Varieties Of German Research Articles

The differentiation of the German language into national varieties of the Federal Republic of Germany (F.R.G.), the German Democratic Republic (G.D.R.), Austria and Switzerland

The German Language has official status at the national level in the F.R.G., G.D.R., Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxemburg; at a regional level in Italy (Alto Adige) and Belgium (the East), and in a even more restricted sense in a number of other countries (Namibia, Rumania, Hungary, U.S.S.R., Denmark). Only the F.R.G., G.D.R., Austria and Switzerland, however, possess undoubtedly their own standard varieties of German. Though it has been suggested, that other countries may have a few standard German peculiarities, e.g. Luxemburg (Luxemburgian German not Letzeburgisch! Cf. Clyne 1984:21-23), only for these four countries they have been generally acknowledged. Each of them possesses on the one hand an own linguisfic code of some sort, incomplete as it may be, i.e. prescriptive grammars or dictionaries which have an official status in the following sense: teachers (or other authorities) are authorised officially, e.g. by their educational (or public) administration, to correct the language behaviour of students (or other persons) on certain occasions, in accordance with the contents of these grammars or dictionaries. Such corrections or prescriptions are valid in a norm-theoretical sense, because of the authorisation from above (cf. Wright 1986, chapter 10; Ammon 1986). The codes not only contain standard variants in each case which are specific for the respective country (together of course with a much larger quantity of general standard German forms), but usually also mark them as such. Or they even comprise variants specific for the standard varieties of the other Germanspeaking countries, and mark them as such. (I use the term variant for single linguistic units and variety for entire systems.) While specific standard variants are undoubtedly established in this manner for the four countries mentioned (cf. however 2.2.) this is not the case for any of the other countries in which German has official status, e.g. Liechtenstein, Luxemburg or Belgium; they merely adopt, it would seem, the standard forms from one of the four larger German-speaking polities. It seems logical to call these various standards national varieties (cf. Clyne 1984:40; Clyne 1989) as it is common in other similar cases, e.g. with British, American and Australian English, or European and Quebecois French etc. In the case of the German-speaking countries this is, however, not unproblematic, since

Bilingual Children: From Birth to Teens

Part 1 Bilingualism: what is it? is it an advantage or disadvantage? Part 2 Establishing bilingualism in the family: motives for creating bilingualism infant bilingualism. Part 3 Communication in the family - how it works: stages of linguistic development the children's communication strategies the children addressing both parents simultaneously addressing father plus monolingual child to child and brother to sister communication private speech dreams communication with animals and toys. Part 4 Departures from normal language choice in the family: role play the mother's knowledge of German privacy storytelling by the parents code switching and triggering quotational switching - in storytelling. Part 5 Influences from outside the immediate family: attitudes of monolingual English speakers peer group pressure German-English bilinguals. Part 6 Further problems: reluctance to speak the home language effect of the father's not being a native speaker of German. Part 7 Measuring proficiency in both languages: vocabulary, fluency, accuracy, storytelling syntactic, lexical, phonological and semantic transference. Part 8 Biliteracy. Part 9 How the children view bilingualism. Part 10 Two varieties of German meet - a family language and a national language. Part 11 Other aids to the development of bilingualism: books, magazines, records, games, outings, shops etc schools and playgroups camps and clubs visits to and from the linguistic homeland language maintenance for parents.

Stress group patterns, sentence accents and sentence intonation in southern Jutland (Sønderborg and Tønder) - with a view to German

This paper investigates prosodic stress group patterns, the presence and manifestation of default and focal sentence accents and the nature of sentence intonation signalling in Standard Danish spoken on a substratum of South Jutland dialects, viz. Sønderborg and Tønder, and in two varieties of German, Standard North German and Flensburg. The following facts appear: sentence intonation (understood to encompass both utterance function and utterance juncture) is signalled globally in Tønder, locally in Sønderborg, and with a mixture of global and local signalling in German. Default accents are nonexistent in the two Danish varieties, optional in German. Focus is signalled, optionally (and never in final position), by stress reduction of the surroundings in the Danish regions, but is compulsory and takes the shape of a proper sentence accent, though modest, in German. Sønderborg and German have unambiguous final lengthening, whereas both lengthening and shortening finally occurs in Tønder. Prosodic stress group patterns suffer a clean truncation when their duration is shortened in the Danish regions, but a mixture of compression and truncation in German. Finally, Tønder has stød, Sønderborg and (of course) German do not.

National vs. regional models of language variation: The case of Austrian German

Abstract The case of Austrian German illustrates the powerful role of historical and political factors in the creation of language norms, and the continuing conflict of national vs. regional models of language variation in Europe. The dominance of the national model leads to the assumption that there are four main varieties of German, corresponding to the political units of East and West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. This leads, in turn, to the idea that Austrian and Swiss German are inferior to the varieties of German spoken in West and East Germany. It also influences the search for internal norms within the German‐speaking nations as a group, by giving undue precedence, in the case of Austria at any rate, to the language spoken in the region of the capital city. The paper examines the historical background to the concept of Austrian German, looks at some representative features of the German language in this area, and argues for the separation of the concepts of language and nationality.

A phrase-structure grammar for German passives

Personal and impersonal variants of the German werden passives are examined and argued to be (1) subjectless in the impersonal case and (2) lexically formed. A rule introducing these is formulated in GPSG and shown to account for (1) the evidence that indicates that impersonal passives are subjectless, in particular, the behavior of matrix-initial zs; and (2) the evidence that indicates a lexical rule, in particular (a) the various constituent structures in which passive participles and auxiliaries participate; (b) the admission of lexical exceptions; and (c) the behavior of reflexives in passives (in one variety of German). Illustrative derivations of personal and impersonal passives are provided.

Chemical Evaluation of Rapeseed

AbstractThe seed chemical composition and oil physical and chemical constants of two imported rapeseed German varieties and one locally produced in Egypt were studied. Rapeseeds are characterized by high lipid and protein contents. The fatty acid analysis indicated that palmitic and oleic acids were the most prevalent saturated and unsaturated acids, respectively. Also, the rapeseed oils under study were free from long‐chain fatty acids (>C18). The unsaponifiables were fractionated by GLC into 36 different compounds of which 26 hydrocarbons were identified. The hydrocarbons having carbon atoms between C20 and C24 represent the most common compounds. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol were present in appreciable amounts in German varieties while these compounds occurred as trace substances in the seeds produced in Egypt.

Esverdeamento e brotação em cultivares alemães e holandeses de batata

Nineteen German and five Dutch potato varieties were observed in relation to greening and sprout growth development in the tubers. The Dutch varieties Jaerla and Bintje and the German varieties Atica, Emergo and Topi were less susceptible to greening, but all the others in the second reading, 10 days after light exposition, showed the skin green or very green. Jetta, Broca, Wiebke, Palma, Lux, Rubin and Salvia, 5 days after light exposition also showed similar results. The varieties that showed early sprout growth were Omega, Jaerla and Bintje, being the latter slower in relation to development. Geelbling, Salvia and Spunta are late sprout growth varieties.

Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen By Klaus J. Kohler (review)

234 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 1 (1981) and Joan Maling's general proposals on Gapping and Conjunction Reduction. Bach's (1971) revised hypothesis regarding word order is examined , showing why Bach rejected his earlier position on SOV order in favor ofSVO. Indirect questions are discussed and a very superficial look at historical linguistics is taken,just enough to establish VSO as a respectable alternative. VSO is compared to SOV and SVO in the final chapter, which covers Passive, There-Insertion (es gibt), Subject and Negative Raising, Dative constructions and more. B does a good job throughout the book of postulating possible derivations of SOV- and SVO-based sentences which are then compared in detail with VSO derivations. B shows that the VSO base, in conjunction with the prefield concept, is able to account for German sentences more easily than either SOV or SVO bases. The book concludes that, based on the evidence examined, VSO is a viable and perhaps preferable alternative to SOV and SVO. [Karen Hunold, Berkeley.] Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen. By Klaus J. Kohler. (Grundlagen der Germanistik, 20.) Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 1977. Pp. 251. DM25.00. Kohler's book, completed in 1975, discusses these topics in successive chapters: the subject matter of phonetics in general; the problem of a standard German language; descriptive categories for phonetics; the basis of phonology; types and uses of symbol systems; and a systematic phonetic description of German, including suprasegmentals. The last chapter comprises about one-third of the total book. K bases his exposition on empirical data, rather than on the transcriptions of standard pronouncing dictionaries such as Duden and Siebs. The variety of German investigated is labeled 'dialect-neutral', based on north German pronunciation. Data are obtained from several recent projects in both East and West Germany , aimed at obtaining a representative sample of spoken German from various stylistic levels. In this respect, K's treatment represents a welcome 'deviation' from other accounts of standard German phonology. Phonetics and phonology are discussed as one, and here K's work represents a contribution to 'concrete phonology': 'Phonetic substance and phonological structure are not in opposition, but stand in a reciprocal relation to one another' (11). The trappings of generative phonology, in all its manifestations, are dismissed as 'paper phonology'. K defends the biuniqueness condition of American structuralism , but without retaining its heuristic procedures . For K, a phonological description should capture just the regularities of production and reception in a language, and this means that the phonological level should be as close to the 'surface' as possible. Procedurally, the linguist moves from one partial analysis to the next with constant 'post-editing', the goal being to posit the minimal number of segments with maximum generalization. K's commitment to the biuniqueness condition, and his rejection of morphophonemics in the investigation ofphoneticsphonology , has several consequences for the analysis of German: thus all syllable-final obstruents on the phonetic level are related to voiceless phonemes. The final consonant in Bund is ItI. Again, the basic vowel opposition is length rather than tenseness. K justifies this view in part by asserting that short tense vowels in unstressed syllables are a fiction ofnormative dictionaries. Hence tense vowels alone are long—except when subject to phonotactic shortening, as in the rapid pronunciation of certain weakly-stressed forms. As a whole, K's book is well-written, with a minimum of arcane symbols and terminology. One oddity is his use of 'low' for vowels like /i u/ and 'high' for IaI, with no explanation. K's last section on 'sentence phonetics' doesjustice to his commitment to empirical speech data as the basis of investigation; it gives a comprehensive overview of assimilation, elision, and length reduction which few studies of German have undertaken. [Wilbur A. Benware, University of California, Davis.] Tempus og tidsreferanse: Tidsdeiksis i norsk. By Kjell Ivar Vannebo. Oslo: Novus, 1979. Pp. 563. Kr. 122.00. This comprehensive account of the linguistic expression of time reference in Norwegian builds on previous descriptions of Norwegian tense, on recent work on tense in closely related languages (especially English and German), and on original work by the author. 'Tense' is in- ...

Investigations of fat-quality of maize with special consideration of linoleic acid contents (author's transl)

In the past years the cultivation of maize in the Federal Republic of Germany has been intensified, and with the processing of localy bred maize a production of maize germ oil from German varieties could be expected. In order to maintain certain essential points about the amplitude of variations in the specimen of fatty acids in the localy bred maize, a greater number of maize samples from cultural practice trials (varieties, locations and fertilizer) were taken for the year 1971 and 1972 and their fatty acid composition was analysed. The following results were obtained: 1. Comparared to maize of foreign origin, processed in the Federal Republic of Germany, in most cases the localy bred, has higher contents of linoleic acid and lower contents of oleic acid. Thus the linoleic acid contents of the Germany maize varies between 54.3 and 68.8% while the foreign maize varies between 39.5 and 58.7%. 2. Great differences in quality exist between the local genotypes (varieties). Also clear, but not so great differences are induced by ecological factors, as locations, weather and nutrient supply. The differences of local environment in the linoleic acid content in case of variety "Inrakorn" varies between 60.8 and 64.5%.

Investigations on some chemical constituents of potatoes and their influence on the behaviour during canning

Potatoes are subject to pronounced alterations during canning. The quality of canned potatoes is influenced by several factors. In this paper the results of determinations of the following constitutents and properties in the raw and treated product are reported: specific gravity, dry matter content, starch and cell wall material. Potatoes of two German varieties suitable for canning, grown on two soils and divided into two size ranges have been used. The processing conditions have been varied between 120°C for 12 min and 130°C for 1 min. The eating quality was established by sensory evaluation.

Verarbeitungstechnische Eigenschaften von Inlandmais. 1. Trockenvermahlung

AbstractProcessing Poperties of Local Maize. 1. Dry Milling. The latest statistical informations published by the German Government indicate that about 600.000 t corn were harvested in 1971. That means 51,1 dz per unit of cultivated area with an increase of 20% per year in the corn production.The total amount of corn is used for animal feeding in Germany. Some products derived from maize from types US‐Yellow and Plata are used for cereal breakfast, starch manufacture and in brewing‐industry in other european countries. There is little, if any, available information about physical qualities of corn varieties grown in Germany. Thus, it has been felt of great importance to fill this gap.This work was carried out on 15 varities grown at different localities. The samples were milled into grits, semolina, meal, flour and germs on a Standard‐Corn‐Laboratory‐Mill. The milling products were analysed for their fat content. In general the yield of semolina with a low fat content may be affected by the variety as well as by locality. Some of the German varieties showed higher fractions of low fat content than US‐Yellow did.

Notes on the Semantics of Technical Terms in the Description of the Varieties of Contemporary German

Hugo Schuchardt's frequently quoted statement of more than half a century ago, Terminologische Unklarheit ist fiir die Wissenschaft was Nebel fiir die Schiffahrt, appears to characterize a perennially recurring difficulty not only in human communication and philosophical argument but also in linguistic science. At the beginning of the postwar period of modern linguistics, Carl Hjalmar Borgstrom renewed the discussion on the semantics of the terminology employed in language analysis,2 and a number of further articles devoted to the problem of technical terms and their meanings have been published since.3 Franz Dorner has rightly observed that terminology deals with linguistic facts in a manner which is not to be conceived of as a part of common linguistic usage yet which influences considerably the activity of actual research, and concludes: Von sprachwissenschaftlicher Seite her gesehen, kbnnten wir also sagen, daB3 die Terminologie ein Teilgebiet der angewandten Sprachwissenschaft ist.'