Corn Varieties Research Articles

Appropriate selection of organic hybrid sweet corn varieties can positively influence both the effectiveness of the insect biological control agent Beauveria bassiana and fungal disease resistance

Appropriate selection of organic hybrid sweet corn varieties can positively influence both the effectiveness of the insect biological control agent Beauveria bassiana and fungal disease resistance

Analysis of Thermodynamic Events Taking Place during Vacuum Drying of Corn

Agricultural materials (LF products) can be considered biologically living organisms due to their structure and the composition of colloidal capillary-porous substances in them. They contain a large number of microscopic pores, microcapillaries and macrocapillaries, in which water is able to pass from the inner parts to the surface of the grain, and vice versa. Thus, it can be concluded that drying is an important and demanding aspect of agricultural production. To determine the optimal drying process for agricultural cereals from a nutritional, energy, economic and environmental point of view, it is necessary to address in detail the application of the technology of vacuum drying from a thermodynamic point of view. An analysis of the research results shows that drying temperature, harvest date and corn variety can significantly affect the properties of the main components of corn grain. This study investigates the individual technological parameters of the vacuum drying process for corn, such as the pressure used in the drying chamber, the grain drying temperature and the heating time, in order to achieve a maximum reduction in water content. The aim of the investigation is to determine the optimal parameters for the design of a functional prototype of a vacuum dryer. For this purpose, laboratory and semi-operational experiments using different types of organic materials are necessary. The structural design of the individual elements of the vacuum dryer is based on an analysis of laboratory and experimental tests, whose results are presented in this article.

A corn canopy organs detection method based on improved DBi-YOLOv8 network

Corn canopy organs detection is critical in obtaining high-throughput phenotypic data. Accurate identification of each organ can provide a reliable data source for canopy phenotype determination, which has significant theoretical and practical value for corn variety breeding, cultivation management, and high-quality and high-yielding production. Due to the difficulty in quickly identifying corn canopy organs in the natural environment of the field, it is challenging to obtain high-throughput phenotypic data. Therefore, this paper proposed a method for corn canopy organs detection based on an improved network model (DBi-YOLOv8). Firstly, the Raspberry Pi 4B was used as the sensor control center to construct an embedded system for corn canopy image acquisition and collected 987 images of corn plants. Secondly, the improved deformable convolution and Bi-level routing attention were embedded into the backbone and neck structures of the YOLOv8 network. With training the improved network, a corn canopy detection model was obtained, which enabled the rapid detection of corn canopy organs. Finally, the LTNS algorithm and TBC algorithm were proposed for counting of the number of leaves, ears, and tassels. On the testing set data, the detection performance of the model was analyzed through different evaluation metrics. The results showed that the mAP and FPS of the detection model were 89.4% and 65.3, which increased by 12% and 0.6 compared to the original model. In addition, both algorithms have high reliability, with the coefficient of determination R2 for counting crown leaves, ears, and tassel branches being 0.9336, 0.8149, and 0.917, respectively. This achievement proposed an accurate, non-destructive, and fast corn canopy organs detection model, providing reliable technical support for quantifying various traits of corn plants, field crop growth monitoring, and elite variety breeding.

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilizer Doses on Several Corn Varieties Using UAV-Based Multi-Sensor Imagery

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilizer Doses on Several Corn Varieties Using UAV-Based Multi-Sensor Imagery

Multi-layer molecular analysis reveals distinctive metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of different sweet corn varieties.

In plants, sugar metabolism involves a complex interplay of genetic, molecular and environmental factors. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, we utilized a multi-layered approach that integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic datasets generated from multiple different varieties of sweet corn. Through this analysis, we found 2533 genes that were differentially expressed in the immature kernel tissues of sweet corn, including genes involved in transcriptional regulation, sugar metabolism, primary metabolism, and other processes associated with adaptability of sweet corn. We also detected 31 differential metabolites among the three types of sweet corn. Utilizing an integrated approach encompassing transcriptomics and eGWAS, we elucidated the transcriptional regulatory patterns governing these differential metabolites. Specifically, we delved into the transcriptional modulation of malate- and ubiquitin-associated genes across a range of sweet corn varieties, shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation. This study provides a framework for future research aimed at improving the current understanding of sugar metabolism and regulatory gene networks in sweet corn, which could ultimately lead to the development of novel strategies for crop improvement.

ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЕ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР В УСЛОВИЯХ ПОНИЖЕННЫХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР

Humanity at the present stage of development has already faced the consequences of its economic activities, which has caused global changes in the world around it. Climate change on our planet is observed in all regions. As is known, this period is geologically anthropogenic, which is characterized by alternating glaciations. The main development and implementation of the country's food security program is the creation of a sustainable food supply. And also, the growth of livestock production in line with population growth. Corn is widely distributed in the world due to its high productivity and nutritional value, as well as its ability to adapt to different climatic zones. Corn is a crop sensitive to cold, and it has a serious delay in growth and development when exposed to sudden cold spells in the early period of growth and development. For the successful promotion of this crop to more northern regions, it is necessary to include hybrids with low thermal requirements in agricultural production. It is also equally important to create favorable conditions for plants in new regions. The purpose of the research was to build a dynamic model of corn cultivation at low temperatures due to climate change at the global level. The main area of research was to identify the possibility of normal functioning of corn in conditions of low temperatures. The first experiment (2004-2007) was aimed at a comparative study of various subspecies and varieties of corn to identify morphobiological factors of adaptation process management. In the second experiment (2012-2013), the subject of the study was the effect of various drugs, including derivatives of indolylacetic acid, and the timing of crop sowing on its productivity. Thus, the morphobiological, agrotechnical and microbiological issues of increasing the cold resistance of corn as the main food and feed crop have been studied. The influence of the studied factors on the growth processes and yield of green mass has been determined.

Evaluating corn for resistance to the main fungal pathogens and the Asian corn borer

The paper presents the results of a study on 36 corn genotypes of Russian and foreign breeding origin under the conditions of the south of the Russian Far East. The research goal was to select corn varieties (hybrids) with the highest resistance to fungal pathogens and Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee for further use as breeding material. Diseases and pests cause significant damage to corn under the conditions of Primorsky kray. The research identified the following specimens that had the highest tolerance (the frequency of occurrence did not exceed 45%; the degree of disease progression was below 10%) to northern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcicum Pass) and Fusarium ear rot (Fusarium moniliforme Scheldon): Krasnodarsky 291, LONG KEN 134, LONG KEN 1108, LONG KEN 1110, and KENDGY 717. Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee caused little damage (the degree of damage was 0.2-0.5) to Mashuk 175, Mashuk 250, Mashuk 300, N’yuton, KENDGY 717, DEMEYA 4, KENDGY 515, KENDGY 510, and LONG KEN 1110. High yield (7.2-8.8 t/ha) characterized Mashuk 250, N’yuton, Stella, KENDGY 717, KENDGY 510, DEMEYA 4, KENDGY 515, LONG KEN 134, and LONG KEN 1110.

Quantifying color characteristics in sweet corn varieties after blanching under frozen storage

Quantifying color characteristics in sweet corn varieties after blanching under frozen storage

Growing varieties sweet corn main period in Karakalpakstan

This article investigates the impact of planting the "Zamin" variety and "Megaton F1" hybrid of sweet corn in the moderately saline meadow-alluvial soils of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The study specifically focuses on the effects of planting these hybrids at different periods—April 20, May 1, and May 10—on various aspects of plant growth, development, vegetable cob productivity, and economic efficiency indicators. The findings indicate that when seeds of the "Zamin" variety and "Megaton F1" hybrid of sweet corn were planted on April 20, remarkable results were observed. The plants exhibited impressive height, ranging from 163.7 cm to 173.3 cm. Additionally, they were characterized by a substantial number of leaves (12.0 to 12.1 pieces) and seeds (3.0 to 3.6 pieces), showcasing robust growth and development. Furthermore, the productivity of these early-planted varieties was noteworthy, with a yield of 10.8 tons per hectare for the "Zamin" variety and 11.8 tons per hectare for the "Megaton F1" hybrid. Importantly, this represented an additional yield of 1.1 to 1.3 tons per hectare compared to the control, highlighting the positive impact of the early planting strategy. These results underscore the significance of the planting period in maximizing the growth, development, and overall productivity of sweet corn varieties in the specific agro-climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan. The study's insights contribute valuable information for local farmers and agricultural practitioners, offering a practical approach to enhancing crop yield and economic efficiency in sweet corn cultivation.

Productivity analysis and technical efficiency of sweet corn farming

This study examines the determinants of productivity in Secada F1 sweet corn varieties. We conducted a survey involving 34 selected farmers to assess production efficiency using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method. The results highlight the significant impact of precise Lannet pesticide application and efficient labor input on sweet corn yield. Notably, our findings indicate that judicious pesticide use and skilled labor management lead to increased crop production. Technical efficiency assessments demonstrated that the majority of farmers operate within a range of 0.69 to 0.99, with an average of 0.96, highlighting their effective utilization of resources. These insights have the potential to guide and inform agricultural practices, offering valuable guidance for the industry as it navigates the intricate landscape of modern agriculture. In a contemporary context marked by agricultural complexities, these revelations contribute to the pursuit of sustainable growth within the sector.

Feed characteristics of dried corn grain and corn grain silage produced in Japan compared with imported corn grain.

We compared the in situ dry matter degradability (ISDMD) and crude protein degradability (ISCPD) of high-moisture corn grain silage and dried corn grains produced in Japan (JHC and JDC, respectively) with corn grains imported from the United States (USC), Brazil (BRC), and South Africa (SAC). The ISDMD values of USC, BAC, and SAC were between those of JHC and JDC, but ISDMD did not differ significantly between USC and SAC. In contrast, ISDMD was lower for BAC than USC and SAC. Overall, our results indicate that ISDMD and ISCPD in the rumen differ between corn grains sources (domestic compared with imported and between production locations), primarily due to differences between the corn varieties represented. In particular, the ISDMD and ISCPD of JHC were greater than those of JDC, and this difference in degradability needs to be considered when using high-moisture corn grain silage as a substitute for dried corn grain as a feed for dairy cattle.

EVALUATION OF GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND YIELD POTENTIAL OF SEVERAL IMPORTED WAXY CORN VARIETIES IN NORTHERN VIETNAM

This study aims to evaluate the growth, development, and yield potential of several imported waxy corn (Zea mays L. var. ceratina) varieties in Northern Vietnam. A series of field trials were conducted across multiple locations to assess various agronomic traits, including germination rate, plant height, leaf area, flowering time, and grain yield. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications for each variety. Data were collected and analyzed using statistical methods to compare the performance of the different varieties. The results indicated significant differences in growth parameters and yield among the tested varieties. Certain varieties exhibited superior adaptability and productivity under the specific climatic and soil conditions of Northern Vietnam. These findings provide valuable insights for breeders and farmers in selecting the most suitable waxy corn varieties for cultivation in this region. Further research is recommended to explore the genetic and environmental factors influencing the observed variations in performance.

Investigating the Physical Properties of Corn Varieties

Highlights The effect of moisture on the physical properties of corn varied significantly with variety. There is no comprehensive moisture model for the prediction of physical properties of corn. The models derived from experimental data and models posited in the literature provide varying degrees of predictive accuracy. Abstract. Several corn varieties have been developed to match short maturity seasons and increase yield for specific end use, such as ethanol production and animal feed. However, it is unclear how varietal differences influence the physical properties. Similarly, there is no certainty that these varieties adhere to the moisture engineering properties relationships recorded in the literature. This research investigated the physical properties of 10 corn hybrids at three moisture content levels (13.5%, 15.5%, and 17% w.b.). The influence of moisture content on the different geometric (equivalent diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, surface area, projected area, flatness ratio) and gravimetric (bulk density, true density, porosity) properties were assessed and compared with the published literature. Further, this study assessed the potential of regression-based moisture engineering properties relationship models for the prediction and description of the physical properties of corn. Predictive and descriptive comparisons indicated that, in some instances, reference models provided better predictions of the geometric and gravimetric properties of a single variety compared to pooled samples. The study models provided better predictions for the pooled samples. However, the study results confirm no one-size-fits-all moisture physical property model exists. Using existing moisture content based regression models for description and predictive purposes should be done with specific variety references. Keywords: Corn hybrids, Moisture based physical property models, Prediction of physical properties.

玉米籽粒含水率及抗压特性对脱粒破碎率的影响研究

High breakage rate is the bottleneck that restricts corn grain mechanical harvesting in double-cropping area in China. The moisture content and compression resistance characteristics of corn grain have important effects on the breakage rate at threshing. In this paper, 5 corn varieties planted in double cropping area were selected and the effects of grain moisture content and compression resistance characteristics on threshed breakage rate were studied. Results showed that both the grains moisture content and the compression resistance characteristics had effects on the threshed breakage rate. The lower the moisture content, the greater the force required for breakage, and the more difficult it was to break. Meanwhile the breakage rate was also related to the displacement during pressing. The smaller the displacement, the lower the breakage rate, but if the displacement was too small, the corn was a silty variety and the breakage rate was still high. When the moisture content was 33%±1%, the threshing verification test showed that the average breakage rate of DH605, LY296 and KN21 was 5.39%, 5.02% and 7.13%, respectively, which was not suitable for grain mechanical harvesting under high moisture content (moisture content higher than 30%). However, the average breakage rate of LK868 and LD6018 was 4.76% and 4.25% respectively, which was suitable for grain mechanical harvesting under high moisture content. This research could provide a reference for corn varieties selection suitable for mechanical kernel harvesting in double cropping area.

Nutrient Composition of Indonesian Specialty Cereals: Rice, Corn, and Sorghum as Alternatives to Combat Malnutrition.

Stunted growth (stunting) caused by malnutrition is a growing concern in Indonesia. The nutritional composition of cereals is important information for improving people's nutrition. This research aimed to comparatively study the nutritional values of several Indonesian local cereal crops and provide a nutritional database for promoting local food with the aim of combating malnutrition. The cereals investigated included varieties of rice, corn, and sorghum. The nutritional analysis included ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. A purposive sampling method was performed by collecting five lots from each sampling area and forming composite samples by combining 1∼2 kg of each sample, then mixed before laboratory analysis. The results showed that colored rice, colored corn and sorghum, contain richer essential nutrients, dietary fiber, and essential amino acids compared to white rice and corn. The highest protein content was found in sorghum (13.26%), followed by corn (9.18%), and rice (8.0%). The highest energy value was also found in sorghum (380.5 kcal/100 g), followed by corn (379.9 kcal/100 g), and rice (362.1 kcal/100 g). The same sequence was seen for the mineral contents, where the zinc and iron contents were 1.57 and 2.39 mg/100 g, respectively for sorghum; 1.36 and 0.79 mg/100 g for corn; and 0.93 and 0.58 mg/100 g for rice. Accordingly, it can be concluded that sorghum has the highest nutritional value and therefore potential for combating malnutrition, while corn and rice are also highly nutritious and can be grown locally in order to combat malnutrition.

Selection of Forage Corn Varieties Adapted to High Latitude (The South of Mt. Suyang)

Selection of Forage Corn Varieties Adapted to High Latitude (The South of Mt. Suyang)

Growth and Production of Several Corn Varieties at Various NPK Fertilizer Dosages

Increasing corn production in Indonesia is one of the government's concerns to ensure the strengthening of food towards self-sufficiency. Improvement of fertilization methods and the use of superior varieties are parts of the intensifications to increase crop productivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NPK fertilizer doses, types of varieties, and their interactions on the growth and production of corn. This study was conducted from July to October 2022 at Bajeng Cereal Research Center (KP) Experimental Garden, Bajeng Sub-district, Gowa District, South Sulawesi at 27.2 m asl, specifically 5 o 18'21.5” S, 119 o 28' 38.6” E. The study used a split-plot design with fertilizer doses N:P: K as the main plot (P), namely N:P: K 60% = 120:90:60, N:P: K 80% = 160:120:80, N:P: K 100% = 200:150:100, N:P: K 120% = 240:180:120, and N:P: K 140% = ‎‎280:210:140. The varieties were used as subplots (V), namely Sinhas 1 (V1), Jakarin 1 (V2), Nasa 29 (V3), JH 36 (V4), ‎ Bisi 18 (V5), ADV (V6), and Pioner ( V7). The results of the study showed that the combination of the fertilizer doses of N:P:K 100% = ‎‎200:150:100 with Pioner variety (P3V7) obtained the highest average yield of ‎11.81 t. ha -1 among other combinations of N:P: K fertilizer doses with varieties

Using in feed xylanase or stimbiotic to reduce the variability in corn nutritive value for broiler chickens

This study investigated the effects of xylanase and stimbiotic (fiber fermentation enhancer) on the response of broiler chickens fed different corn varieties and determine correlations between variables of interest. Four corn genetic varieties were selected based on their range in nutrient composition. Diets containing 600 g/kg of each corn were supplemented with 0 or 100 g/ton of xylanase or stimbiotic. A total of 1,152 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 12 treatments, each with 8 pens and 12 birds per pen, for a 21-day study. On d 21, performance parameters were measured, and the ileal energy and organic matter (OM) digestibility and cecal xylanase activity determined. Stimbiotic supplementation improved mFCR compared with all other treatments. There was a treatment by corn variety interaction for body weight (BW), BW gain and coefficient of variation (CV) of BW (P ≤ 0.05). Birds fed corn Variety 1 (highest neutral dietary fiber, protein and soluble arabinoxylan content) supplemented with stimbiotic had the highest BW, while Variety 2 control diet had the lowest. The BW CV in corn Variety 2 was the highest, which improved with stimbiotic supplementation. The BW CV in corn Variety 1 responded better to stimbiotic than xylanase. There were no treatment differences on BW CV in corn Varieties 3 and 4. The lowest OM digestibility was observed in birds fed corn Variety 1 with xylanase, and the highest value was associated with corn Variety 3 with xylanase (highest total arabinoxylan). Xylanase and stimbiotic supplementation increased the endogenous xylanase activity regardless of the corn variety (P ≤ 0.05). Positive correlations between corn fiber contents and phytic acid and the arabinose:xylose ratio were seen, while nonstarch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with apparent metabolizable energy. In conclusion, corn variety influenced nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken growth. The response to supplementation with xylanase or stimbiotic varied based on the nutritional profile of corn with regards to improvements in digestibility and performance in broiler chickens.

Uji ketahanan empat varietas tanaman jagung (Zea mays) terhadap intensitas serangan ulat grayak (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)

The aim of this research was to examine differences in the intensity of armyworm attacks on several varieties of corn plants. This experiment was carried out in Cikalong Village, Sukahaji District, Majalengka Regency. The trial period starts from October 2022 to January 2023. The materials that will be used consist of 4 superior varieties of corn, namely NK 007, Bisi 2, Bisi 18, and Bisi 99. The research method uses a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 4 treatments. repeated 6 times. So the number of experimental plots obtained was 24 experimental plots. The research variables observed included the intensity of armyworm pest attacks, leaf length, number of leaves, leaf area, ear length, ear diameter, weight of husk ear and dry shell weight per ear. To see the effect of treatment, it was tested using the F test at the 5% level. If the calculated F is greater than the F table then the test continues using the LSD (Least Significant Differences) Test. The results of the research showed that the four varieties of corn, namely NK 007, Bisi 18, Bisi 2 and Bisi 99, did not differ significantly in the intensity of attacks by corn armyworm pests, at 14 and 28 HST, number of leaves, leaf width, cob length, diameter. cobs and dry shell weight per cob but were significantly different in the intensity of armyworm attacks at 42 and 56 DAP and the average weight per cob. The Bisi 2 variety provides the most optimal results compared to other varieties planted on average.

The impact of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae inoculation with nitrogen fertilization on baby corn yield and cob quality

In response to the escalating costs and diminishing efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers, the agricultural community is actively seeking sustainable alternatives that leverage natural nitrogen sources derived from biological N-fixation processes to enhance crop yield. This study investigates the combined effects of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae inoculation and varying nitrogen fertilizer doses on soil fertility, nutrient availability, and the yield and quality parameters of baby corn (Zea mays. L). The study involved the application of five nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg N ha-1) in conjunction with Klebsiella quasipneumoniae inoculum on HM-4 variety of baby corn, employing a comprehensive experimental design with five treatments and four replications. All treatments demonstrated increased ear count and weights of ear, silk, husk, edible cob, and biomass compared to the control. The study highlights the potential of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae inoculation in synergy with reduced nitrogen fertilizer to enhance total N contents in soil and positively impact baby corn yield and cob quality parameters. Optimal results were achieved with a 50% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg N ha-1), emphasizing the importance of integrated nutrient management. The findings contribute valuable insights to sustainable agriculture, offering a promising strategy for increased baby corn production, improved nutritional quality, and environmental conservation. This integrated approach, involving microbial inoculation and nitrogen management, emerges as a key element in modern agricultural practices, promoting both productivity and nutritional content in baby corn crops.