Variety Of Plants Research Articles

Comprehensive Morphological Characterization of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Genotypes for Enhanced Breeding Programs in Jammu and Kashmir

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important legume crop that is recognized for its adaptability to diverse climates and nutritional value. In Jammu and Kashmir, however, its genetic diversity is limited, hindering full yield potential. This study aimed to characterize 72 cowpea genotypes from various regions of Kashmir through Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) characterization. Twenty-four agro-morphological traits were assessed following the guidelines of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority (PPV&FRA). Key traits, such as stem color, flowering time, pod length, growth habit, and seed characteristics, were evaluated for distinctness and breeding value. The analysis identified promising genotypes such as C15 (medium seed length and black eye color), CP23-3 (high pod count), C32 (spreading growth and late maturity), TPTC-29 (early flowering, erect growth), C28 (tan eye color, medium seed size), and KDC-39 (high seed count per pod, late flowering). The genotypes exhibited favorable traits, such as early flowering, robust growth, strong pod attachment, and varied maturity, supporting breeding programs aimed at improving cowpea yield and adaptability in climate-stressed regions.

Ion homeostasis and coordinated salt tolerance mechanisms in a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)doubled haploid line

Salinization poses a significant challenge in agriculture. Identifying salt-tolerant plant germplasm resources and understanding their mechanisms of salt tolerance are crucial for breeding new salt-tolerant plant varieties. However, one of the primary obstacles to achieving this goal in crops is the physiological complexity of the salt-tolerance trait. In a previous study, we developed a salt-tolerant barley doubled haploid (DH) line, designated as DH20, through mutagenesis combined with microspore culture, establishing it as an idea model for elucidating the mechanisms of salt tolerance. In this study, ion homeostasis, key osmotic agents, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression were compared between Hua30 (the original material used as a control) and DH20. The results indicated that under salt treatment, DH20 exhibited significantly higher shoot fresh and dry weight, relative plant height, shoot K+/Na+ ratio, improved stomatal guard cell function, and better retention of chloroplast ultrastructure compared to Hua30. Notably, the K+ efflux in DH20 was significantly lower while the Na+ and H+ efflux was significantly higher than those in Hua30 under salt stress in mesophyll cells. Furthermore, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, along with the levels of proline, betaine, malondialdehyde, and soluble protein, were correlated with ion efflux and played a vital role in the response of DH20 to salt stress. Compared to Hua30, the relative expression levels of the HvSOS1, HvSOS2, HvSOS3, HvHKT1;3, HvNHX1, HvNHX2, and HvNHX3 genes, which showed a strong correlation with Na+, K+, and H+ efflux, exhibited significant differences at 24 h under salt stress in DH20. These findings suggest that ion homeostasis, key osmolytes, antioxidant enzyme activities, and associated gene expression are coordinated in the salt tolerance of DH20, with K+ retention and Na+ and H+ efflux serving as important mechanisms for coping with salt stress. These findings present new opportunities for enhancing salinity tolerance, not only in barley but in other cereals as well, including wheat and rice, by integrating this trait with other traditional mechanisms. Furthermore, MIFE measurements of NaCl-induced ion fluxes from leaf mesophyll provide plant breeders with an efficient method to screen germplasm for salinity stress tolerance in barley and potentially other crops. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Quantitative analysis of quercetin in tea mistletoe (Scurrula oortiana Dans.)

Indonesia has a variety of plants that are useful as medicine. One is the Tea Mistletoe plant (Scurrula oortiana Dans.). This plant contains flavonoid compounds that are effective as antioxidants, especially in the form of quercetin. Quercetin in the tea mistletoe plant can prevent cell damage caused by free radicals, where cells need this antioxidant to avoid the harmful effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and prevent damage to immune cells. This study aims to analyze the levels of quercetin in Tea Mistletoe extract using quantitative analysis methods such as thin-layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Tea Mistletoe powder was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator and water bath. The thick extract obtained was then tested for phytochemical screening and specific and non-specific parameters. Analysis of flavonoid quercetin compounds was carried out using a thin layer chromatography method using a mobile phase of a mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol with a ratio of 5:4:1 and a stationary phase of Silica Gel GF₂₅₄. Determination of flavonoid levels was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 428 nm. The results of this study indicate that the Mistletoe Tea plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and glycosides. All test parameters meet the specified requirements. The thin layer chromatography test showed the Rf value of the Mistletoe Tea extract of 0.78. The linearity test showed a correlation value (r) = 0.9988 with a total flavonoid compound content of 372.250 mg QE/g extract, or a percentage of 37.225%.

The Anticancer Perspective of Tangeretin: A Small Review

Cancer is an important disease that threatens human life and health. Many natural compounds from plants have been found to have a better inhibitory effect on cancer, and flavonoids are one of them. Tangeretin, a flavonoid, is widely present in a variety of citrus plants and has been shown to have a variety of biological activities that can inhibit tumor cells. Tangeretin can inhibit the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer cells by acting on JAK/STAT (Janus Kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and caspase-3 signal transduction and by regulating the cell cycle of tumor cells. Tangeretin can also work with other chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, to reduce the drug resistance of cancer cells and improve the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy drugs. This review summarizes the effects of tangeretin on various cancers.

Effects of planting window on grain yield and oil yield under rainfed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Kilwa District, Lindi, Tanzania

This study evaluated the effects of planting windows on grain yield and oil yield of three sunflower varieties (Hysun33, Record, and K/Fedha) across two locations in 2023. The two factors (varieties and planting windows) were laid out in a split plot arrangement and fitted into randomized complete block design in three replicates. The first planting window (PW1) occurred in late January, the second (PW2) in mid-February, and the third (PW3) in early March. Weather parameters evaluated included minimum and maximum temperatures, average monthly rainfall and rainfall during the growth period. The weather data revealed trends of decreasing minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as fluctuating average rainfall over the period. Total rainfall did not significantly differ between the three planting windows (PW1, PW2, PW3). However, there was significant variation in rainfall amounts at different phenological stages between planting windows (P = 0.001). Grain yield and oil yield were highest in PW3 (1.50 t/ha and 360.2 L, respectively), as well as for the Hysun33 variety (0.92 t/ha and 22.95 L, respectively). High grain and oil yields were influenced by high germination and survival percentages, high rainfall during leaf development and stem elongation, flowering time and interactions between planting window, variety, and locations. Study showed that PW3 and HYsun33 offers the most favorable options for optimal sunflower production in Kilwa District. However, multi-environment trials, repeated over several seasons is recommended to explore the influence of environmental variables. The results may also prompt a revision of the sunflower planting calendar for the southern zone.

Integrated Physiological, Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Response of Rice to Aniline Toxicity

The accumulation of aniline in the natural environment poses a potential threat to crops, and thus, investigating the effects of aniline on plants holds practical implications for agricultural engineering and its affiliated industries. This study combined physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic methods to investigate the growth status and molecular-level response mechanisms of rice under stress from varying concentrations of aniline. At a concentration of 1 mg/L, aniline exhibited a slight growth-promoting effect on rice. However, higher concentrations of aniline significantly inhibited rice growth and even caused notable damage to the rice seedlings. Physiological data indicated that under aniline stress, the membrane of rice underwent oxidative damage. Furthermore, when the concentration of aniline was excessively high, the cells suffered severe damage, resulting in the inhibition of antioxidant enzyme synthesis and activity. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway became quite active under aniline stress, with alterations in various enzymes and metabolites related to lignin synthesis. In addition to the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and purine metabolism were also critical pathways related to rice’s response to aniline stress. Significant changes occurred in the expression levels of multiple genes (e.g., PRX, C4H, GST, and ilvH, among others) associated with functions such as antioxidant activity, membrane remodeling, signal transduction, and nitrogen supply. Similarly, notable alterations were observed in the accumulation of various metabolites (for instance, glutamic acid, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, and asparagine, etc.) related to these functions. Our research findings have unveiled the potential of compounds such as phenylpropanoids and amino acids in assisting rice to cope with aniline stress. A more in-depth and detailed exploration of the specific mechanisms by which these substances function in the process of plant resistance to aniline stress (for instance, utilizing carbon-14 isotope tracing to monitor the metabolic pathway of aniline within plants) will facilitate the cultivation of plant varieties that are resistant to aniline. This will undoubtedly benefit activities such as ensuring food production and quality in aniline-contaminated environments, as well as utilizing plants for the remediation of aniline-polluted environments.

Sustainable Technologies for Plant Variety Protection: A Legal Perspective

The agricultural industry plays a vital role in the country's economy and has a significant impact on climate change. The environmental concerns have raised the demand to investigate the traditional agricultural practices taking place and to adopt sustainable practices for increasing agricultural output by bringing innovative and sustainable technologies to improve the farm produce and to ensure the minimization of PPP products that emit harmful emissions to increase the sustainability outputs. The untailored use of these PPPs is extremely detrimental to the environment and therefore there must be use of products that might improve the yield but also are environment friendly. Sustainable agriculture is crucial for achieving the goals of Viksit Bharat which is possible through climate-resilient technologies. Therefore, it becomes important to incorporate sustainable technologies in this domain. The paper aims to understand the use of sustainable technologies in increasing the agricultural sector and ensuring sustainability.

Identifying the Potential Medicinal Plants in Tualang District, Siak Regency

Many individuals residing in the Tualang District cultivate various medicinal plants; however, a significant portion of the population lacks awareness regarding the specific types and associated therapeutic properties. In general, only parents possess this knowledge. Therefore, further research is necessary to explore the variety and advantages of medicinal plants. The primary objective of this research is to categorize different varieties of therapeutic flora, their advantages, methods of application, and techniques for cultivation within the Tualang District. This research was carried out utilizing a survey methodology, employing various data collection methods, including interviews, and identifying and documenting medicinal plants. The study involved conducting observations and collecting data on the various types of medicinal plants, their associated benefits, methods of utilization, and cultivation practices as practiced by the residents of Tualang District. The data analysis in this research employed quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive methods. The information is displayed in tabular format. The research findings demonstrated that the respondents in Tualang District utilized and cultivated 41 different types of medicinal plants. Participants employed different methods to use medicinal plants. Participants cultivated medicinal plants through stem cuttings, rhizome cuttings, grafting, and direct seed planting. Medicinal plants are maintained through various agricultural practices, including watering, weeding, hilling, fertilizing, and implementing measures to control pests and diseases.

Developing a new index with time series Sentinel-2 for accurate tidal flats mapping in China.

Tidal flats are essential habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals along the coast, contributing significantly to biodiversity preservation. Despite efforts to employ remote sensing technology for mapping these areas, misidentification remains a persistent issue. Within the context of tidal flat mapping, one of the primary challenges lies in distinguishing between tidal flats and turbid water bodies. This is primarily attributed to the high sediment content in turbid water bodies, which renders their spectral characteristics similar to those of tidal flats, consequently leading to confusion. To this end, this study developed a novel Tidal Flats-Water Difference Index (TWDI) with time series Sentinel-2 to accurately map tidal flats in China for the year 2020. The index demonstrates robust performance in distinguishing between tidal flats and water bodies, particularly in turbid water conditions. It reduces the likelihood of misclassifying water bodies as tidal flats, thus enhancing the accuracy of tidal flats mapping. Based on this index, we generated Tidal Flats Map of China at 10m (TFMC) in 2020 based on the GEE. With validation from 10,234 samples, the TFMC map attained an overall accuracy (OA) and F1 score of 0.97. Based on our calculations, the total area of tidal flats in China was 9195.80km2, with Jiangsu Province accounting the largest area at the provincial level (2467.71km2). This study is the first attempt to address the issue of misclassification of turbid water bodies as tidal flats. TWDI can serve as the spectral index in tidal flats mapping or as input features for training classification models of coastal wetland. The TFMC map can serve as foundational data to promote the protection of tidal flats and the sustainable development of coastal wetland ecosystems.

Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) and Malva (Herissantia crispa) have forage potential for ruminant nutrition in arid regions.

The Caatinga biome has a wide variety of plants which, despite their irregular distribution, are frequently used to feed animals. This study aimed to evaluate the gas production kinetics of Caatinga plants: Malva (Herissantia crispa), Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), Marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), and Bamburral (Hyptis suaveolens). Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), a cultivated forage, was used as a control. For this evaluation, samples of Aroeira, Malva, Marmeleiro, Bamburral, and Buffel grass were weighed and then incubated in 100ml flasks containing rumen fluid and buffer solution at 39°C in a water bath. The volume of gases produced was measured with graduated syringes at various times. The parameters of in vitro degradation kinetics were estimated from cumulative gas production using the NLMIXED procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, USA). Buffel grass showed higher gas production than the other samples (77.64ml), followed by the Caatinga samples, Malva and Aroeira (58.16ml and 54.05ml, respectively), which were statistically similar. In conclusion, we suggest that Malva and Aroeira are forage plants with promising potential to improve the nutrition of ruminants in arid regions, given their high protein content, moderate fiber content, and characteristics related to gas production identified with the in vitro digestibility test.

Pelatihan Budidaya Hidroponik dan Optimalisasi Sistem Pemberian Nutrisi pada Kebun Hidroponik dengan Menggunakan Mikrokontroler di Pondok Pesantren Darul Fithrah

Darul Fithrah Islamic Boarding School (Ponpes DF) is a tahfiz Al-Qur'an-focused Islamic boarding school with education levels from kindergarten to high school. This Islamic boarding school has various active extracurriculars, one of which is hydroponic extracurriculars. This extracurricular is very useful for improving students' abilities. However, currently, there are still various shortcomings, one of which is related to the capability and application of technology in gardens. In order to fulfill this, training activities are carried out in this community service, and automatic nutrient control technology in hydroponics is applied. The training is aimed at students and hydroponic extracurricular administrators. This training activity focuses on explaining various methods and types of plants that can be cultivated using the hydroponic method, then training on the use of automatic nutrient control in hydroponic gardens. Based on the results of training and the application of automatic nutrient control technology, students and administrators can understand various types of hydroponic cultivation methods and then know how to plant various other types of plants that can be cultivated so that there can be a greater variety of plants that can be planted in the garden. Finally, based on the results of the application and training of automatic nutrient control technology, the students and administrators consider that the application of this technology is beneficial in the process of monitoring and maintaining plant quality.

Breeding-induced changes in the rhizosphere microbial communities in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) breeding aims to select more productive and uniform plant varieties, impacting various plant traits, including root characters. Changes in root traits have repercussions on the rhizosphere, thereby influencing the composition of rhizospheric microbial communities. In this study, we assessed the structure and composition of the microbial community through 16S rRNA sequencing to compare the rhizosphere of different genotypes during lima bean breeding. Specifically, we compared the rhizospheric microbial communities of two parents (P1 - UFPI 628 and P2 – G25276, from Brazil and Argentina, respectively) and their segregation generations (F2 and F7). The microbial richness and diversity remained consistent across all genotypes, while the structure of the microbial community differed between parents (P1 and P2) and the advanced lineage (F7). We observed genotype-specific enrichment of bacterial groups, indicating a nuanced interaction between lima bean genotypes and microbial communities. Moreover, segregating generations exhibited unique enrichment of bacterial families associated with plant growth promotion, such as Pedosphaeraceae (F2) and Xanthobacteraceae (F7). Analysis of microbial interactions revealed an alteration in network complexity, with advanced lineages, particularly F7, displaying a higher number of interactions. Despite taxonomic differences across generations, functional traits remained consistent between parents and advanced lineages. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing plant-microbe interactions to enhance lima bean yield in breeding programs. By understanding the dynamics of rhizospheric microbial communities in response to breeding efforts, we can harness beneficial interactions to improve plant performance and sustainability in agricultural systems.

Enumeration and Categorization of the Indoor Plant of Bharatpur Metropolitan City

This study investigates indoor gardening practices in Bharatpur, Nepal. A combination of vision observations, online questionnaires, and a random selection of plant species were used to collect data. 41 respondents to the survey revealed a variety of indoor plants: 39% have less than five plants, 24.4% own ten or more, 19.5% own more than ten, and 17.1% own more than twenty. While 34.1% water their plants weekly, most participants (48.8%) water twice a week. Fertilizer is applied less regularly, with most people using it twice yearly (43.9%). Though gardeners face challenges such as dryness (41.5%) and insect infections (29.3%), indoor plants are recognized for their good energy (34.1%) and air purifying features (26.8%). Significant choices are available for specific plants, with the Epipremnum aureum coming in second at 31.7%, and the Dracaena trifasciata at 46.3% being the most popular. With a few of those received as gifts or online, nurseries consider 68.3% of plant purchases. The study identifies important plant families: Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae each have two to six species, while Araceae is the family with the greatest number with eleven. Just 1-2 species represent some families, such as Apocynaceae and Piperaceae.

Morphological Characterization of Citrus Leaves (Citrus species) under Sub-tropical Conditions of Punjab, India

A field experiment was conducted during 2019-2021 at Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh sahib, Punjab to study the morphological characterization of citrus leaves (Citrus species) under sub-tropical conditions of Punjab. For morphological studies, leaves samples collected from the Citrus orchard. Samples were randomly collected from 10 leaves samples which were randomly collected from 5 plants in order to obtain a representative sample. All leaves sample were observed for integrity and absence of dust and insect contamination. The leaves of six different citrus species were used for the morphological characterization. Morphological characters of citrus accessions were observed on basis of UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) descriptors. The experimental results revealed that there were significant variations for morphological characterization in different citrus species. There are no variations in vegetative life cycle, leaf division, leaf colour, leaf lamina attachment in lime, lemon, pummelo, mandarin, grapefruit and sweet orange leaves. Vegetative life cycle was evergreen and leaf division was found to be simple in all the six citrus species. However, maximum mean leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width and leaf lamina length to width ratio was recorded in pummelo followed by grapefruit and mandarin. The maximum leaf area was observed in pummelo which was statistically at par with grapefruit, mandarin, sweet orange, lemon. Thus, there was no significant variation morphological characterization among citrus leaves.

The impacts of 2,4-D herbicide DMA® 4 IVM on reproductive health and gene expression along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad-liver [HPGL] axis in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

Aquatic herbicides are commonly used to control a variety of non-native plants. One common active ingredient used in commercial herbicide formulations globally is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Though 2,4-D is used in aquatic ecosystems, no studies have investigated cellular, biochemical, and transcriptional effects or mechanisms of 2,4-D exposure on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) throughout juvenile development. Herein, we aim to evaluate the impacts of chronic ecologically relevant 2,4-D exposure on reproductive systems of fathead minnow. Juvenile fathead minnows were exposed to ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D in DMA4 herbicide under laboratory conditions in a flow through system. Male plasma testosterone concentrations, testicular and ovarian histology, and differential gene expression along the HPGL axis in three tissue types (brain, liver, and gonad) were assessed after a chronic 120 day exposure period. We observed significantly decreased plasma testosterone concentration in male fish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.50, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/L) of 2,4-D. We observed a significant increase in ovarian severity grading and oocyte atresia in female fish exposed to 4.00 mg/L. Of differential expression analysis in fish exposed to 2.00 mg/L 2,4-D in DMA4, we identified significantly decreased expression of the steroid hormone receptors ESR1, ESR2b, and AR in males. Expression of male steroidogenic genes 3βHSD and 11βHSD2 along with expression of genes regulating steroid metabolism, SULT1st2 and CBR1l were increased. Altogether, these data suggest that 2,4-D could act as an endocrine disrupting chemical that alters expression of primary genes regulating hormone receptors, steroidogenesis, and steroid metabolism along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad-liver (HPGL) axis. The use of 2,4-D herbicides for weed control in aquatic ecosystems could present risks to the reproductive health of non-target aquatic species.

Implementing farmers' rights under the plant variety protection law in India: Analysing the complex regulatory framework and its impact

AbstractThe Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) in India was touted as a unique law when it was enacted as it included farmers' rights provisions as well. The legislation contains some tall promises, which, if implemented in their truest sense, would assist the farmers in getting recognition and rewards for the conservation efforts that they have put in. This paper examines the implementation of the Act from the viewpoint of the delegated/subordinate/secondary legislation, which constitute the practical framework for implementing the primary legislation in practice. Although the PPVFR Act includes a separate chapter on farmers' rights, it is not certain whether the legislation's stated objective of protecting the rights of farmers has been realised or not. The uncertainty is mainly because of the inconsistencies between the PPVFR Act and the delegated/subordinate legislation, which will be the focus area of this paper. The present paper contends that the ineffective implementation of the PPVFR Act can be attributed to the arbitrary actions undertaken by the central government and PPVFR Authority in contravention of the statute via public notices, rules, and regulations. This, in turn, has contributed to the deplorable plight of the farmers in multiple ways.

Modern Insights into Breeding of Medicinal Plants for Health and Industry

An essential source of natural medicines, medicinal plants have a long history of usage in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses. Some of the secondary metabolites produced by plants as a defence mechanism against biotic and abiotic challenges are used to treat health affections. Considering the importance of medicinal plants primarily for their therapeutic qualities, this paper reviews the traditional and modern breeding methods of medicinal plants. Most plant cultivars today are products of traditional breeding techniques, such as selection, hybridization, mutagenesis, and polyploidy. Nevertheless nowadays, the use of molecular markers assisted selection or genetic editing techniques are promising tools in improving plant resistance to environmental stress factors and increasing concentrations of bioactive compounds. Integrating modern breeding technologies with ecological cultivation and conservation strategies is the key to the long-term sustainability of medicinal plants. Some examples of these include increasing genetic variety in crops grown for medicinal purposes, protecting natural habitats, and using sustainable forms of agriculture. To maintain the original identity and characteristics of local plants, research must focus on using local genetic resources as the initial material for use in breeding programs. Improved varieties of medicinal plants can hence be created that display increased disease resistance, higher productivity, and/or improved efficiencies in bioactive compound synthesis, which would greatly influence the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Проблема впливу глобальної зміни клімату на розвиток аграрної галузі в Україні: історичний екскурс

The purpose of the work is to reveal specific issues of climate change, their impact on the development and management of agriculture in Ukraine, caused by intense warming: uneven distribution of precipitation; the increase in the number and intensity of extreme weather phenomena - droughts (droughts), dry spells, etc., as well as the scientific development of Ukrainian scientists in developing the problem. Methodology. The specified historical research is based on the use of general scientific principles of objectivity, systematicity, historicism, comprehensiveness. The subject-chronological and comparative-historical methods used by us are of great importance and their synthetic role in reflecting the progressive development of knowledge about climate change and finding ways to prevent negative effects on agricultural plants. The comparative-historical method contributed to the selection and characterization of the peculiarities of the accumulation of knowledge about extreme climatic phenomena, their development within the climatic zones of Ukraine. By analyzing the scientific work of scientists, the process of overcoming current problems, implementing new scientific developments into practice is traced. The scientific novelty consists in the generalization of the scientific achievements of scientific research institutions of Ukraine on the study of the nature of global climatic phenomena, their influence on the development of agricultural production in different soil and climatic zones of the country through the ways of overcoming crisis phenomena proposed by Ukrainian scientists. For the first time, the works of the outstanding scientist-agriculturalist A. O. Babich of the late 90s and early decades of the 20th century on the problem of global climate change became the object of a separate scientific study. Conclusions. In conclusion, we note that further global and regional climate warming can cause irreversible climate changes with a violation of the climatic balance, and the consequences of dangerous natural hydrometeorological phenomena can become catastrophic, which can lead to changes in the conditions of human life. As the analysis showed, droughts are exacerbated by high plowing of agricultural land, non-compliance with the soil protection system of land cultivation, weak development of moisture-saving technologies and drought-resistant crops and varieties. The industry of crop production is most affected by the adverse factors of drought, dry spells and dust storms, which are often characterized by unpredictability both in terms of their manifestations and the force of their impact on crops. In order to conduct agricultural production, there is a need to review the structure of sown areas by climatic zones of Ukraine, to include in the range of growing adapted to the phenomena of dehydration and prolonged overheating during the hot period and drought, the newest adapted varieties of plants. The efforts of agrarian science and production should be directed not to the exhaustion of natural forces, but to the neutralization and weakening of the effect of droughts and dry spells by a system of measures, including the results of the latest research in meteorology, agriculture and crop production.

From genes to governance: Engaging citizens in the new genomic techniques policy debate

Societal Impact StatementThe European Union is in the midst of changing the current regulatory framework for new genomic techniques (NGTs) to accelerate the production of plant varieties, in order to achieve the goals of the European Green Deal. These techniques are highly contested, with divergent views on how they should be governed. So far, there has been little effort to engage citizens in this legislative reform process. By engaging with Dutch citizens, we give the public a voice in shaping the future of agriculture and the food system. By facilitating the exchange of multiple views, we allow for more effective governance arrangements.Summary The European Commission (EC) has proposed a new regulation for plants obtained by new genomic techniques (NGTs). Currently, food crops developed with NGTs are subject to the EU Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The current proposal for a new regulation differentiates between two categories of NGT plants. Category 1 NGT plants will be subject to the new regulation, whereas Category 2 plants will remain subject to the GMO legislation, although the risk assessment may be adapted. In this paper, we analyze the views of Dutch citizens on NGT crops and their governance, prior to the publication of the new proposal. We find significant reservations arising from doubts about NGT crops delivering on their promises, the likelihood of unanticipated consequences, and unnaturalness. We extrapolate our findings to anticipate citizen's response to the new proposal and reflect on ways to move forward, both for policy making, and for the plant science community.

Legal Analysis of Tengkawang Seed Exports in the Context of Natural Resource Conservation

The conflict between the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (LHK) No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 and the Regulation of the Minister of Trade (Permendag) No. 44 of 2012 has created significant legal uncertainty regarding the protection and trade of tengkawang seeds in Indonesia. The LHK Regulation does not include tengkawang seeds as a protected plant species, while the Permendag prohibits the export of tengkawang seeds. This study aims to analyze the normative conflict related to the regulations governing the export of tengkawang seeds and its implications for environmental conservation and the economy in Pontianak City. The research methodology used is normative analysis with a statutory approach. Legal materials were obtained through document studies of laws and regulations and literature reviews.The research results show that this regulatory conflict hinders the export of tengkawang seeds, harms business actors, and potentially increases illegal trade activities. Furthermore, this inconsistency also causes confusion among law enforcement officials and the general public regarding the protection status of tengkawang seeds. This study recommends harmonizing regulations between the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of Trade to ensure effective protection of tengkawang seeds while supporting economic growth through legal and regulated trade. Additionally, in accordance with the legal principle lex posterior derogat legi priori, the newer law should prevail. Moreover, as per the LHK regulation, tengkawang seeds are not classified as protected plant varieties, which legally allows them to be exported.