Varieties Of Kale Research Articles

Results Regarding the Ways to Produce Seedlings of Brassica oleracea var. acephala

The interest in practicing the edible-landscaping grew more and more in our days,because it satisfies the human need for beauty, but also provides the necessary of vegetables. Thevegetable that is most often used in landscape architecture is kale, its resistance to winter lowtemperatures, ensures the winter scenery. Given the importance and multiple utility of this vegetablespecie, it was considered useful to organize an experience in terms of obtaining seedlings. Bifactorialexperience was organized. The first factor was the variety of kale, with two graduations, Winterborand Redbor varieties were studied. The second factor was the method of obtaining seedlings, also withtwo graduations transplanted and untransplanted seedling. At the end of the experience, the resultsshowed that by transplanting were obtain seedlings of a higher quality. In conclusion, although thekale may be sown directly into the field without having to transplant, but to get more vigorous plantswith a higher aesthetic value for use in landscape architecture, it is still recommended to get theseedling by transplanting.

Level of Vitamin C, Polyphenols, and Antioxidant and Enzymatic Activity in Three Varieties of Kale (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Acephala) at Different Stages of Maturity

The aim of this present study was to determine the level of vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase in the leaves of three varieties of kale at different stages of maturity. Average values per 100 g of fresh matter were 102 mg of vitamin C (of which L-ascorbic acid constituted 97%) and 359 mg polyphenols; antioxidant activity was measured at 48.9% RSA (17.6 μM Trolox/g kale). Redbor1 c.v. variety contained the highest levels of the analyzed constituents. Compared with the first stage of maturity, plants at the second stage showed increases of 6% in vitamin C; 28% in polyphenols; and 12% in antioxidant activity, whereas plants at the third stage showed 5, 48, and 22% increased values, respectively. Average POD activity was 7.58 ΔA/min/g, PPO 1.64 ΔA/min/g, and CAT 7.93 mg H2O2/min/g. PPO activity increased with the age of the plant. No consistent correlation was found between the stage of growth and the other enzymes.

Phytochemical fingerprinting of vegetable Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus by simultaneous identification of glucosinolates and phenolics

Brassica vegetables have been related to the prevention of cancer and degenerative diseases, owing to their glucosinolate and phenolic content. Identification of glucosinolates, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in representative varieties of kale, cabbage and leaf rape. One local variety of each crop was evaluated in this study using a multi-purpose chromatographic method that simultaneously separates glucosinolates and phenolics. Chromatograms were recorded at 330 nm for flavonoid glycosides and acylated derivatives and 227 nm for glucosinolates. Eight glucosinolates were identified in kale and cabbage, which exhibited the same glucosinolate profile, and 11 glucosinolates were identified in leaf rape. Furthermore, 20 flavonoids and 10 hydroxycinnamic acids were detected in kale and cabbage, while 17 flavonoids and eight hydroxycinnamic acids were found in leaf rape. This study has provided a deeper and comprehensive identification of health-promoting compounds in kale, cabbage and leaf rape, thus showing that they are a good source of glucosinolates and phenolic antioxidants.

Variation of glucosinolates in three edible parts of Chinese kale ( Brassica alboglabra Bailey) varieties

Glucosinolates in Chinese kale ( Brassica alboglabra Bailey) were analysed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and the variation of glucosinolates in three edible parts (sprout, rosette leaf and bolting stem) of 27 Chinese kale varieties was investigated. Thirteen glucosinolates, including eight aliphatic glucosinolates, four indole glucosinolates and one aromatic glucosinolate, were identified in Chinese kale. The contents of total glucosinolate varied extensively among the different edible parts, and the total glucosinolate contents in the sprouts were obviously higher than those in rosette leaves and bolting stems. Obvious differences in the total and individual glucosinolate contents were also observed in each edible part among the different varieties. Gluconapin was the most abundant glucosinolate among all the edible parts of the 27 varieties except for the sprout of JL-26. The JL-26, JL-25 and JL-16 varieties are good candidates for future breeding programs since they contain high levels of methylsulphinylalkyl glucosinolates (glucoiberin and glucoraphanin) in certain edible parts.

Resistance of kale varieties to attack by Mamestra brassicae

Abstract1 The objectives of this work were to study the resistance of six kale (Brassica oleracea acephala group) varieties to cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae (L.) expressed as antibiosis and to determine the effect of plant age on larval survival and development.2 The influence of plant age on resistance was determined using leaves from seedlings and from mature plants. Survival and development of M. brassicae larvae and feeding rates were determined in laboratory bioassays.3 Leaves from seedlings were more suitable than those of mature plants for establishing differences in resistance. There were significant differences between kale varieties in larval survival, growth rate, leaf feeding, and time to pupation but not pupal weight. The varieties MBG‐BRS0031, MBG‐BRS0351, and MBG‐BRS0287 reduced survival of M. brassicae larvae. Larvae that fed on MBG‐BRS0060 were the heaviest and took the longest time to pupation. MBG‐BRS0031 was consumed significantly less by larvae than were all the other varieties examined. Leaves from mature plants of MBG‐BRS0142 and MBG‐BRS0170 were defoliated significantly less than those of other varieties.4 In conclusion, the variety MBG‐BRS0031 may be a promising source of resistance to M. brassicae. Leaf antibiotic resistance was shown to play a role in defense against M. brassicae attack but it is not the only possible mechanism of resistance.

Characterization and Quantification of Flavonoids and Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea L. Convar. acephala Var. sabellica) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn

Kale is a leafy green vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, a group of vegetables including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts, with a high content of health-promoting phytochemicals. The flavonoids and hydroxycinammic acids of curly kale ( Brassica oleracea L. ssp. oleracea convar. acephala (DC.) Alef. var. sabellica L.), a variety of kale, were characterized and identified primarily through HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n) analysis. Thirty-two phenolic compounds including glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol and derivatives of p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and caffeic acid were tentatively identified, providing a more complete identification of phenolic compounds in curly kale than previously reported. Moreover, three hydroxycinnamic acids and one flavonoid with an unusual high grade of glycosylation, quercetin-3-disinapoyl-triglucoside-7-diglucoside, have been tentatively identified for the first time. The influence of different extraction conditions (extraction method, solvent type, solvent/solid ratio, and duration of extraction) was investigated. The total flavonol and hydroxycinnamic acid contents in curly kale determined as rutin equivalents (RE) were 646 and 204 mg of RE/100 g of fresh weight (fw), respectively. The contents of individual flavonoids ranged from 2 to 159 mg of RE/100 g of fw, with main compounds kaempferol-3-sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-diglucoside (18.7%) and quercetin-3-sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-diglucoside (16.5%). After acidic hydrolysis, two flavonol aglycones were identified in curly kale, quercetin and kaempferol, with total contents of 44 and 58 mg/100 g of fw, respectively.

Seasonal variation in glucosinolate content in Brassica oleracea crops grown in northwestern Spain

Brassica oleracea L. crops including kales, cabbages, and Tronchuda cabbages are widely grown in northwestern Spain and Portugal but little information is available on leaf glucosinolate content of these crops. The objectives were to determine the diversity for the total glucosinolate content and profile on leaves in a collection of 153 kales, 26 cabbages, and three Tronchuda cabbages varieties grown at two growing seasons and to determine the seasonal variation of glucosinolates in cabbages and Tronchuda cabbage varieties. Sinigrin, glucoiberin, and glucobrassicin were the major glucosinolates found in kales. Glucoiberin was the most common glucosinolate in Tronchuda cabbages in both planting seasons and in cabbages sown in fall season whereas glucobrassicin and glucoiberin were the most common glucosinolates in cabbages in spring season. In kales the total glucosinolate content ranged from 11.0 to 53 μmol g −1 dw, with a mean value of 26.3 μmol g −1 dw. Four kale varieties (MBG-BRS0468, MBG-BRS0476, MBG-BRS0060 and MBG-BRS0223) showed the highest total sinigrin or glucobrassicin contents. So, they could be good candidates for future breeding programs. In cabbages, the total glucosinolate content ranged from 10.9 to 27 g −1 dw. Total glucosinolate concentration during spring sowing (22 μm g −1 dw) was higher than those in fall sowing (13 μm g −1 dw). Regarding both high glucosinolate content and the agronomic value, MBG-BRS0057 and MBG-BRS0074 could be good sources of beneficial glucosinolates. The presence of high concentrations of sinigrin, glucoiberin, and glucobrassicin warrant further search into their potential use to enhance the level of these important phytochemicals in these edible crops.

The potential of kales as a promising vegetable crop

Sixty varieties of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala group) from Galicia (northwestern Spain) were evaluated in two locations along with four commercial kale varieties. Data on 26 agronomic and morphological traits and five nutritional traits (crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, crude protein, calcium and potassium) were recorded. The objectives of this work were (i) to know the potential ability of kale as an horticultural crop, (ii) to assess the characteristics of local varieties of Galician kale in order to select those with the highest yield and a good adaptation to obtain improved varieties. In most traits, significant differences between locations were found, while varieties × location interaction was not significant for most of them. Significant differences were found among varieties and a high intravarietal variability was noticed in some traits. Galician kale germplasm displayed variability in the most important agronomic traits. They are characterized by their long cycles, their susceptibility to Lepidoptera pests, their good yield and adaptation to Galician conditions and their high calcium content. Four local varieties (MBG-BRS0468, MBG-BRS0476, MBG-BRS0477 and MBG-BRS0494) were the most promising for vegetal and fodder use. One of them showed the best early vigor (MBG-BRS0366) and two of them were the most resistant to Lepidoptera pest (MBG-BRS0060 and MBG-BRS0223). Kale varieties showed a high crude fibre content, and also a high acid detergent fibre, crude protein and calcium content. The varieties MBG-BRS0106, MBG-BRS0281, MBG-BRS0335 and MBG-BRS0464 could be candidates for future breeding programs since they had a good agronomic performance and a high calcium content.

Genetic analisys of a cross of gaillon (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) with cauliflower (B.oleracea var. botrytis)

The cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is an annual vegetable cultivated in Southern and Southwestern Brazil with limited production in the Northeast and Centralwest. A variety of Chinese kale, "kaai laan" or "gaillon" (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra), produces seeds at high temperatures and therefore can do so in North and Northeastern Brazil. Gaillon and cauliflower were crossed 55 times using 10 gaillon plants as mothers and 4 cauliflower plants as pollen donors. From these crosses, in the F2 generation, 612 plants with inflorescence like gaillon and 48 plants with inflorescence like cauliflower were obtained, in a proportion similar to 15:1, implying that 2 pairs of genes entered into formation of the cauliflower inflorescence type. In order to study flower color, 339 plants were analyzed: 274 presented white flowers and 65, yellow flowers, denoting that this caracter is determined by 1 pair of genes, white being dominant over yellow; white flowers had a slighly higher adaptive value in our population. The characteristic waxy leaf showed a proportion of 3 waxy plants for 1 not waxy, indicating the action of one pair of genes.

Estimation of S‐methylcysteine sulphoxide (kale anaemia factor) and its distribution among brassica forage and root crops

AbstractS‐methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCO), kale anaemia factor, was quantitatively extracted from a variety of brassica crops by repeated maceration in water. It was separated from other components of the deproteinised extract by electrophoresis on silica gel impregnated glass‐fibre sheet; and after visualising with ninhydrin/cadmium acetate reagent, the SMCO spots were quantitated by reflectance‐mode densitometry. Values for SMCO contents of plants thus obtained agreed well with those obtained by ion‐exchange chromatography. The method is useful for rapid screening of a large number of plants, as well as for making fewer more accurate determinations. Ten varieties of kale and five of forage rape were grown on experimental plots and harvested at intervals between August and January. The SMCO content of the plants increased as they matured and secondary growth began. The flowers of kale contained twice as much SMCO per unit weight as the whole plant and were very toxic to cattle. Varietal differences in SMCO content were found in plants analysed before the onset of secondary growth, Maris Kestrel and Cauletta showing lower values than other varieties. Substantial amounts of SMCO were found in swedes, both in the “roots” and the “tops”, each structure being toxic to cattle. Other brassicas examined included Chinese cabbages, turnips, fodder radish and a Raphanobrassica.

The effects of plant density and fertilizer application on yield components in three marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea L.) varieties

SummaryThe effects of crop density and fertilizer application on three varieties of marrowstem kale were investigated. The yield of stem, yield of leaf, components of leaf yield and plant height were studied separately. Varietal differences and effects of density and fertilizer application were significant for all characters, except for the effect of crop density on leaf and stem yield per ha.Significant variety x treatment interactions occurred for a number of the characters measured. The possible importance of these is discussed.

The composition of ketones and secondary alcohols from Brassica oleracea waxes

The ketones and oxidised secondary alcohols from Brassica oleracea waxes have been examined by mass spectrometry. From the spectra it was possible to estimate the proportions of 14-nonacosanone and 15-nonacosanone and show that significant amounts of the other possible structural isomers were absent. In a variety of kale the secondary alcohols contained 38% 14-nonacosanol and the ketones contained 6% 14-nonacosanone.

Comparative responses of botanical varieties ofBrassica oleracea L. (brussels sprouts, sprouting broccoli and marrow stem kale) to inbreeding and hybridisation

The effects of inbreeding and hybridisation inBrassica oleracea L. were studied in diallel crosses within four varieties of Brussels sprouts three varieties of sprouting broccoli and one kale variety. In addition to each intra-varietal diallel within the two horticultural brassicas, plants of one of the other varieties were also included so that the first diallel analysis could be compared with an intra-plus-intervarietal analysis.

Resistance of Commercial Cruciferous Varieties to Larvae of the Diamondback Moth in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina12

Cruciferous varieties encompassing 10 different crops were compared in the field in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina for resistance to larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curtis). The most resistant varieties were radish, turnip, mustard, and some varieties of cabbage, kale, and collard. The most susceptible varieties were broccoli, rutabaga, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and some varieties of cabbage, collard, and kale. Vates kale was among the most resistant crucifers and Dwarf Siberian kale was one of the most susceptible to diamondback back moth larvae. In the laboratory, newly hatched larvae were observed to enter the lower leaf epidermis and live as miners. Vates kale showed a higher antibiosis to these larvae than Dwarf Siberian kale. An examination of the leaf tissue showed Vates kale to have densely compact cells without air spaces, while Dwarf Siberian kale had loosely arranged cells and an abundance of air spaces. None of the young larvae survived on old hardened leaves of either variety.

Variations in the thiocyanate content of kale varieties

AbstractThiocyanate is widely distributed in Brassica crops. It has been frequently reported that these crops show goitrogenic activity and lead to reduced fertility in livestock. A simple colorimetric method for the determination of the thiocyanate in freeze‐dried samples of Brassica plants has been used to study variations within the plants and among varieties. Intra‐plant variation was found to be large with the highest concentrations in young leaves, necessitating the use of a carefully controlled sampling technique. Significant inter‐varietal differences were found which indicate that it may be possible to breed new kale varieties with a lower thiocyanate content than that present in current varieties grown as food for livestock.

APPLICATIONS OF THE TWO‐STAGE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY METHOD TO VARIETY TESTING

The in vitro digestibility method described by Tilley and Terry (5) has been applied to varieties of kale, rape, flat poll cabbage, clover, lucerne and silage maize in trials at the National Institute of Agricultural Botany. Several small modifications of the method are described. The method was developed originally for grass and had not previously been used for the brassicas and maize. Steps taken to check in vitro against in vivo results are described briefly in the appendix.The digestible dry‐matter content of the leaf in kale and rape was constant at about 80% but that of the stem varied over a wide range. Varietal differences were found, while a significant negative correlation was established between digestible dry matter and crude fibre. Some difficulties were encountered in applying the method to maize.

Clubroot resistance in brassica oleracea L.

Research has been carried out on clubroot resistant white cabbage received from Germany and the U.S.A. In the Netherlands, too, a number of plants of both origins were not affected. The European material proved more resistant than the American. In various respects these varieties do not come up to the requirements of growers in different parts of the world. The resistance will have to be bred into the established commercial varieties by repeated backcrosses. Resistance was found in some varieties of kale and Savoy cabbage, not in red cabbage, cauliflower, green sprouting broccoli and Brussels sprouts.

The effects of singling and advancing season on the composition of thousand-headed kale

1. Five varieties of thousand-headed kale, grown in singled and unsingled plots, were sampled three times during the winter at monthly intervals. The plants were divided into leaf, top half of the stem and bottom half. Dry matter, the proximate constituents and minerals were determined in the samples.2. The differences in the composition of the leaf and stem of the plant were similar to those found previously and the top half of the stem was intermediate in composition between the leaf and the bottom half of the stem for all the constituents except potassium.3. The proportions of the various constituents occurring in the three portions of the plant were calculated and considered in terms of the incomplete utilization of the crop by grazing animals.4. There were significant increases in the percentage of dry matter in all three portions of the plant as the season advanced. The only other significant changes in composition with advancing season were in the leaf in which the levels of crude protein, crude fibre, ash, calcium, phosphorus and sulphate varied.5. Singling the crop had no significant effects on its composition, but there was a tendency for the stems of the singled crop to be lower in crude fibre and higher in crude protein and several of the minerals.6. There were very few differences in the composition of the varieties. They were mainly due to the higher mineral levels in one variety.7. Samples of the two halves of the stem of thousand-headed kale were divided into their main tissues, e.g. rind, xylem and marrow. These were analysed in the same manner as the samples in the main investigation. The results were used in an attempt to explain the effects of singling, advancing season and variety in terms of different ratios of these tissues.

An Evaluation of Insect Resistance in Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Collards, and Kale

Resistance to Pieris rapae (L.), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Phyllotreta vittata (Fab.), and Lygus spp. was recorded in the plant ( Brassica oleracea L.) varieties of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, and kale. In these varieties no resistance was found to Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze and Psylliodes punetulata Melsh. nor to Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) which existed at low densities. No one plant variety was most or least resistant to all the insect species; each plant variety had its own pattern of resistance. Resistance of collards and kale to P. rapae resulted principally from increased exposure of larvae of P. rapae on the open leaves to the parasites, Phryxe vulgaris (Fall.) and Apanteles glomeratus (L.). Plant resistance was based on both intrinsic (physiological) and extrinsic (ecological) factors, and the interaction of both.

A method of storage of leaf samples for chlorophyll analysis

In the course of experiments with leaf samples of pumpkin, sunflower, leafy fodder kale, sugar beet, tobacco, clover and begonia several, methods of storing material were compared with the object of determining the amount of chlorophyll (a+b) after 1 to 3 months. Chlorophyll analyses checked by paper chromatography provided evidence that the most reliable method of serial analyses is the following: Leaf discs are heated in very pure anhydrous acetone to its boiling point (with some MgCO3 present), rapidly closed with a paraffin stopper and then kept in the dark at temperatures just above 0°C. 50 leaf samples can thus be prepared for storage within 30 minutes. The decrease in total chlorophyll (a+b) content after 28 days of storage does not exceed 5%, after 84 days of storage 10% of the initial value. Chemical conversions of chlorophyll take place here which do not appreciably affect the spectrum of the acetone extract. The method cannot be applied to plants with acid-reacting cell juice (begonia, red varieties of fodder kale and the like). Other practicable methods of storage (a different storage in acetone, storage of fresh samples at +2 to +3°C, drying at +50°C, storage at laboratory temperature) bring about more serious destruction of the pigments.