Pea Varieties Research Articles

Генотипический скрининг устойчивости зернобобовых культур к воздействию тяжелых металлов на основании нейронного профилирования экссудации их аминокислот

Abstract. The purpose of the article was to assess the change in the level of structural organization of the amino acid profile of root exometabolites of various resistance genotypes of peas under the influence of metal-induced stress. Research method. Plants were grown under sterile controlled conditions (climatic chamber) with the addition of toxic concentrations, cadmium, cobalt, zinc or mercury to the nutrient medium. The objects for the study were the Cd-sensitive genotype of the pea variety SGE, as well as the unique Cd-resistant mutant SGECDt created on its basis. Results. It has been established that all salt solutions of metals have an inhibitory effect on plant growth rates. At the same time, as expected, the addition of cadmium and cobalt to the medium had a greater effect on the decrease in the biomass of the wild line SGE than in the mutant genotype SGECDt. The latter reacted more to the introduction of toxic mercury into the environment. As for zinc, here, the inhibition of the biomass of both organs in the two genotypes was equivalent. The addition of all toxicants to the medium led to an increase in the total yield of all amino acids. In the SGECDt mutant, this manifested itself to a greater extent, which is associated with certain aspects of metal detoxification in this genotype in plant tissues. Cluster analysis made it possible to separate the ratios of the amino acid profile obtained on zinc and mercury in both genotypes into a separate independent group. The results of calculations using a neural network confirmed the resistance of the mutant to Cd and Co ions, and sensitivity to Zn and Hg. The wild line was found to be resistant to the selected concentration of Co. Scientific innovation. The mathematical model, designed on the basis of the collected amino acid exudation data array, makes it possible, on the basis of a matrix of correlation ratios, to predict the yield of absolutely dry plant protein biomass and to primary screening the adaptive lability of various varieties under metal-induced stress.

Assessment and quantification of some short term ecosystem services in garden pea field

It is necessary to classify, quantify, and evaluate ecosystem services (ES) for understanding related ecosystem value. Garden pea (Pisums ativum L.), also called pea, herbaceous annual plant in the family leguminous, grown nearly worldwide for edible seeds. It contributes to the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. However, there is no information about the provision and consumption of ES in garden pea fields. The main objective of this study was to provide a first evidence base from ES provided by garden pea fields. Therefore, we developed a quantitative framework for assessing and quantifying ES of four different varieties of garden pea. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out in the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (northeast of Iran), during 2019–2020. In this study, we developed a framework for quantifying of ES based on the modified Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). The results showed that garden pea cultivation increased microbial respiration, soil organic matter, and carbon accumulation. Based on the results, varieties had significant effects on soil carbon accumulation. Peas Wolf and Pea Wolf cultivars with 1206.6 kg/ha carbon accumulation had the highest amount, and Reyna cultivar with −1876.9 kg/ha carbon accumulation had the lowest value. In this experiment, Peas Wolf and Utrillo cultivars provided more ES in terms of dry weight, the number of nodule, and root volume as nitrogen biofixation potential. In general, Peas Wolf compared to Utrillo cultivar was more successful in providing regulating services. However, Utrillo cultivar provided more provision services (14,520 kg/ha green yield, 23,680 kg/ha green biomass and 23,62% protein). In addition, different cultivars of garden pea had positive effects on the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the soil.

Pod and Seed Production Potential of Vegetable Pea (Pisum sativum L.) as Influenced by Different Levels of Sulphur and Boron in Calcareous Soil of North Bihar

Background: Vegetable pea is one of the relevant vegetable crops grown in the cool season all over the India. Sulphur deficiency is becoming more prevalent in Bihar due to the less use of boron and sulphur-containing fertilizer in calcareous soils and the consequent decrease in sulphur and boron nutrients. On the other hand, organic matter-rich manures, are utilized in very small quantities which is a source of a macro-and micronutrients, including sulphur and boron. As a consequence, soils have become deficient in sulphur and boron, which is detrimental to crop production. In the absence of these sulphur and boron in the soil, different legume crops such as vegetable pea suffer from reduced growth, yield and nodule formation. Methods: In this field investigation during 2020-2022, experiments were conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design using fifteen different combinations of Boron and Sulphur doses in Azad Pea-3 variety of vegetable pea in three replications and different pod and seed yield attributing traits were studied. Result: Among the different treatments, it has been inferred that treatment combination 40 kg S ha-1 + 2 kg B ha-1 exhibited superiority over rest of the treatment combinations with respect to pod and seed yield attributes of vegetable pea.

Induced Mutagenesis and Variability Study in the M2 Generation of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Background: Mutation induction in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) aimed to study the induced genetic variability and identify desirable mutants in the M2 generation with two varieties of garden pea, Kashi Nandini and Kashi Uday. Methods: The two varieties of garden peas, Kashi Nandini and Kashi Uday, were subjected to mutagenic treatments with the EMS at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40%. The M1 generation was raised in RBD with two replications during Rabi 2019-20. Plants from three concentrations, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% EMS, were evaluated in M1 plant progenies (M2) during Rabi 2020-21. The M2 was raised during Rabi 2020-21 in M1 plant progenies using M1 plants from three concentrations -0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% EMS of both varieties. Result: The two varieties that were exposed to EMS responded differently depending on the concentrations. The GCV and PCV were high for seedling height, fertile branches, pods/plant and seeds/pod in both parents at 0.15 and 0.20% EMS. The highest heritability and genetic advance were apparent for seedling height and seeds/pod at 0.10 and 0.20% EMS, while the estimates were moderate for seeds/pod with 0.20% EMS, followed by seeds/pod at 0.10% EMS and seedling height at 0.20% EMS. Desirable plants were visible for various quantitative traits in the M2 generation. These mutants showed significant differences from the controls of both varieties in the treated populations at higher concentrations of EMS. Desirable micro mutants in M2 resulted at 0.15 and 0.20% EMS, which need further evaluation in the M3 for confirmation.

A Comparative Study on Stability of Seed Characteristics in Vetch and Pea Cultivations

Stability for yield and seed quality across environments are desirable traits for varieties used for the support of livestock, and such specific varieties of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) are highly demanded from farmers. The objective of this study was to investigate the stability performance of seed quality attributes on six common vetch genotypes and five pea genotypes. The genotypes’ stability traits were based on seed quality characteristics of peas and common vetch under low-input vs. conventional cultivation systems. Significantly positive or negative correlations between the main traits in all cultivation schemes were found. Based on these findings, improving certain traits that exhibit qualitative inheritance is expected to be an efficient indirect way to improve seed quality stability, more easily in the case of peas. It was evident from comparisons that even in low-input farming systems, varieties showed stable performance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), GGE biplot on main traits, and AMMI analysis all resulted in statistically significant variations between genotypes, environments, and farming practices. This analysis resulted in specific pea varieties and vetch cultivars that were stable for various regions and farming systems on seed quality traits.

ECOLOGICAL VARIETY TESTING OF CHINESE AND DOMESTIC VARIETIES

Increasing the production of high-quality food grain peas based on the growth of its productivity is one of the most important tasks of modern agricultural production in Kazakhstan. In this work variety testing of peas Chinese selection. Promising varieties of peas of foreign selection in the weather and climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan are revealed.

Vegetable peas (Pisum sativum L.) diversity: An analysis of available elite germplasm resources with relevance to crop improvement

Aim of study: To determine the amount of diversity in pea breeding materials with the objective to classify a set of potential parents carrying novel/economic variations that could be used in future breed pea varieties. Area of study: ICAR–Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. Material and methods: A total of 45 pea accessions were analysed for phenotypic and molecular diversity using 17 agro-morphological traits and 52 SSR markers. Main results: All traits under investigation showed considerable genetic variation. The genotypes exhibited 6.7, 2.7 and 12-fold variation for traits viz., pods/plant, 10-pod weight and yield/plant, respectively. Among 52 SSR markers, 22 were found to be polymorphic. A total of 90 allelic variants were detected, with an average of 2.7 alleles/locus. PIC and D-values for markers AA135 (0.79 and 0.81) and PSMPSAD51 (0.7 and 0.74) were the highest, while AB40 (0.19 and 0.2) had the lowest. Two principal components PC1 and PC2 explained 46.96 and 23.96% of total variation, respectively. The clustering based on agro-morphological traits differentiated 45 individuals into three mega clusters, while SSR markers-based clustering classified these accessions into four groups. Research highlights: Based on their uniqueness, we identified a set of genotypes (VRPD-2, VRPD-3, PC-531, ‘Kashi Nandini’, ‘Kashi Udai’, ‘Kashi Mukti’, ‘Arkel’, VRPE-101, ‘Azad Pea-3’, EC865944, VRPM-901 and VRP-500) harbouring genes for various economic traits. The findings presented here will be extremely useful to breeders who are working on improvement of peas through selective introgression breeding.

Changes in the structural and physicochemical characterization of pea starch modified by Bacillus-produced α-amylase

In this study, changes in structural and physicochemical properties of pea starch treated with Bacillus-produced α-amylase were determined. The results showed that enzymatically modified pea starch had lower amylose content and granule size but higher branching degree and relative crystallinity. After enzyme hydrolysis, the distribution of A and B1 chains slightly decreased, while the distribution of B2 and B3 chains increased lightly. Enzymatic hydrolysis preferentially occurred in the amorphous region and cannot change the crystalline structure of pea starch. Moreover, pea starch showed lower light transmittance, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, pasting temperature, shear viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus, while the oil adsorption capacity and gelatinization enthalpy significantly increased with increasing α-amylase hydrolysis time. Correlation analysis indicated that α-amylase hydrolysis had different effects on different pea varieties. This research could provide ideas for exploring new applications for enzymatically modified pea starch in food industry. Industrial relevanceThis study found that Bacillus-produced α-amylase significantly changed the amylose content, granule size and viscosity of pea starch, which was helpful to further investigate the modified starch. This technology is expected to widen the applications of pea starch modified by Bacillus-produced α-amylase in food industry, for example as thickener, stabilizer and beverage, to improve the texture, stability and shelf-life of various food products.

Productivity of Three Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Varieties as Influenced by Nutrient Supply and Meteorological Conditions in Boreal Environmental Zone.

In order to grow crops that reduce the negative impact on the environment, as well as meet the nutritional needs of the increasing human population, it is necessary to include new and more sustainable production strategies into current agricultural systems. The aim of our study was to evaluate the optimal nutritional conditions of semi-leafless pea productivity and ascertain the influence of meteorological factors on the productivity of these plants under boreal environmental conditions. The test involved three semi-leafless pea varieties, one of which was a new variety, and eight N fertilization treatments were used: (1) without fertilizers (N0), (2) without N fertilizers (N0), (3) N15, (4) N30, (5) N45, (6) N15+15, (7) N60, and (8) N60. Plots of the second-seventh treatment received a base application of P40K80; the eighth treatment received P80K160. Fertilizer efficiency depended on the meteorological conditions. Based on their productivity, the pea varieties were arranged in the following descending order: Ieva DS ˃ Respect ˃ Simona. Compared with unfertilized peas, NPK fertilizers enhanced the seed yield by 10.6-12.9% on average. Splitting the N30 rate and applying N60, under a background of P40K80, was not efficient. The optimal rate of N15-45P40K80 fertilizers for peas was determined. Meteorological factors significantly influenced seed yield by 75.2%, 44.1%, and 79.9% for varieties Ieva DS, Simona, and Respect, respectively.

Evaluation of the Development Process of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Winter Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Intercropping by Yield Components

The future of wheat production depends on our ability to adapt to changing growing conditions. It is expected that intercropping will be more emphasized where natural source of nitrogen may increase the resilience of cereals. Our investigation was made in two growing seasons (2020–2021, 2021–2022) with three winter wheat varieties (GK Szilárd, Cellule, GK Csillag) and a winter pea variety (Aviron) in Szeged-Öthalom. Each plot was 10 square meters in four repeats in randomized block design. We used a seed mixture of both species with three sowing densities. In this study, we represent a development process of two winter-sown species, then yield components evaluated by cumulative yield production analysis and multivariate regression. Mixtures were only beneficial for wheat in the case of GK Szilárd 50% and Aviron 75%, Cellule 75% and Aviron 100% (in 2021), Cellule 100% and Aviron 50% (in 2022), GK Csillag 75% and Aviron 50%. The yield was determined by the number and weight of grains in both species (and also number of pea pods). Knowledge of the development process of the companion plants is a key issue in creating an effective intercrop. This self-sustaining, low input and energy efficient cropping practice has a great potential in temperate areas.

Lathyrus sativus Resistance Against the Existing and Emerging Pathogens Erysiphe pisi and E. trifolii: A Case of Commonalities or Total Discrepancy?

Powdery mildew on Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) is commonly caused by Erysiphe pisi, the causal agent of pea powdery mildew. E. trifolii could also pose an additional threat to grass pea, as it does to pea (Pisum sativum). In order to understand the potential threat and the availability of resistance sources, the response to both pathogens was analyzed on a worldwide germplasm collection of 189 grass pea accessions. Infection type and disease severity (DS) of grass pea accessions, independently inoculated with E. pisi and E. trifolii, were evaluated under controlled conditions. A wide range of responses were detected, with the previously uncharacterized partial resistance to E. trifolii in grass pea detected less frequently and uncorrelated with partial resistance against E. pisi. To test for the lack of correlation at the genetic level, an exploratory association mapping study was undertaken by statistically combining grass pea collection DS scores against both pathogens, with 5,651 previously screened genotype-by-sequencing-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Mostly different genetic regions in grass pea were identified as being associated with the response to E. trifolii and E. pisi, anticipating an independent genetic basis that requires further validation in larger germplasm collections, with higher SNP densities. This study proposes common and unique partial resistance components against two different powdery mildews, implying the need for complementary approaches to introduce resistance to both pathogens into new grass pea varieties. The identified sources of resistance and predicted genomic targets will assist in breeding for resistance to multiple powdery mildews.

Fermentation dynamics and quality of maize silage with Pigeon pea

Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.

Quantitative characteristics of pea varieties when treated with chelated micro fertilizers

In order to accelerate the process of introducing new selection achievements into production, it is necessary to provide agricultural producers with a suffi cient number of original and elite seeds. Therefore, the development of technological methods for accelerating the reproduction of seed material based on the use of chelated micro fertilizers is very relevant. The purpose of the research is to study the variability of quantitative characteristics of pea varieties under the action of chelated micro fertilizers to increase the effi ciency of seed production in the cultivation of original and reproductive seeds. The research material was original seeds from the selection nursery of the fi rst year of three varieties of peas, which were selected by the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Rostov Agrarian Scientifi c Center” such as Aksai usatii 5, Alliance and Ataman. Aksai usatii 5 variety served as a standard. It has been established that in seed production of Aksai usatii 5 and Ataman varieties, it is possible to achieve high yields and increase the reproduction coeffi cient of seeds of higher reproductions, as well as to improve their sowing qualities by using double foliar top dressing of ORMISS containing Cu/B or Cu/Mo. In the seed production of Alliance variety with accelerated reproduction of original seeds to achieve high yields as well as to improve their sowing qualities use ORMISS with boron or molybdenum for seed treatment in combination with the treatment of plants in the 3–5 leaf phase. When choosing pea varieties for introduction into production, along with Aksai usatii 5 variety, preference should be given to Alliance and Ataman varieties, as high-yielding and economically profi table.

Participatory Varietal Selection and Agronomic Performance Evaluation of Kik-Type Field Pea Varieties in Guji zone, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract: In the main cropping season of 2021, a field experiment was carried out in the Bore, Dama, and Anna Sora districts of the Guji Zone on stations and farmers’ fields. The experiment’s goal was to compare agronomic traits with farmer input to evaluate on-farm varieties, choose farmers’ favorite varieties, and then recommend the best performing varieties for the Guji Highland field pea production regions. At the Bore Agricultural Research Center, an on-station experiment was conducted utilizing RCBD with three replications. Ten enhanced kinds that were introduced both nationally and regionally were tested and chosen based on their desirable characteristics. From each district, two farmer’s fields were used, and the farmer’s fields were replicated. Farmers employed a variety of factors in addition to agronomic information, such as days to blooming, plant height, pods per plant, and seed per pod, to evaluate field pea varieties. Growth habits, production performance, disease and insect resistance, marketability, and diet compatibility were the main selection criteria used by farmers. The majority of farmers chose the Burkitu variety, followed by the Bamo variety, based on the selection criteria. The analysis of the agronomic data also showed that the selected varieties for the farmers were chosen for their high yielding and other assessed qualities. Bilalo had the highest seed yield (4167 kg/ha), followed by Bamo (3312 kg/ha), and Adi (3104 kg/ha), according to the results of the combined analysis.Due to its excellent grain output, appealing seed color, large seed size, and overall preferable field performance, the Burkitu variety was chosen. These findings suggested that farmers had a thorough understanding of how to choose and decide on the chosen better varieties in comparison to the inferior types. Keywords: Farmers’ Criteria: kik-Type: Participatory Selection: Ethiopia

SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF I.M. YEREMEIEV – A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL PLANT BREEDING

The article deals with the contribution of Professor I.M. Yeremeiev to the development of domestic science and practice, based on the references and publications. The urgency of the research is determined by the fact that the driving force of the social and economic level of the country is the development of science and technology. Achievements of domestic scientists are one of the determining factors of technical progress and economic development of the state. The general scientific principles and methods are the methodological basis of the research. In the process of the research, the scientific activity of I.M. Yeremeiev, the outstanding scientist and breeder, on the creation of plastic, durable, high-protein and high-yield varieties, development of theoretical bases and methods of the breeding process was analyzed. It is emphasized that he went down in the history of breeding as a leading co-author of the winter wheat «Ukrainka 0246», which is the pride of domestic breeding and a calling card of Ukraine. It is noted that the variety received its name in 1920, was regionalized in 1929 and in 1956 was approved by the UN as an international standard for strong wheat, thanks to its high yield and good baking qualities, it became an important article of Soviet export and recognized worldwide bread quality standard. It is pointed out that «Ukrainka 0246» was used in crossbreeding directly and through varieties bred with its participation. Its descendants are more than 300 varieties. It was found out that the Leninhrad Breeding Station under the leadership of I.M. Yeremeiev bred and handed over to the state commission for testing the varieties of wheat, oats, barley and peas. The winter wheat DС 2444, the spring wheat varieties – Tulun 3А/32 and Tulun 70В/8 and Alhausen buckwheat were regionalized. However, the main achievement of I. M. Yeremeiev's life is the creation and distribution of «Ukrainka 0246» variety.

Enhanced accumulation of phenolics in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds upon foliar application of selenate or zinc oxide.

Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are essential antioxidant enzyme cofactors. Foliar Se/Zn application is a highly effective method of plant biofortification. However, little is known about the effect of such applications on the concentration of trace elements and phytochemicals with pro-oxidant or antioxidant activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.). A 2-year pot experiment (2014/2015) was conducted to examine the response of two pea varieties (Ambassador and Premium) to foliar-administered sodium selenate (0/50/100 g Se/ha) and zinc oxide (0/375/750 g Zn/ha) at the flowering stage. Concentrations of selected trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Mn), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP) of seeds were determined. Se/Zn treatments did not improve the concentration of trace elements, while they generally enhanced TPC. Among examined treatments, the highest TPC was found in Ambassador (from 2014) treated with 100 g Se/ha and 750 g Zn/ha (2,926 and 3,221 mg/100 g DW, respectively) vs. the control (1,737 mg/100 g DW). In addition, 50 g of Se/ha increased TFC vs. the control (261 vs. 151 mg/100 g DW) in Premium (from 2014), 750 g of Zn/ha increased ABTS vs. the control (25.2 vs. 59.5 mg/100 g DW) in Ambassador (from 2015), and 50 g of Se/ha increased FRAP vs. the control (26.6 vs. 18.0 mmol/100 g DW) in Ambassador (from 2015). In linear multivariable regression models, Zn, Mn, Cu, and TPC best explained ABTS (R = 0.577), while Se, Cu, and TPC best explained the FRAP findings (R = 0.696). This study highlights the potential of foliar biofortification with trace elements for producing pea/pea products rich in bioactive plant metabolites beneficial for human health.

Impact of rhizobium inoculation and boron application on morphological alterations and biochemical triggers in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Rhizobium is a bacterial culture that enhances the speed of biological nitrogen fixation in association with root nodules in pulse crops while boron act as a catalyst for cell division hence the size of nodules and sugar translocation in the plant. An experiment was conducted by considering rhizobium as a seed inoculant and boron as a soil applicant in two peas (Pisum sativum L.) varieties Arkel and Azad Pea-3 to know the morphological alterations in plant height (cm), fresh and dry weight g plant-1), number of leaves (plant-1), and days required for the first flowering and picking. However, the biochemical triggers were also observed for soil plant analysis development reading (SPAD), total chlorophyll (mg g-1) and derivative (chlorophyll a and b), protein (mg g-1), and proline content (µg g-1) in both varieties of pea (Arkel and Azad Pea-3). The performance of V2 was superior to V1 for most of the morphological and biochemical parameters. The combination of rhizobium + 2.0 kg boron ha-1 (T5) was observed as the best treatment compared to the rest of the treatments in V1, while the rhizobium + 1.5 kg boron ha-1 (T4) in V2. Among the treatment combinations, T5 and T4 were recorded as minimum days for the first flowering (39.3 and 43.0), while the maximum days for the first picking (75 and 84) in V1 and V2. The highest SPAD reading, total chlorophyll, and protein were also noticed in T5 and T4, while chlorophyll a was recorded at maximum value in T4 for both varieties. However, the value of chlorophyll b was recorded as maximum in T4 and T3 at 50 DAS, while T5 and T4 were at 75 DAS. A trigger of proline content was also noticed in T5 and T4 of both varieties compared to the control set. The positive alteration in morphology and biochemical changes in pea plants due to the application of rhizobium in combination with boron interlink well for the betterment of yield via increasing the rate of photosynthesis.

Foliar Selenate and Zinc Oxide Separately Applied to Two Pea Varieties: Effects on Growth Parameters and Accumulation of Minerals and Macronutrients in Seeds under Field Conditions.

Though selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) constitute essential nutrients for human health, their deficiencies affect up to 15% and 17% of the global population, respectively. Agronomic biofortification of staple crops with Se/Zn may alleviate these challenges. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a nutritious legume crop that has great potential for Se/Zn biofortification. Herein, two varieties of pea (Ambassador, Premium) were biofortified via foliar application of sodium selenate (0/50/100 g of Se/ha) or zinc oxide (0/375/750 g of Zn/ha) during the flowering stage under field conditions. While no significant differences were found in Se accumulation between seed varieties upon Se treatments, selenate enhanced the accumulation of Se in the two seed varieties in a dose dependent manner. Selenium concentration was most elevated in seeds of Ambassador exposed to 100 g of Se/ha (3.93 mg/kg DW compared to the control (0.08 mg/kg DW), p < 0.001). 375 g of Zn/ha (35.7 mg/kg DW) and 750 g of Zn/ha (35.5 mg/kg DW) significantly and similarly enhanced Zn concentrations compared to the control (31.3 mg/kg DW) in Premium seeds, p < 0.001. Zinc oxide also improved accumulations of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Mg in Premium seeds. Se/Zn treatments did not significantly affect growth parameters and accumulations of soluble solids and protein in seeds. Positive and significant (p < 0.01) correlations were observed between Zn and Fe, Cu, Mn and Mg levels in Premium seeds, among others. Consuming 33 g/day of pea biofortified with Se at 50 g/ha and 266 g/day of pea biofortified with 375 g of Zn/ha could provide 100% of the RDA (55 μg) for Se and RDA (9.5 mg) for Zn in adults, respectively. These results are relevant for enhancing Se/Zn status in peas by foliar biofortification.

Alleviation of drought stress through foliar application of thiamine in two varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

ABSTRACT Drought stress poorly impacts many morphological and physio-biochemical processes in plants. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants are highly nutritious crops destined for human consumption; however, their productivity is threatened under drought stress. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is well-known essential micronutrient, acting as a cofactor in key metabolic processes. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the protective effect of foliar application of thiamine (0, 250, and 500 ppm) on two varieties of pea plants under drought stress. Here, we conducted the pot experiment at the Government College Women University, Faisalabad, to investigate the physio-biochemical and morphological traits of two pea varieties (sarsabz and metior) grown under drought stress and thiamine treatment. Drought stress was applied to plants after germination period of 1 month. Results showed that root fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of pods, leaf area, total soluble sugars, total phenolics, total protein contents, catalase, peroxidase, and mineral ions were reduced against drought stress. However, the application of thiamine (both 250 and 500 ppm) overcome the stress and also enhances these parameters, and significantly increases the antioxidant activities (catalase and peroxidase). Moreover, the performance of sarsabz was better under control and drought stress conditions than metior variety. In conclusion, the exogenous application of thiamine enabled the plants to withstand drought stress conditions by regulating several physiological and biochemical mechanisms. In agriculture, it is a great latent to alleviate the antagonistic impact of drought stress on crops through the foliar application of thiamine.

Influence of Bacterial Mutualists and Phytopatogenes on Changes in Concentrations of cAMP and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in Pea Seedles of Rondo Varieties and its Clutterless and Superclub Mutants

Changes in the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the roots of seedlings of pea cv. Rondo and its supernodulating mutant Nod3 and anodulating K14 were studied during infection with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. vicea (strain RCAM 1022) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi (strain 1845). It was shown that 360 min after infection of pea seedlings of the Rondo variety, the level of endogenous hydrogen peroxide slightly differed from the control. In the roots of Nod3 seedlings, this level significantly decreased, and in the roots of K14 it significantly increased when infected with the 1845 strain, but remained unchanged when exposed to bacteria of the RCAM 1022 strain. and young root hairs of Rondo seedlings, while strain 1845 had no effect on this parameter. Both types of bacteria had no effect on the concentration of cAMP in the roots of seedlings of the Nod3 mutant, whereas in K14, under the influence of RCAM 1022, the cAMP level almost doubled, and under the influence of 1845, it decreased. It is assumed that hydrogen peroxide and cAMP may be involved in the formation of supernodulating and nodulating phenotypes of mutants, as well as in the formation of resistance to a specific pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. It is possible that this phenomenon can be used to diagnose the resistance of newly created mutants and pea varieties to the blight pathogen.