mango Varieties: Evaluating Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Mango Varieties: Evaluating Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity